Pharmacology : An Introduction

Description

Cover......Page 1 Pharmacology An Introduction......Page 2 Brief Contents......Page 4 Table of Contents......Page 6 About the Authors......Page 19 Preface......Page 20 Acknowledgments......Page 24 part 1 General Concepts......Page 28 Chapter 1 Pharmacology: An Introduction......Page 29 Drug Sources and Major Areas of Pharmacology......Page 30 Terminology Related to Drug Effects......Page 31 Basic Concepts in Pharmacology......Page 32 Dose-Response and Time-Plasma Drug Concentration Curves......Page 33 Drug Safety......Page 34 Drug References and Drug Legislation......Page 35 Chapter Review......Page 38 Chapter 2 Pharmacokinetics and Factors of Individual Variation......Page 42 Drug Forms and Routes of Administration......Page 43 Pharmacokinetic Processes......Page 45 Clinical Factors that Determine the Intensity of Drug Response......Page 48 Factors of Individual Variation......Page 50 Pharmacokinetic Considerations for Pediatrics......Page 51 Terminology Associated with Chronic Drug Use and Abuse......Page 53 Chapter Review......Page 55 Chapter 3 Geriatric Pharmacology......Page 59 Drug Absorption and Distribution......Page 60 Drug Metabolism and Excretion......Page 61 Effects of Age on Drug Response......Page 62 Drug Compliance in the Elderly......Page 63 Chapter Review......Page 65 Chapter 4 Math Review and Dosage Calculations......Page 68 Fractions, Decimals, and Percents......Page 69 Systems of Measurement......Page 71 Calculating Dosages......Page 73 Pediatric Dosage Calculations......Page 74 Monitoring IV Infusion Rates......Page 75 Chapter Review......Page 77 part 2 Pharmacology of the Peripheral Nervous System......Page 82 Chapter 5 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 83 Nervous System Organization......Page 84 Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions......Page 85 ANS Nerve Fibers and Neurotransmitters......Page 88 Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors......Page 90 Chapter Review......Page 91 Chapter 6 Drugs Affecting the Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 93 Adrenergic Nerve Endings......Page 94 Adrenergic Receptors......Page 95 Adrenergic Drug Classes......Page 96 Alpha-Adrenergic Drugs......Page 97 Beta-Adrenergic Drugs......Page 98 Alpha-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs......Page 100 Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs......Page 101 Adrenergic Neuronal Blocking Drugs......Page 103 Chapter Review......Page 107 Chapter 7 Drugs Affecting the Parasympathetic Nervous System......Page 110 Cholinergic Receptors......Page 111 Cholinergic Drugs......Page 113 Clinical Indications for Anticholinesterase Drugs......Page 116 Anticholinergic Drugs......Page 118 Preferred Treatment for Selected Conditions......Page 119 Chapter Review......Page 121 Chapter 8 Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Ganglia......Page 124 Drugs Used in Smoking Cessation......Page 125 Ganglionic Blockers......Page 127 Drug Interactions with Ganglionic Blocking Drugs......Page 128 Chapter Review......Page 129 Chapter 9 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants......Page 131 Peripherally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants......Page 133 Major Adverse Effects Associated with Peripheral NMB......Page 137 Direct-Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants......Page 139 Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants (Spasmolytics)......Page 140 Preferred Treatment for Selected Conditions......Page 142 Chapter Review......Page 145 Chapter 10 Local Anesthetics......Page 148 How Local Anesthetics Work......Page 149 Types of Local Anesthetics......Page 150 Types of Local Anesthesia......Page 151 Clinical Applications......Page 155 Special Considerations......Page 156 Chapter Review......Page 158 part 3 Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System......Page 162 Chapter 11 Introduction to the Central Nervous System......Page 163 Structural and Functional Features of the Brain......Page 164 Diencephalon and Brainstem......Page 165 Functional Components......Page 166 Chapter Review......Page 168 Chapter 12 Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs and Alcohol......Page 171 Sleep Cycle......Page 173 Barbiturate Sedatives and Hypnotics......Page 174 Benzodiazepines......Page 177 Miscellaneous Hypnotic Drugs......Page 179 Alcohol......Page 180 Chapter Review......Page 183 Chapter 13 Antipsychotic and Antianxiety Drugs......Page 186 Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 187 Phenothiazines......Page 188 Butyrophenones......Page 189 Thioxanthenes......Page 190 Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 191 Antianxiety Drugs......Page 192 Chapter Review......Page 197 Chapter 14 Antidepressants, Psychomotor Stimulants, and Lithium......Page 200 Types of Depression......Page 201 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors SSRIs......Page 202 Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)......Page 203 Tricyclic Antidepressants......Page 204 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)......Page 205 Psychomotor Stimulants......Page 207 Lithium......Page 208 Preferred Therapy for Depression, Mania, and Bipolar Disorder......Page 209 Chapter Review......Page 210 Chapter 15 Psychotomimetic Drugs of Abuse......Page 213 LSD-Type Hallucinogens......Page 214 Psychomotor Stimulants......Page 216 Marijuana......Page 219 Chapter Review......Page 222 Chapter 16 Antiepileptic Drugs......Page 225 Types of Epilepsy......Page 226 Drugs Effective for Both Generalized Tonic-Clonic and Partial Seizures......Page 227 Drugs Used in the Treatment of Absence Seizures......Page 231 Preferred Therapy for Epileptic Seizures......Page 232 Chapter Review......Page 234 Chapter 17 Antiparkinson Drugs......Page 237 Neurotransmitters Affecting the Basal Ganglia......Page 238 Drugs that Form Dopamine......Page 240 Drugs that Inhibit Metabolism of Levodopa and DA......Page 241 Miscellaneous Drugs......Page 244 Preferred Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease......Page 245 Chapter Review......Page 247 Chapter 18 General Anesthetics......Page 250 Types of Anesthesia......Page 252 Characteristics of General Anesthesia......Page 253 Mechanism of Action of General Anesthetics......Page 254 Classes of General Anesthetics......Page 256 Nonanesthetic Effects of General Anesthetics......Page 261 Adjunct Medications used in General Anesthesia......Page 264 Special Considerations with General Anesthetic use......Page 267 Preferred Use of Anesthetics......Page 269 Chapter Review......Page 270 Chapter 19 Opioid Analgesics......Page 273 Pathways for Pain Recognition......Page 275 Opioid Analgesics......Page 276 Sites and Mechanism of Opioid Action......Page 278 Nonanalgesic Opioid Effects......Page 281 Drug Administration and Disposition......Page 283 Adverse Effects, Cautions, and Contraindications......Page 284 Treatment of Physical Dependence and Respiratory Depression......Page 285 Opioid Antitussives......Page 288 Chapter Review......Page 293 Chapter 20 Nonopioid Analgesics, Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatories, and Antigout Drugs......Page 297 part 4 Pharmacology of the Heart......Page 328 Chapter 21 Review of Cardiac Physiology and Pathology......Page 329 Conduction System......Page 330 Cardiac Nerve Supply......Page 332 Main Diseases of the Heart......Page 333 Chapter Review......Page 334 Chapter 22 Treatment of Heart Failure......Page 337 Chronic Heart Failure (Chf)......Page 338 Diuretic Therapy of Chf......Page 339 Vasodilator Therapy of Chf......Page 341 Use of Adrenergic Beta-Blockers in Chf......Page 342 Cardiac Glycosides......Page 343 Chapter Review......Page 348 Chapter 23 Antiarrhythmic Drugs......Page 351 Types of Arrhythmias......Page 352 Electrophysiology of the Heart......Page 354 Class 1 Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers......Page 356 Class 2 Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Beta-Blockers......Page 358 Class 4 Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers......Page 359 Special Considerations and Preferred Therapy for Selected Arrhythmias......Page 361 Chapter Review......Page 363 Chapter 24 Antianginal Drugs......Page 366 Classification of Angina Pectoris......Page 367 Nitrates......Page 368 Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs......Page 370 Calcium Channel Blockers......Page 371 Preferred Therapy for Treatment of Angina Pectoris......Page 372 Chapter Review......Page 373 part 5 Pharmacology of the Vascular and Renal Systems......Page 376 Chapter 25 Diuretics......Page 377 Renal Physiology and Conditions Associated with Renal Dysfunction......Page 379 Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors......Page 384 Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics......Page 387 Organic Acid (Loop) Diuretics......Page 388 Potassium-Sparing Diuretics......Page 389 ADH Antagonists and Miscellaneous Diuretics......Page 390 Preferred Treatment, Adverse Effects, and Drug Interactions......Page 391 Chapter Review......Page 395 Chapter 26 Antihypertensive Drugs......Page 398 Physiological Factors that Determine Blood Pressure......Page 399 Diuretics......Page 401 Drugs that Reduce Sympathetic Activity......Page 404 Drugs that Reduce the Activity of Angiotensin II......Page 405 Preferred Therapy for Treatment of Hypertension......Page 408 Chapter Review......Page 410 Chapter 27 Anticoagulants and Coagulants......Page 413 Blood Clot Formation......Page 414 Anticoagulant Mechanisms of Action......Page 416 Characteristics of the Heparins......Page 418 Oral Anticoagulants......Page 420 Antiplatelet Drugs......Page 423 Special Considerations, Contraindications and Drug Interactions with Anticoagulants......Page 424 Fibrinolytic/Thrombolytic Drugs......Page 427 Clinical Uses of Coagulants/Hemostatics......Page 429 Chapter Review......Page 431 Chapter 28 Nutrition and Therapy......Page 434 Nutrients and U.S. Daily Allowance Recommendations......Page 435 Dietary Recommendations......Page 436 Function of Vitamins......Page 439 Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K......Page 440 Water-Soluble Vitamins B and C......Page 444 Body Water and Fluid Balance......Page 446 Minerals......Page 447 Intravenous Therapy......Page 450 Chapter Review......Page 452 Chapter 29 Hypolipidemic Drugs......Page 456 Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Cholesterol......Page 458 HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Statins......Page 462 Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors: Ezetimibe......Page 466 Other Hypolipidemic Drugs......Page 468 Contraindications and Drug Interactions......Page 470 Chapter Review......Page 473 Chapter 30 Antianemics......Page 476 Anemia and Red Blood Cell (RBC) Function......Page 477 Iron Deficiency Anemia......Page 478 Treatment of Iron Deficiency: Hematinics......Page 480 Cobalamin Deficiency Anemia......Page 482 Folic Acid Deficiency......Page 484 Erythropoietin Deficiency Anemia......Page 486 Chapter Review......Page 488 part 6 Drugs That Affect the Respiratory System......Page 492 Chapter 31 Antihistaminic Drugs and Mast Cell Stabilizers......Page 493 Allergy: The Role of Histamine......Page 494 Effects of Histamine......Page 495 Antihistamine H1 Antagonists......Page 497 Mast Cell Stabilizers......Page 503 Chapter Review......Page 507 Chapter 32 Respiratory Pharmacology, Treatment of Asthma, and COPD......Page 510 Respiratory Diseases......Page 511 Chemical Mediators......Page 513 Role of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 514 Bronchodilator Drugs......Page 515 Anti-inflammatory Drugs......Page 518 Mucolytics and Expectorants......Page 520 Preferred Therapy for Asthma and COPD......Page 521 Chapter Review......Page 522 part 7 Pharmacology of the GI Tract......Page 526 Chapter 33 Therapy of Gastrointestinal Disorders: Peptic Ulcers, GERD, and Vomiting......Page 527 Process of Digestion......Page 528 Peptic Ulcer and GERD......Page 530 Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders......Page 532 Antisecretory Drugs: Suppression of Gastric Acid......Page 535 Acid Neutralization: Antacids......Page 540 Barrier Enhancers: Sucralfate......Page 542 Prokinetic Drugs for the Management of GERD......Page 543 Management of Emesis......Page 544 Drugs that Inhibit Vomiting: Antiemetics......Page 545 Chapter Review......Page 551 Chapter 34 Agents That Affect Intestinal Motility......Page 554 Diarrhea......Page 556 Treatment of Simple Diarrhea......Page 558 Causes of Constipation......Page 560 Types of Laxatives Used in the Management of Constipation......Page 561 Chapter Review......Page 566 part 8 Pharmacology of the Endocrine System......Page 570 Chapter 35 Introduction to the Endocrine System......Page 571 Basic Hormone Function......Page 572 Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis......Page 574 Regulating Hormone Secretion......Page 575 Endocrine Functions of The Anterior Pituitary Gland......Page 576 Chapter Review......Page 579 Chapter 36 Adrenal Steroids......Page 582 Regulation of Adrenocorticoid Hormones......Page 583 Primary Function of the Glucocorticoids......Page 585 Clinical Uses of Glucocorticoids......Page 586 Function of Mineralocorticoid Aldosterone......Page 592 Special Cautions and Drug Interactions......Page 594 Chapter Review......Page 597 Chapter 37 Gonadal Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Erectile Dysfunction Drugs......Page 600 Female Sex Hormones......Page 602 Clinical Uses of Estrogen and Progestins......Page 603 Contraception: Oral Contraceptives and Hormone Delivery Systems......Page 605 Hormonal Replacement Therapy (Hrt)......Page 610 Other Clinical Uses of Estrogens and Progestogens......Page 612 Fertility Drugs......Page 613 Male Sex Hormones......Page 615 Erectile Dysfunction......Page 620 Chapter Review......Page 623 Chapter 38 Drugs Affecting the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands and Bone Degeneration......Page 626 Function and Regulation of the Thyroid Gland......Page 627 Effects of Thyroid Hormone Hyposecretion......Page 629 Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy for Hypothyroidism......Page 630 Effects of Thyroid Hormone Hypersecretion......Page 632 Drugs Used to Treat Hyperthyroidism......Page 633 Parathyroid Hormones: Role of Parathormone......Page 635 Degenerative Bone Disease: Osteoporosis......Page 638 Drugs Used for Bone Disorders......Page 639 Chapter Review......Page 642 Chapter 39 Pancreatic Hormones and Antidiabetic Drugs......Page 645 Pancreatic Endocrine Function......Page 647 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 650 Treatment of Diabetes......Page 652 Antidiabetic Drugs: Insulins......Page 653 Parenteral Antidiabetic Drugs: Amylin Analog and Incretin Mimetics......Page 661 Oral Antidiabetic Drugs: Secretagogues, Hypoglycemics......Page 663 Other Oral Antihyperglycemic Drugs......Page 667 Chapter Review......Page 674 Chapter 40 Posterior Pituitary Hormones: Antidiuretic Hormone and Oxytocin......Page 678 Antidiuretic Hormone (Adh)......Page 679 Diabetes Insipidus......Page 681 Function and Clinical Use of Oxytocin......Page 682 Tocolytics......Page 683 Chapter Review......Page 686 part 9 Pharmacology of Infectious Diseases......Page 690 Chapter 41 Antibacterial Agents......Page 691 Morphology of Bacteria......Page 692 Chemotherapy......Page 693 Penicillins......Page 695 Cephalosporins......Page 698 Aminoglycosides......Page 700 Tetracyclines......Page 701 Sulfonamides......Page 702 Macrolide Antibiotics......Page 703 Fluoroquinolone Antimicrobials......Page 704 Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Drugs......Page 705 Drugs Used to Treat Tuberculosis......Page 706 Preferred Therapy for Selected Infections......Page 707 Chapter Review......Page 709 Chapter 42 Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs......Page 712 Fungal Infections......Page 714 Antifungal Drugs......Page 716 Systemic Antifungal Drugs......Page 719 Oral and Topical Antifungal Drugs......Page 722 Viral Diseases......Page 725 Antiviral Drugs......Page 731 Mechanisms of Action......Page 734 Characteristics of Antiviral Drugs......Page 738 Chapter Review......Page 743 Chapter 43 Parasitic Infections: Antiprotozoal and Anthelmintic Drugs......Page 746 Parasitic Infections: Protozoa and Worms......Page 747 Drugs Effective in the Treatment of Malaria (Antimalarial Drugs)......Page 749 Drugs Effective in the Treatment of Dysentery......Page 751 Other Protozoal Infections and Drug Treatment......Page 753 Drug Treatment of Parasitic Worm Infestations......Page 755 Chapter Review......Page 759 Chapter 44 Antiseptics and Disinfectants......Page 762 The Role of Antiseptics and Disinfectants......Page 763 Categories of Antisepsis and Disinfection......Page 764 Common Chemicals that Inhibit Infectious Microorganisms......Page 768 Adverse Effects and Special Cautions......Page 772 Chapter Review......Page 773 part 10 Antineoplastics and Drugs Affecting the Immune System......Page 778 Chapter 45 Antineoplastic Agents......Page 779 Types of Cancer......Page 780 Alkylating Drugs......Page 782 Antimetabolites......Page 785 Drugs Derived from Natural Products......Page 787 Hormone Antagonists......Page 788 New Approaches to Cancer Chemotherapy......Page 791 Chapter Review......Page 793 Chapter 46 Immunopharmacology......Page 796 Immune System......Page 797 Immunosuppressive Drugs......Page 798 Immunomodulating Drugs......Page 803 Chapter Review......Page 805 Glossary......Page 808 Appendix A: Latin Abbreviations Used in Medicine......Page 823 Appendix B: Abbreviations and Symbols Commonly Used in Medical Notations......Page 824 Photo Credits......Page 828 Index......Page 830