Iron Age Cemeteries in East Yorkshire: Excavations at Burton Fleming, Rudston, Garton-on-the-Wolds, and Kirkburn

Description

With contributions by Janet Ambers, A. J. Clark, Elisabeth Crowfoot, Vanessa Fell, I. C. Freestone, J. R. A. Greig, Julian Henderson, I. A. Kinnes, Morven Leese, A. J. Legge, Susan Limbrey, A. P. Middleton, A. L. Pacitto, Valery Rigby, Fleur Shearman, Sheelagh Stead, Nigel Thew, Pat Wagner, and Jacqui Watson. Ebook (PDF) published 2013. The La Tène 'Arras Culture' in East Yorkshire is best known for its burials, including cart-burials, most of which were in barrows defined by square-plan ditches. Many of these were excavated in the nineteenth century, and it was not until the record was augmented by air photography in the 1960s that more cemeteries became known and available for excavation. This book records the excavation of 267 burials, including two cart-burials. Two different types of burial are distinguished: crouched, orientated north-south, and extended, orientated east-west. The range of grave-goods with the different types of burial varied also: brooches and sheep bones were common with the crouched burials, while swords, spearheads, tools, and pig bones characterised the extended burials. Several of the corpses had been speared as part of the burial ritual. The two cart-burials included a more varied range of artefacts, including decorated metalwork and the most complete example of a mail tunic from the entire Celtic world. They also provided a great deal of information about Iron Age carts and provoked a reconsideration of their reconstruction. Descriptions and catalogues of the grave-goods are augmented by full environmental reports on the human and animal bones, the textiles, the molluscan, pollen, and soil evidence, and the geophysical prospecting. Scientific and dating evidence is included, together with a preliminary statistical survey of the human bones. List of illustrations vii List of tables ix 1. Introduction 1 2. Cemeteries and barrows 5 3. Burials 29 4. Grave-goods 40 5. The textiles 119 6. The human bones 126 7. Animal bones 140 8. The environmental evidence 148 9. Geophysical prospecting 158 10. Scientific analyses 162 11. A preliminary statistical survey 171 12. Discussion 179 Appendix: List of graves and grave-goods 185 Summary / Résumé / Zusammenfassung 228 Bibliography 231 Index 235