Beyond 2%―NATO Partners, Institutions & Burden Management: Concepts, Risks & Models

Description

This book advances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (henceforth, NATO) burden analysis through a decomposition of the political, financial, social, and defense burdens members take on for the institution. The overemphasis of committing a minimum of 2% of member state Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to defense spending, as a proxy indicator of alliance commitment does not properly reflect how commitments reduce risks should Article V be invoked through attack (i.e., 2% is a political & symbolic target adopted by Defense Ministers in 2006 at Riga). Considering defense burdens multi-dimensionally explains why some members overcontribute, as well as, why burden sharing negotiations cause friction among 30 diverse members with differing threats and risks. In creating a comprehensive institutional burden management model and focusing on risks to members, the book explores the weaknesses of major theories on the study and division of collective burdens and institutional assets. It argues that member risks and threats are essential to understanding how burdens are distributed across a set of overlapping institutions within NATO’s structure providing its central goods. The importance of the USA, as a defense underwriter for some, affects negotiations despite its absence from research empirically; new data permit testing the argument (Kavanaugh 2014). This book contributes conceptual innovation and theoretical analysis to advance student, researcher, and policymaker understanding of burden management, strategic bargaining, and defense cooperation. The contribution is a generalizable risk management model of IO burden sharing using NATO as the case for scientific study due to its prominence. Acknowledgments Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Policy Pop Out Acronyms 1 Introduction Explaining Arrangements Among Sovereign States Providing Collective Goods NATO—Studying the Burden of Providing Collective Goods for a Club Book Structure Notes References 2 Cooperation, Sharing Defense Burdens and Defense Institutions Introduction Cooperation, Coordination, Collaboration—Contracting Institutions 70 Years of a Transatlantic Defense Pact—NATO, a Critical Case for Multimethod Study Synthesizing Seven Decades of NATO Burden Sharing Research NATO Under Pressure: Considering Russian Aggression in Ukraine Since February 2022 Finland and Sweden—Joining NATO: Balancing Contributions with Risks Ukraine’s Chances of “Rich Man’s Clubs”: Requests for EU (& NATO) Membership Offer Risks Conclusions: Beyond 2%: Why Another Book? Notes References 3 Complexity and Burden Sharing: Member Risks and Threats Introduction Delegation, Agency, and NATO Beyond Collective Action Models of Defense Considering the US as an Underwriter—Defense-Security Agreements and Arms External Threats—As Motivation for Partner Behavior Within a Club NATO: Regional and Out-Of-Area Crisis Actor Comparing Burden Shifts Across Decades, 1999 and 2019; NATO Civilian Budgets Conclusions—Risks, Threats, and Information Policy Pop Out 1 Notes References 4 ‘Measuring’ NATO Member Defense Burdens—Beyond 2% Introduction Discord, Disagreement, and ‘NATO Defense Spending’ Targets Physical Capital (Partner Contributions to Fixed Assets) Continuing NATO Operations (i.e., Current Club Demands) Punctual Demands (Crisis/Conflict Mission Contributions) Socialization (Considering Human Capital, Community) US Defense Agreements—As Informational Improvement by Endorsement Partner Level Risks Brought to NATO Conclusions: Multiple Measures for Multiple Models Policy Pop Out 2 Notes References 5 Theoretical Perspectives on Collective (Defense and Security) Burden Sharing Introduction Threat-Based Theories Group Preferences Strategic Culture and Critical Approaches Rational Institutionalist Theory Provisions Associated with Flexibility (I.E., Review, Amendment, Renegotiation and Renewal). Describing the Partner Participation in NATO COE Conclusions—Burden Sharing from Multiple Views Policy Pop Out 3 Notes References 6 Risk Management Model of Institutional Burden Sharing Introduction Proposing a Risk Management Model of Institutional (Defense and Security) Burdens Threats Informational Improvement—Rational Institutionalism Risk Management—Rationalism, Trade-Offs Exploitation (Free-Riding)—Collective Action Democracy—Liberalism (a, b) & Constructivism (c, d) Conclusions—Moving Toward Multi-method Analyses of the Risk Management Model Notes References 7 Support for a Risk Management Model of Institutional Burdens Introduction Managing Risks Model of Institutional Burden Sharing: Military Spending Modeling Middle/Second Level NATO Partners—Participation in a New Operation NATO—Manager of Stability: The Club in a Global System Centres of Excellence—Redistributing NATO Burdens: Comparing Two COE Comparing MILMED & JCBRN COE MOU In-Depth JCBRN—Functional Relationship MOU, 2006 MILMED-Establishment MOU, 2014 Conclusions—Triangulating Methods, Models and Measures Policy Pop Out 4 Notes References 8 Contributions, Future Plans, Implications and Conclusions Contributions of the Book Future Plans Implications Conclusions Notes References Appendix A Tasks to Delegate in International Agreements Appendix B Predicted Values of Dependent Variable in a Regression Model Appendix C Appendix D Data References and Public Data Sources Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H References Index