Physics in Focus HSC

Description

Physics in Focus has set a new standard for supporting the New South Wales Stage 6 Science syllabuses. Each text aims to give physics a new relevance for your students and motivate them to succeed in this challenging course. Physics in Focus uses the dot point approach, ensuring all syllabus content is covered logically, and integrates first-hand and secondary source investigations throughout. The series emphasises the contexts formed by the PFAs and provides specific examples relating to these broader issues to increase understanding. afrontmatter Contents About the authors To the student Acknowledgments List of Board of Studies verbs Physics skills—an introduction m1_ch1 CHAPTER 1 Gravity 1.1 Gravitational field and weight 1.2 Universal gravitation 1.3 A closer look at gravitational acceleration Secondary source investigation: g on other planets and the application of F = mg 1.4 Gravitational potential energy First-hand investigation: Simple pendulum motion Chapter revision questions m1_ch2 CHAPTER 2 Space exploration 2.1 Projectile motion 2.2 Galileo’s analysis of projectile motion 2.3 Circular motion 2.4 Circular motion and satellites 2.5 A quantitative description of Kepler’s third law 2.6 Geostationary satellites and low Earth orbit satellites 2.7 Escape velocity 2.8 Leaving Earth 2.9 Coming back to Earth Secondary source investigation: The work of rocket scientists First-hand investigation: Projectile motion Chapter revision questions m1_ch3 CHAPTER 3 Gravity, orbits and space travel 3.1 Gravity: a revision Secondary source investigation: Factors that affect the size of gravitational attraction 3.2 The slingshot effect Chapter revision questions m1_ch4 CHAPTER 4 Special relativity 4.1 The aether model 4.2 The Michelson–Morley experiment Secondary source investigation: The Michelson–Morley experiment 4.3 Frames of reference First-hand investigation: Non-inertial and inertial frames of reference 4.4 Principles of special relativity 4.5 Impacts of special relativity 4.6 The modern standard of length Secondary source investigation: Evidence for special relativity 4.7 Limitations of special relativity and the twin paradox Secondary source investigation: Thought experiments and reality 4.8 Implications of special relativity for future space travel Chapter revision questions m2_ch5 CHAPTER 5 The motor effect 5.1 Some facts about charges and charged particles 5.2 The motor effect 5.3 Force between two parallel current-carrying wires 5.4 Torque: the turning effect of a force 5.5 Motor effect and electric motors 5.6 The need for a split ring commutator in DC motors 5.7 Features of DC motors Secondary source investigation: Applications of the motor effect First-hand investigation: Demonstrating the motor effect Chapter revision questions m2_ch6 CHAPTER 6 Electromagnetic induction 6.1 Michael Faraday’s discovery of electromagnetic induction 6.2 Magnetic field lines, magnetic flux and magnetic flux density 6.3 Faraday’s law: a quantitative description of electromagnetic induction 6.4 Lenz’s law 6.5 Lenz’s law and the conservation of energy 6.6 The need for external circuits 6.7 Another application of Lenz’s law: back EMF in DC motors 6.8 Eddy currents Secondary source investigation: Applications of induction and eddy currents Secondary source investigation: Eddy current braking First-hand investigation: Electromagnetic induction First-hand investigation: The effects of magnets on electric currents Chapter revision questions m2_ch7 CHAPTER 7 Generators 7.1 Generators 7.2 Magnetic flux, changing of flux and induced EMF 7.3 The difference between a DC generator and an AC generator 7.4 The transmission wires Secondary source investigation: Insulating and protecting Secondary source investigation: Advantages and disadvantages of AC and DC generators Secondary source investigation: The competition between Westinghouse and Thomas Edison 7.5 Assess the impacts of the development of AC generators on society and the environment First-hand investigation: The production of an alternating current Chapter revision questions m2_ch8 CHAPTER 8 Transformers 8.1 Transformers: What are they? Secondary source investigation: Energy lost in transformers 8.2 Types of transformers 8.3 Calculations for transformers 8.4 Voltage changes during the transmission from power plants to consumers Secondary source investigation: The role of transformers for long-distance transmissions 8.5 The need for transformers in household appliances 8.6 The impact of the invention of transformers First-hand investigation: Producing secondary voltage Chapter revision questions m2_ch9 CHAPTER 9 AC motors 9.1 AC electric motors 9.2 AC induction motors Secondary source investigation: Energy transformation First-hand investigation: Demonstrating the principle of an AC induction motor Chapter revision questions m3_ch10 CHAPTER 10 From CRTs to CROs and TVs 10.1 A cathode ray tube: the idea 10.2 Electric fields 10.3 Forces acting on charged particles in electric and magnetic fields 10.4 Debates over the nature of cathode rays: waves or particles? 10.5 J. J. Thomson’s charge to mass ratio experiment First-hand investigation: Properties of cathode rays 10.6 Applications of cathode ray tubes (CRTs): implementation First-hand investigation: Observing different striation patterns Chapter revision questions m3_ch11 CHAPTER 11 From the photoelectric effect to photo cells 11.1 Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) Hertz’s discovery of radio waves and his measurement of their speed 11.2 Hertz’s experiment: production and reception of EMR 11.3 The photoelectric effect 11.4 Quantum physics 11.5 Black body radiation and the black body radiation curve 11.6 Particle nature of light 11.7 Einstein’s explanation for the photoelectric effect: a quantum physics approach 11.8 Using Einstein’s explanation to investigate the photoelectric effect 11.9 Einstein’s contributions to quantum physics and black body radiation Secondary source investigation: Applications of the photoelectric effect: the implementation Secondary source investigation: Can science be set free from social and political influences? Einstein and Planck’s views First-hand investigation: The production of radio waves Chapter revision questions m3_ch12 CHAPTER 12 From semiconductors to solid state devices 12.1 Valence shell and valence electrons 12.2 Metals: metallic bonds and the sea electron model 12.3 The structure of semiconductors 12.4 Band structure and conductivity for metals, semiconductors and insulators 12.5 A closer look: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors Secondary source investigation: Implementations of semiconductors: solid state devices 12.6 Solid state devices versus thermionic devices 12.7 Why silicon not germanium? Secondary source investigation: More solid state devices: solar (photovoltaic) cells Secondary source investigation: Integrated circuits and microchips: extensions of transistors First-hand investigation: Modelling the behaviour of semiconductors Chapter revision questions m3_ch13 CHAPTER 13 From superconductors to maglev trains 13.1 Braggs’ X-ray diffraction experiment 13.2 Metal structure 13.3 The effects of impurities and temperature on conductivity of metals 13.4 Superconductivity Secondary source investigation: More on superconductors 13.5 Explaining superconductivity: the BCS theory First-hand investigation: The Meissner effect 13.6 Explaining the Meissner effect Secondary source investigation: Applications of superconductors 13.7 Limitations of using superconductivity Chapter revision questions o1_ch14 CHAPTER 14 The models of the atom 14.1 The early models of the atom 14.2 Rutherford’s model of the atom 14.3 Planck’s hypothesis 14.4 The hydrogen emission spectrum 14.5 Bohr’s model of the atom: introduction 14.6 Bohr’s model and the hydrogen emission spectrum 14.7 More on the hydrogen emission spectrum 14.8 Limitations of Bohr’s model of the atom First-hand investigation: Observe the visible components of the hydrogen emission spectrum Chapter revision questions o1_ch15 CHAPTER 15 More on the models of the atom 15.1 The wave–particle duality of light 15.2 Matter waves 15.3 Proof for matter waves 15.4 Applying the matter waves to the electrons in an atom Secondary source investigation: Pauli and the exclusion principle Secondary source investigation: Heisenberg and the uncertainty principle Chapter revision questions o1_ch16 CHAPTER 16 The nucleus and nuclear reactions 16.1 The nucleus 16.2 The discovery of neutrons 16.3 Radioactivity and transmutation 16.4 Wolfgang Pauli and the discovery of neutrinos 16.5 Strong nuclear force 16.6 Fermi’s artificial transmutation experiments 16.7 The accidental discovery of nuclear fission reactions 16.8 Fermi’s discovery of chain reactions 16.9 Comparing controlled and uncontrolled fission reactions 16.10 Fermi’s first controlled chain reaction 16.11 Mass defect and binding energy 16.12 Energy liberation in nuclear fission First-hand and secondary source investigation: Observe radiation emitted from a nucleus using a Wilson cloud chamber Chapter revision questions o1_ch17 CHAPTER 17 Applications of nuclear physics and the standard model of matter 17.1 An application of nuclear fission reactions—a typical fission 17.2 Radioisotopes and their applications Secondary source investigation: Uses of radioisotopes 17.3 Neutron scattering and probing Secondary source investigation: The Manhattan Project 17.4 Particle accelerators 17.5 The standard model of matter Chapter revision questions o2_ch18 CHAPTER 18 Ultrasound 18.1 Sound waves 18.2 Ultrasound 18.3 Piezoelectric materials and the piezoelectric effect 18.4 The basic principle behind ultrasound imaging 18.5 A closer look at the reflection and the penetration of ultrasound waves 18.6 Different types of ultrasound scans Secondary source investigation: The clinical uses of ultrasound 18.7 Doppler ultrasound 18.8 Doppler ultrasound as a diagnostic tool Secondary source investigation: Ultrasound as a tool for measuring bone density Chapter revision questions o2_ch19 CHAPTER 19 X-rays, computed axial tomography and endoscopy 19.1 The nature of X-rays 19.2 The production of X-rays for medical imaging 19.3 Using X-rays for medical imaging: the principle 19.4 The clinical uses of X-ray imaging Secondary source investigation: Gathering X-ray images 19.5 Computed axial tomography 19.6 The functional principle of CT scans 19.7 The clinical uses of CT scans Secondary source investigation: Observing and comparing CT scans 19.8 Endoscopy 19.9 Optical fibres 19.10 Endoscopes 19.11 The uses of endoscopes Secondary source investigation: Observing endoscope images First-hand investigation: Transfer of light by optical fibres Chapter revision questions o2_ch20 CHAPTER 20 Radioactivity as a diagnostic tool 20.1 Radioactivity 20.2 Half-life 20.3 Radioactivity as a diagnostic tool: nuclear medicine First-hand and secondary source investigation: The uses of radioisotope scans 20.4 Positron emission tomography 20.5 The operating principle of a PET scan 20.6 Applications of PET scans Secondary source investigation: Using PET scans to detect diseased organs 20.7 Evaluation of the uses of radioisotope scans Chapter revision questions o2_ch21 CHAPTER 21 Magnetic resonance imaging 21.1 Nuclear spin 21.2 The nucleus in a magnetic field 21.3 Precession 21.4 Larmor frequency 21.5 Image formation: locating the signals 21.6 Image formation: tissue differentiation and contrasts Secondary source investigation: Hardware used in magnetic resonance imaging First-hand and secondary source investigation: Medical uses of MRI Secondary source investigation: A comparison between the imaging techniques Secondary source investigation: The impact of medical applications of physics on society Chapter revision questions o3_ch22 CHAPTER 22 Observing our Universe 22.1 Galileo’s observations of the heavens 22.2 The atmosphere is a shield 22.3 Resolution and sensitivity 22.4 Earth’s atmosphere limits ground-based astronomy 22.5 Improving resolution First-hand investigation: The relationship between the size of the instrument and sensitivity Chapter revision questions o3_ch23 CHAPTER 23 Astrometry: finding the distance to stars 23.1 Measuring distances in space 23.2 The limitations of trigonometric parallax Secondary source investigation: The relative limits of ground-based and space-based trigonometric parallax Chapter revision questions o3_ch24 CHAPTER 24 Spectroscopy: analysing the spectra of stars 24.1 Producing spectra 24.2 Measuring spectra 24.3 Stellar objects and types of spectra 24.4 The key features of stellar spectra 24.5 The information about a star from its spectrum First-hand investigation: Examining spectra Secondary source investigation: Predicting a star’s surface temperature from its spectrum Chapter revision questions o3_ch25 CHAPTER 25 Photometry: measuring starlight 25.1 Stellar magnitude 25.2 Using magnitude to determine distance 25.3 Spectroscopic parallax 25.4 Colour index First-hand investigation: Using filters for photometric measurements 25.5 Photographic versus photoelectric technology Secondary source investigation: The impact of improvements in technology in astronomy Chapter revision questions o3_ch26 CHAPTER 26 Variable and binary stars 26.1 Binary stars and their detection First-hand investigation: Modelling light curves of eclipsing binaries 26.2 Important information from binary stars 26.3 Classifying variable stars 26.4 Distance and the period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid variables Chapter revision questions o3_ch27 CHAPTER 27 The life cycle of stars 27.1 The birth of a star 27.2 The key stages in a star’s life 27.3 Types of nuclear reactions within stars and the synthesis of elements First-hand investigation: Plotting stars on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram First-hand investigation: Using the HR diagram to determine a star’s evolutionary stage 27.4 Determining the age of globular clusters Secondary source investigation: The evolutionary paths of stars with different masses 27.5 The death of stars Chapter revision questions xappendix Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page