Psychology: An Exploration

Description

For courses in Introductory Psychology The most learner-centered and assessment-driven brief text available Throughout Psychology: An Exploration , 4th Edition, Saundra Ciccarelli and J. Noland White employ a learner-centered, assessment-driven approach that maximizes student engagement, and helps educators keep students on track. In this brief text, the authors draw students into the discipline by showing how psychology relates to their own lives. Clear learning objectives, based on the recommended APA undergraduate learning outcomes, guide students through the material. And assessment tied to these learning objectives lets students check their understanding, while allowing instructors to monitor class progress and intervene when necessary to bolster student performance. Available to package with Psychology: An Exploration, 4th Edition, MyLab(TM) Psychology is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. MyLab Psychology is ideal for courses requiring robust assessments. Note You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLab does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. 0134641159 / 9780134641157 Psychology: An Exploration plus MyLab Psychology with eText - Access Card Package, 4/e Package consists of: 0134517962 / 9780134517964 Psychology: An Exploration, 4/e 0205206514 / 9780205206513 MyLab Psychology with eText Access Card Psychology: An Exploration, 4th Edition is also available via Revel(TM), an interactive digital learning environment that replaces the print textbook, enabling students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience. Revel is ideal for courses where student engagement and mobile access are important. Front Cover Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Contents Preface About the Authors Psychology in Action Secrets for Surviving College and Improving Your Grades Study Skills Managing Time Reading the Text: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf Getting the Most Out of Lectures Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option Improving Your Memory Writing Papers Your Ethical Responsibility as a Student Psychology in Action Summary Test Yourself 1 The Science of Psychology The History of Psychology In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism The Field of Psychology Today Modern Perspectives Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Scientific Research The Scientific Approach Descriptive Methods Correlations: Finding Relationships The Experiment Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: A Sample Experiment Ethics of Psychological Research The Guidelines for Doing Research with People Animal Research Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking Chapter Summary Test Yourself 2 The Biological Perspective Neurons and Nerves: Building the Network Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Generating the Message within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Neurotransmission An Overview of the Nervous System The Central Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System The Endocrine Glands The Pituitary, Master of the Hormonal Universe Other Endocrine Glands Hormones and Stress Looking Inside the Living Brain Methods for Studying Specific Regions of the Brain Neuroimaging Techniques From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain The Hindbrain Structures Under the Cortex: the Limbic System The Cortex The Association Areas of the Cortex The Cerebral Hemispheres APA Goal 2: Scientific Reasoning and Critical Thinking: Phineas Gage and Neuroplasticity Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Paying Attention to the Causes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Chapter Summary Test Yourself 3 Sensation and Perception The ABCs of Sensation Transduction Sensory Thresholds Habituation and Sensory Adaptation The Science of Seeing Light and the Eye The Visual Pathway Perception of Color The Hearing Sense Sound Waves and the Ear Perceiving Pitch Types of Hearing Impairments The Chemical Senses of Smell and Taste Gustation: How we Taste the World The Sense of Scents: Olfaction The Body Senses Somesthetic Senses Body Movement and Position The ABCs of Perception How we Organize Our Perceptions Depth Perception Perceptual Illusions APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Perceptual Influences on Metacognition Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Beyond “Smoke and Mirrors”—The Psychological Science and Neuroscience of Magic Chapter Summary Test Yourself 4 Consciousness What Is Consciousness? Definition of Consciousness Altered States of Consciousness Sleep The Biology of Sleep The Stages of Sleep Sleep Disorders APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Weight Gain and Sleep Dreams Why do we Dream? What do People Dream About? Other Altered States: Hypnosis and Meditation How Hypnosis Works Theories of Hypnosis Meditation Psychoactive Drugs Dependence Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Down in the Valley: Depressants Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher Applying Psychology to Everyday Life Thinking Critically About Ghosts, Aliens, and Other Things That Go Bump in the Night Chapter Summary Test Yourself 5 Learning Definition of Learning It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior What’s In It for Me? Operant Conditioning The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner The Concept of Reinforcement Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit is so Seductive The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Classic Studies in Psychology Biological Constraints on Operant Conditioning APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? Cognitive Learning Theory Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness Observational Learning Bandura and the Bobo Doll The Four Elements of Observational Learning Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Can You Really Toilet Train Your Cat? Chapter Summary Test Yourself 6 Memory What Is Memory? Three Processes of Memory Models of Memory The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories Retrieval Cues Recall and Recognition Classic Studies in Psychology: Elizabeth Loftus and Eyewitnesses Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Effects of Supplements on Memory What Were We Talking About? Forgetting Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve Reasons we Forget Neuroscience of Memory The Biological Bases of Memory When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Health and Memory Chapter Summary Test Yourself 7 Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language How People Think Mental Imagery Concepts and Prototypes Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Creativity Intelligence Theories of Intelligence Measuring Intelligence Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Individual Differences In Intelligence The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence Language The Levels of Language Analysis Development of Language The Relationship Between Language and Thought Animal Studies in Language APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: A Cognitive Advantage for Bilingual Individuals? Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Mental and Physical Exercises for Better Cognitive Health Chapter Summary Test Yourself 8 Development Across the Life Span Studying Human Development Research Designs Nature and Nurture The Basic Building Blocks of Development Prenatal Development Fertilization Three Stages of Development Infancy and Childhood Development Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Classic Studies in Psychology: Harlow and Contact Comfort APA Goal 2: Scientific Reasoning and Critical Thinking: The Facts About Immunizations Gender Development Gender Roles Theories of Gender-Role Development Adolescence Physical Development Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Adulthood and Aging Physical and Cognitive Development: Use it Or Lose it Psychosocial Development Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Stages of Death and Dying Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Cross-Cultural Views on Death Chapter Summary Test Yourself 9 Motivation, Stress, and Emotion Understanding Motivation Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Approaches Based on Psychological Needs Arousal and Incentive Approaches Humanistic Approaches Motivation and Stress APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Cultural Differences in the Use of Praise as a Motivator What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat Physiological and Social Components of Hunger Obesity Sexual Motivation Sexual Behavior Sexual Orientation Emotion The Three Elements of Emotion Early Theories of Emotion Cognitive Theories of Emotion Classic Studies in Psychology: The Angry/Happy Man Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: When Motivation Is Not Enough Chapter Summary Test Yourself 10 Social Psychology Social Influence Conformity Compliance Obedience APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Cults and the Failure of Critical Thinking Social Cognition Attitudes Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Impression Formation Attribution Social Interaction Prejudice and Discrimination How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Classic Studies in Psychology: Brown Eyes, Blue Eyes Social and Cultural Factors in Stress Interpersonal Attraction Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Aggression Prosocial Behavior Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Peeking Inside the Social Brain Chapter Summary Test Yourself 11 Theories of Personality Theories of Personality Psychodynamic Perspectives Freud’s Conception of Personality Stages of Personality Development The Neo-Freudians Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality Learning Theories Current Thoughts on the Behavioral and Social Cognitive Learning Views The Third Force: Humanism and Personality Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Current Thoughts on the Humanistic View of Personality Trait Theories: Who Are You? Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective Personality: Genetics and Culture The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics Current Findings on the Heritability of Personality Classic Studies in Psychology: Geert Hofstede’s Four Dimensions of Cultural Personality APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Personality, Family, and Culture The Influence of Personality: Dealing with Stress and Life Challenges Cognitive Factors in Stress Personality Factors in Stress Assessment of Personality Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Projective Tests Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Biological Bases of Personality Chapter Summary Test Yourself 12 Psychological Disorders What Is Abnormality? Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Models of Abnormality Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? Anxiety Disorders Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities Types of Dissociative Disorders Causes of Dissociative Disorders Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Causes of Disordered Mood Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction Eating Disorders Sexual Dysfunctions and Problems Schizophrenia: Altered Reality Symptoms of Schizophrenia Causes of Schizophrenia Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird Categories of Personality Disorders Causes of Personality Disorders APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Learning More: Psychological Disorders Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Taking the Worry Out of Exams Chapter Summary Test Yourself 13 Psychological Therapies Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Humanistic Therapy: To Err is Human Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Cognitive Therapies: Thinking is Believing Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy Types of Group Therapies Evaluation of Group Therapy Does Psychotherapy Really Work? Studies of Effectiveness Characteristics of Effective Therapy APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Does It Work? Psychological Treatment Biomedical Therapies Psychopharmacology Ect and Psychosurgery Emerging Techniques Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Virtual Reality Therapies Chapter Summary Test Yourself Appendix A Statistics in Psychology Appendix B Applied Psychology and Psychology Careers Glossary References Credits Name Index Subject Index Back Cover