Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day

Description

This is a definitive and comprehensive history of international organizations from their very beginning at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 up to the present day, and provides the reader with nearly two centuries of world history seen from the perspective of international organizations. It covers the three main fields of international relations: security, economics and the humanitarian domain which often overlap in international organizations. As well as global and intercontinental organizations, the book also covers regional international organizations and international non-governmental organizations in all continents. The book progresses chronologically but also provides a thematic and geographical coherence so that related developments can be discussed together. A series of detailed tables, figures, charts and information boxes explain the chronologies, structures and relationships of international organizations. There are biographies, histories and analysis of hundreds of international organizations. This is an essential reference work with direct relevance to scholars in international relations, international political economy, international economics and business and security studies. Contents List of figures Abbreviations Introduction Part I: 1815 – British hegemony and the invention of the multilateral conference plus follow-up conference: The Concert of Europe and the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine 1 Emergence and evolution of international organizations 2 1815: the British postwar institutional strategy and the Concert of Europe 3 The Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine and burgeoning free trade Part II: Transnational networks of citizens: From the anti-slavery movement in 1815 to the International Committee of the Red Cross of 1863 4 Citizens organizing transnationally in support of slavery abolition and peace 5 The International Red Cross made responsible for the Geneva Convention on Wounded Soldiers (1864) Part III: The creation of the Hague system: The arbitration movement and the 1899 and 1907 Peace Conferences in The Hague 6 Arbitration and international law as normative powers in internationa relations 7 The 1899 and 1907 Peace Conferences in The Hague and the Hague system Part IV: Public International Unions 1865–1914: Institutionalization of conferences and the creation of continental markets in Europe and the Americas 8 Creation of the International Telegraph Union (1865) and the Universal Postal Union (1874) 9 Standardization and intellectual property regulated internationally 10 Regulation of international shipping, railway and road traffic 11 Public international unions and the creation of continental markets in Europe and the Americas 1860–1910 Part V: The international foundation for the welfare state 1880–1914: How governments became involved in international labour legislation 12 International business around the end of the nineteenth century 13 Rising international emancipation movements of workers and women 14 International labour conventions (1906) and the foundation for the welfare state Part VI: Laying down the path of collective security: The First World War,the League of Nations founded (1919) and the interwar period 15 The First World War and the creation of the League of Nations (1919) 16 The major powers and collective security in the interwar period Part VII: Laying down the path of common economic endeavours: The International Labour Organization (1919) and the economic and social activities of the League of Nations 17 The normative workings of the International Labour Organization (1919) 18 The League of Nations’ ongoing economic and social activities Part VIII: American hegemony and the genesis and evolution of the United Nations system 19 Multilateral cooperation during the Second World War 20 The United Nations: an improved security organization with economic coordination 21 The workings of the United Nations system Part IX: Collective security in a bipolar world 1945–80 22 Refugees, peacekeeping and Cold War at the United Nations 23 Regional alliances in the 1940s and 1950s 24 Peaceful coexistence and nuclear weapons control at the United Nations Part X: Economic cooperation in a bipolar world 1945–70 25 The troubled start of the Bretton Woods institutions IBRD and IMF and the GATT regime 26 Marshall Aid, Eastern European integration, Western European integration and the workings of the OECD 27 The weakening of the Bretton Woods system and the emergence of the G7 (1975) Part XI: Decolonization, the North–South divide and Third World experiences with global and regional international organizations 1960–80 28 Decolonization, anti-apartheid and the consequences of the Vietnam War 29 The United Nations Development Decade: North versus South during the 1960s 30 The creation of regional economic organizations in the Third World in the 1960s 31 The Third World struggle for a New International Economic Order (1974) Part XII: Development aid, environmental protection and human rights as normative powers: NGO pressure on governments through intergovernmental organizations 1960–80 32 NGOs and development aid, the UN International Women’s Year (1975) and environmental protection 33 Human rights as a normative power and the Amnesty International model Part XIII: International organizations in the 1980s: The Cold War intensifies and neoliberalism replaces Keynesianism 34 US President Reagan intensifies the Cold War 35 Reagonomics, the debt crisis in the South and the structural adjustment programmes of the IMF 36 The fall of the Berlin wall (1989) and the end of the Cold War Part XIV: The 1990s and new challenges for the United Nations as peacekeeper 37 A new world order and an agenda for peace? Hope and bitter failure for UN peacekeeping missions 38 Efforts to maintain collective security: sanctions, NGOs and UN tribunals Part XV: Globalization in the 1990s: New challenges for the United Nations system as promoter of economic and social stability 39 Boosting free trade again: from GATT to World Trade Organization (1995) 40 The dominant free trade regime: environment and welfare state underpressure 41 IMF, IBRD and WTO criticized by states and the anti-globalization movement Part XVI: Regional international organizations from the 1980s onwards 42 The Third World answer to globalization: continued and new regionalism 43 From European Community to European Union (1993): deepening and enlargement Part XVII: Security and the international economy on the threshold of the twenty-first century 44 International organizations under pressure Appendix 1: Nation-states in the international system since 1815 (by continent, in chronologic order) and League of Nations and United Nations membership Appendix 2: Groups of states (First, Second and Third World, G3–G77) Literature Index