Chemistry in Focus Year 11

Description

Contents Introduction Author team Author acknowledgements Publisher acknowledgements Using Chemistry in Focus outcome grid Chapter 01: Review of basic concepts Mixtures and pure substances Elements and compounds Physical states Solutions and suspensions Physical and chemical changes Particle nature of matter Atoms, molecules and ions Symbols and formulae Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 02: Properties of matter Physical properties Using physical propertiesto separate mixtures Gravimetric analysis A survey of the elements The periodic table Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 03: Atomic structure An atom – a nucleus and an electron cloud Isotopes Unstable isotopes Energy levels for electrons The periodic table Orbitals and sublevels  Atomic emission spectroscopy  Flame tests  Bohr, Schrödinger and atomic structure Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 04: Periodicity  Melting point and physical state Atomic radius  Ionisation energy  Electronegativity  Metallic character and reactivity with water  Summary of trends   Chapter summary   Chapter review questions Chapter 05: Chemical bonding  Achieving noble gas configurations  Formation of ions – ionic bonding  Ionic bonding and the periodic table  Naming simple ionic compounds  Covalent bonding  Drawing electron-dot structures  Ionic or covalent bonding and electronegativity  Valency and position in the periodic table  Naming covalent binary compounds Properties of ionic and covalent molecular substances Covalent network solids Metallic bonding Solids summarised Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 07: Chemical reactions, stoichiometry and the mole Chemical reactions Law of conservation of mass The need for quantitative calculations Relative atomic mass (atomic weight) Relative molecular mass (molecular weight) The mole Relative formula mass (formula weight) Converting between mass, moles and numbers of atoms or molecules Percentage composition Calculating formulae from experimental data Moles and chemical equations Mass calculations from chemical equations Limiting reagent calculations Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 08: Solutions – concentration and molarity Nature of solutions Different measures of concentration Measuring volumes of solutions Molarity Dilution Solution calculations involving reactions Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 09: Gas laws Gay-Lussac’s law and Avogadro’s law Calculations involving volumes of gases Boyle‘s law, Charles‘s law, and Avogadro‘s law revisited Combining three gas laws: the ideal gas law Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 10: Types of chemical reaction Indicators of chemical change (reaction) Synthesis reactions Decomposition reactions Combustion reactions Precipitation reactions  Predicting precipitation reactions Acid–base reactions Acid–carbonate reactions Reactions that make cycad fruit safe to eat Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 11: Reactions of metals Reactivity of metals Displacement reactions An activity series Metal activity and the periodic table Oxidation and reduction Oxidants and reductants Oxidation number (oxidation state) Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 12: Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentials Electricity from redox reactions Parts of a galvanic cell Types of galvanic cell Standard electrode potentials Calculating voltages for redox reactions Calculating the voltage of a galvanic cell Standard electrode potentials and reactivity of metals Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 13: Rates of reaction Meaning of ‘rate of reaction’ Factors influencing the rate of a reaction Temperature and activation energy Collision theory of reaction rates How catalysts work Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 14: Energy changes in chemical reactions   Exothermic and endothermic reactions Temperature, quantity of heat and heat capacity Enthalpy Measuring enthalpy changes for reactions Heat of combustion Energy profiles Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 15: Enthalpy and Hess’s law Explaining enthalpy changes Law of conservation of energy Standard enthalpy change and standard state Standard enthalpy of formation Enthalpies of formation from heats of combustion Estimating ΔH  from bond energies Bond energy Photosynthesis and respiration Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Chapter 17: Working scientifically and depth studies The nature of science Solving scientific problems – depth studies Designing your investigation Conducting your investigation Analysing data Communicating your understanding Ideas for depth studies Chapter Summary Appendix 1: Experimental error and significant figures Appendix 2: Relative atomic masses of common elements Appendix 3: Periodic table of elements Numerical Answers Glossary Index