Electrochemistry for Cultural Heritage

Description

This monograph overviews the importance of electrochemistry in the field of cultural heritage, including archaeology, conservation and restoration topics. The application of electrochemical techniques in these domains have experienced a notable growth during the last ten years, in particular with regards to the elucidation of composition, manufacturing techniques and chronology of archaeological artefacts. This book describes the application of solid state electrochemistry techniques for the use of samples at the nanogram level from paintings, metallic, ceramic, glass, glazed, wooden, and other objects, and it also includes the description of new dating procedures for archaeological objects made of these materials. It is a valuable contribution to the field of cultural heritage and will be of great interest to archaeologists, conservators and restorers as well as to physicists and chemists working on the scientific examination of works of art. Cover Monographs in Electrochemistry Electrochemistry for Cultural Heritage Copyright Series Editors’ Foreword Preface Contents About the Authors About the Series Editors Abbreviations 1. Application of Instrumental Methods in the Analysis of Historical, Artistic, and Archaeological Objects 1.1 Archaeology and Conservation of Cultural Heritage 1.1.1 Archaeology, Archaeometry, and Archaeological Science 1.1.2 Conservation of Cultural Heritage 1.1.3 A Brief History of the Scientific Analysis of Cultural Heritage 1.2 Role of the Analytical Methods in Archaeometrical and Cultural Heritage Research 1.3 Information Provided by the Analytical Research 1.3.1 Analytical Information Obtained from the Object 1.3.2 Analytical Information Obtained from the Environment 1.3.3 Analytical Information Obtained from the Conservation Processes 1.4 Analytical Methodologies Applied to Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Research 1.4.1 Requirements of the Analytical Methodologies 1.4.2 Sampling Strategy 1.4.3 Preparation of Samples 1.4.4 Data Measurement and Processing 1.5 An Overview of Scientific Methods Applied in Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Research 1.5.1 Analytical Methods 1.5.2 Dating Methods References 2. Electrochemical Processes and Techniques 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Voltammetry of Immobilized Microparticles 2.2.1 Voltammetry, General Aspects and Conventions 2.2.2 Solid-State Transformations 2.2.3 Reductive/Oxidative Dissolution Processes 2.2.4 Redox Processes with Phase Changes 2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 2.3.1 Impedance Measurements and Impedance Spectroscopy 2.3.2 Circuit Elements and Equivalent Circuits 2.4 Other Techniques 2.4.1 Combination with Non-electrochemical Techniques 2.4.2 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy 2.5 A Note on Thermochemical Calculations References 3. Voltammetry: The Essentials 3.1 General Aspects 3.2 The Electrochemical Reaction 3.3 Reversible Solution-Phase Voltammetry Under Diffusion Control 3.4 Resistive and Capacitive Effects 3.5 Deviations from Reversibility and Coupled Chemical Reactions 3.6 Voltammetry of Surface-Confined Species 3.7 Voltammetry of Oxidation/Reduction of Ion-Permeable Solids 3.8 Voltammetry of Oxidative/Reductive Dissolution Processes 3.9 Voltammetry of Solid-to-Solid Redox Transformations 3.10 Electrocatalysis References 4. Analytical Issues 4.1 Generalities 4.2 Identification of Components 4.2.1 Voltammetric Parameters 4.2.2 Tafel-Type Analysis 4.3 Quantification 4.3.1 General Aspects 4.3.2 Voltammetric and Coulometric Quantification Strategies 4.3.3 Standard Addition Methods 4.3.4 Quantification in the Presence of Interferents 4.4 Speciation 4.5 Electrochemical Data Processing 4.5.1 Handling Electrochemical Signals 4.5.2 Bivariant and Multivariant Techniques References 5. Pigments and Paintings I 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Identification of Inorganic Pigments 5.3 Pigment Mixtures 5.4 Identification of Organic Pigments 5.5 Pigments and Binding Media 5.6 Nanoscale Characterization and Mapping of Pictorial Components References 6. Pigment and Paintings II 6.1 Electrochemical Characterization of Workshops 6.2 Degradation Processes; Pigment Alteration in Extreme Heritage 6.3 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Pigments: The Maya Blue Problem References 7. Ceramic, Glass, and Glazed Materials I 7.1 Ceramic, Glass, and Glazed Heritage 7.2 Detection and Characterization of Electroactive Species 7.3 Speciation 7.4 Characterization of Archaeological Glass Sites 7.5 Glass Alteration and Dating References 8. Ceramics, Glasses, and Glazed Materials II 8.1 Pottery, an Overview 8.2 Electrochemistry of Pottery 8.3 Characterization of Archaeological Sites 8.4 Information on Manufacturing Techniques 8.5 Impedance Analysis 8.6 Dating References 9. Organic Materials 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Vegetal Electrochemistry 9.3 Wooden Objects 9.4 Paper 9.5 Charcoal 9.6 Tar Pitch 9.7 Dating References 10. Metallic Heritage: Electrochemistry of Corrosion Products 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Corrosion of Metal Objects 10.3 Identification of Metals and Corrosion Products 10.4 In-Depth Electrochemistry 10.5 Archaeometric Issues 10.6 Impedance Analysis 10.7 Gold Electrochemistry References 11. Metallic Heritage: Electrochemistry of Metal Objects 11.1 Direct Electrochemistry of Metal Artifacts 11.2 Diagnosis 11.2.1 Polarization Curves 11.2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 11.2.3 Open-Circuit Potential 11.2.4 Other Techniques 11.3 Preservation of Metallic Heritage 11.3.1 Selective Removal and Anodization 11.3.2 Protective Coatings 11.3.3 Electrochemical Treatments, Dechlorination References 12. Electrochemical Metal Dating 12.1 Time and Electrochemistry, an Overview 12.2 Dating of Corroded Metals 12.2.1 Antecedents 12.2.2 Lead 12.2.3 Copper and Bronze 12.2.4 Leaded Bronze 12.3 Gold Dating 12.4 Prospective on Metal Dating References Index