Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion, Biomedical and Environmental Applications

Description

This book highlights a multidisciplinary system for the future while protecting our environment. Certainly, the main objective of the proposed book has addressed several issues and bringing a good platform to understanding for future developments in metal oxide nanostructures for energy conversion, biomedical, and environmental management, however, which is support/carrier for antibacterial behaviors, pathogen infections, and bioinspired materials for energy savings and environmental impacts. Appropriately, I recommend the book to undergraduates, postgraduates, and doctoral students those who are working in materials science and researchers across the world working in interdisciplinary research. Preface Contents Contributors Abbreviations Symbols and Explanations Part I Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion 1 ZnO/Chalcogenides Semiconductor Heterostructures for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 1 Introduction 2 The General Principles of Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 3 ZnO/ZnS Heterostructures 4 ZnO/ZnSe Heterostructures 5 ZnO/ZnTe Heterostructures 6 ZnO/Cadmium Chalcogenides Heterostructures 7 ZnO/Molybdenum, Lead, Copper, and Silver Chalcogenides Heterostructures 8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 2 Argon Ions Beam Irradiation of Copper Nanowires for Transparent Electrodes 1 Introduction 1.1 Ion Beam Irradiation on Materials 2 Argon Ions Beam Irradiation of Copper Nanowires 2.1 Experimental Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 TEM Analysis of Argon Ions Irradiated Copper Nanowires 3.2 SRIM Analysis of Agron Ions Irradiated Copper Nanowires 3.3 Structural Analysis of Argon Ions Irradiated Copper Nanowires 3.4 Optical Analysis of Argon Ions Irradiated Copper Nanowires 4 Conclusions References 3 The Recent Developments on Bismuth Oxyhalides (BiOX; X = Cl, Br, and I) Based Nanocomposite Materials for Environmental Remediation 1 Introduction 2 General Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism 3 BiOCl-Based Nanocomposite for the Degradation of Pollutants 4 BiOBr-Based Nanocomposites for Pollutant Degradation 5 BiOI Based Nanocomposites for Pollutant Degradation 6 Conclusions and Future Directions References 4 Additive-Based Structure and Bioactivity Modifications of Phosphate Glasses 1 Introduction 1.1 Bioactive Glass 1.2 Phosphate-Based Glass 1.3 Glass Structural Examination 2 Conclusion References 5 Bio-synthesized and Photocatalytic Effectiveness of Date Pit Mediated Magnesium Oxides Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims and Objectives of the Chapter 1.2 Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation 1.3 Wastewater Treatment by Chlorination 1.4 Wastewater Treatment by Reversed Osmosis 1.5 Wastewater Treatment by Advanced Oxidation 1.6 Wastewater Treatment by Nanofiltration Membrane 1.7 Water Treatment by Metal–Oxide Nanoparticles 2 Green Nanochemistry Method 2.1 MgO Nanoparticles Synthesis 2.2 Physical and Chemical Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles and Applications 2.3 Green Nanochemistry Preparation of MgO NPs and Applications 2.4 Green Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticle via Date Pit Extracts 3 Application of MgO Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment 3.1 Photocatalysis of MgO Nanoparticles with Acid Orange 8(AO8) 3.2 Characterization of Date Pit Assisted MgO Nanoparticles Techniques 4 Morphological and Chemical Element Analysis of MgO Nanoparticles 4.1 Phase Identification Analysis 4.2 Optical Properties Analysis 4.3 Photocatalysis Analysis 4.4 Photodegradation Efficiency Analysis 4.5 Removal Kinetics Analysis 5 Conclusion References 6 Property Management of BiFeO3-Based Multifunctional Perovskite Nanomaterials: Nanoparticles, Ceramics, and Thin Films 1 Introduction 2 Pulsed Laser Deposition Film of the Bi–Fe–O System 3 Atomic-Layer Deposition of Bi–Fe–O System 4 Solution Combustion Synthesis of Pure-Phase BiFeO3 5 Conclusion References 7 Effect of Mg2Sn Alloy on Silicon Substrate and Its Mechanical Properties with Its Resistivity Measurement 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Electrolytic Deposition 2.2 Electroless Deposition 2.3 Anodization 3 Phase Transition 4 Resistivity Measurement 5 Conclusion References 8 Metal Additive Manufacturing: Materials, Methods, Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties via Post-processing Heat Treatments 1 Introduction 2 Materials for Additive Manufacturing 2.1 Metals and Alloys 2.2 Polymers 2.3 Ceramics 3 Metal Feedstock: Production and Characteristics 4 Methods for Metal Additive Manufacturing 4.1 Powder Bed Fusion 4.2 Binder Jetting 4.3 Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) 5 General Defects and Their Root Cause in 3D Printed Parts 6 Post Processing—Heat Treatments 6.1 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) 6.2 Solution Treatment (ST) 6.3 Annealing 6.4 Tempering 6.5 Peak Hardening 7 Effects of Post Processing Heat Treatment on Microstructure Development of AM Materials 8 Effects of Post Processing Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of AM Materials 9 Challenges and Recommendations for Additive Manufacturing 10 Conclusion References Part II Biomedical and Environmental Applications 9 In Vitro Degradation Behaviour of Chitosan-Based Blends by ATR-FTIR for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: An Indirect Bioactivity Assay 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Synthesis of Scaffolds 2.3 Scaffold Formation-Lyophilization Method 2.4 In Vitro Degradation Studies by ATR-FTIR Method 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 ATR-FTIR Spectra of CS/PVA, CPM1, CPM2 and CPM3 Scaffolds Before Immersion in Different Biological Media 3.2 ATR-FTIR Spectra of CPM1, CPM2 and CPM3 Scaffolds After Immersion in Different Biological Media 4 Conclusion References 10 Selenium Nanoparticles: Treatments in Tissue Engineering for Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy 1 Introduction 2 Treatment for Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy 3 Overview Glutathione Peroxidase 4 Enzymes Acting on Peroxide 5 Selenium Dietary Intake 5.1 Selenium 5.2 Selenium and Heart 5.3 Emerging Trends: Selenium Nanoparticles Preparations 5.4 Anti-Oxidative Properties of Selenium Nanoparticles 5.5 Tissue Engineering 6 Biocompatibility 6.1 Porosity 6.2 Surface Finish 6.3 Mechanical Characteristics 6.4 Preparation 6.5 Kinetics and Metabolism Selenium in Humans 6.6 Digestive Absorption 6.7 Distribution 6.8 Metabolism 6.9 Elimination 7 Conclusion References 11 Nanomaterials as Drug Carriers in Diagnosis and Treatment of Various Cancers 1 Introduction 1.1 Mechanism of Cancer Cell Invasion 1.2 Role of Nanomaterials to Treat Cancer 2 Overview About Liver Cancer 2.1 Nanoparticles in Treatment of Liver Disease 2.2 Role of Nanoparticles in Liver Cancer 3 Overview About Lung Cancer 3.1 Role of Nanoparticle in Lung Cancer 4 Overview of Breast Cancer 4.1 Role of Nanomaterials in Breast Cancer 5 Overview of Ovarian Cancer 5.1 Role of Nanomaterials in Ovarian Cancer 6 Conclusion References 12 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Applications in Biomedical and Environmental Research 1 Introduction 2 Green Chemistry in Nanoparticles Biosynthesis 3 Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 4 Plant Extract is a Natural Capping Agent 5 Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Plant Extract 6 Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Against Drug Resistant Bacteria 7 Mechanism of Action of ZnO on Microorganisms 8 Antifungal Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles 9 Antioxidant Activity 10 Anticancer Activity 11 Pesticidal Properties 12 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes 13 Conclusion References 13 In Vitro Studies of Chitosan/PVA/Methylcellulose—Silver Nanocomposites Scaffolds Using L929 Fibroblast Cells 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle 2.3 Preparation of CS/PVA/MC3-AgNps Nanocomposites 2.4 Salt Leaching—Scaffold Preparation 2.5 Characterization 2.6 Cell Experiment 2.7 Statistical Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) 3.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 3.3 Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) 3.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 3.6 Raman Spectroscopy (RS) 3.7 Mechanical Properties 3.8 Swelling Studies 3.9 Porosity 3.10 Antibacterial Activity 3.11 In Vitro Cytocompatibility Studies 3.12 Fluorescence Image 3.13 In Vivo Wound Healing Analysis 4 Conclusion References 14 Role of Nanodiagnostics in Health Sciences 1 Introduction 2 Why Nanodiagnostics? 3 Nanodiagnostic Technologies 4 Diagnosis of Cancer Cells 5 Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Disease 6 Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease 7 Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease 8 Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 8.1 Diagnosis of SARS-COVID 8.2 Diagnosis of Viral Infections 8.3 Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections 8.4 Diagnosis of Protozoan Infections 9 Conclusion References 15 Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles from Basidiomycetes Mushroom Fungi: Properties, Biological Activities, and Their Applications 1 Introduction 2 Bioactive Compounds of Mushroom and Its Therapeutical Properties 3 Importance of Nanoparticles in Healthcare 4 Nanoparticles Synthesized from Mushrooms 5 Biological Activity of Different Nanoparticles Prepared by Mushrooms 5.1 Silver Nanoparticles 5.2 Gold Nanoparticles 5.3 Zinc Nanoparticles 5.4 Other Nanoparticles 6 Advantages of Mushroom Nanoparticles 7 Application of Mushroom Nanoparticles 7.1 Biomedical Applications 7.2 Other Industrial Applications 8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 16 Therapeutic Importance of Panchagavya 1 Introduction 1.1 Cowpathy 1.2 Panchagavya Therapy 2 Needs of Cowpathy/Panchagavya Therapy 3 Cow Urine 3.1 U.S. Patents with Respect to CU 3.2 Therapeutic Applications of Cow Urine 4 Cow Dung 4.1 Therapeutic Applications of Cow Dung 5 Cow Milk 5.1 Therapeutic Applications of Cow Milk 6 Curd 6.1 Therapeutic Applications of Curd 7 Ghee 7.1 Therapeutic Applications of Ghee 8 Conclusion References 17 Role of Antimicrobials Agents and Studies Using Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 1.1 Efficacy Based on the Way of Action, Source, and Spectrum 2 Significance of Chemical Structure, Organisms Affected, and Its Mechanism of Action 3 Mechanism of Antimicrobial Agents Against Bacteria and Strains 4 Effect Due to Cell Wall Incorporation 5 Membrane Incorporation 5.1 Protein Incorporation 5.2 Effect on the DNARNA Deformation 6 Synergy with Phospholipids Substratum by Metal Oxides 6.1 Synergy with Cytosol Protein by Metal Oxides 6.2 Constitution of Reactive Oxygen Genus 7 Ramification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Based on the Synthesis Methods 7.1 Antimicrobial Ramification of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 7.2 Antimicrobial Ramification of Magnesium Oxide 7.3 Antimicrobial Ramification of Titanium Dioxide 7.4 Antimicrobial Ramification of Iron and Copper Oxide 8 Conclusion References