Contemporary Human Geography

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About this Book Cover Page Inside Front Cover Halftitle Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents in Brief Contents Dear Reader Preface About the Authors Chapter 1 Human Geography: A Cultural Approach Our Cultural Approach to Human Geography Many Cultures Folk Culture Indigenous Culture Popular Culture Cultural Diversification Three Perspectives on Human Geography Spatial Modeling Perspective Humanistic Perspective Social Theoretical Perspective The Visualization Tools of Human Geography Longitude and Latitude Geography @ Work: Matt Rosenberg, Geography Expert for About.com Geospatial Technologies Organizing Themes for Contemporary Human Geography Region Formal Regions Functional Regions Vernacular Regions Mobility Diffusion Migration The Video Connection: West Virginia, Still Home Globalization Nature–Culture Environmental Determinism Possibilism Environmental Perception Humans as Modifiers of the Earth Subject to Debate: Human Activities and Global Climate Change Cultural Landscape World Heritage Site: The Great Zimbabwe National Monument Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Doing Geography Active Learning: Space, Place, and Knowing Your Way Around Experiential Learning: The Privatization of Public Space Seeing Geography: Noyo Harbor in Northern California Chapter 2 Geographies of Cultural Difference: One World or Many? Region U.S College Sports Ice Hockey Lacrosse Volleyball Indigenous Culture Regions North American Indigenous Culture Regions Central and South American Indigenous Culture Regions South Asian Indigenous Culture Regions LGBT Districts The Video Connection: An Attack on Equality Mobility Vampire Tourism The Curse of Dracula, Revisited Cashing In on the Count Sudanese Diaspora Culture Subject to Debate: Mobile Identities: Questions of Culture and Citizenship Barriers to the Movement of Digital Information Globalization The Differing Experiences of Time and Space Are Cultures Homogenizing Under Globalization? Local Indigenous Cultures Go Global Nature–Culture Indigenous Ecology and Property Rights Indigenous Technical Knowledge Indigenous Encounters with the Global Economy Folk Ecology Nature and Gender Nature in Popular Culture Animal Geographies Cultural Landscape Folk Architecture in North America World Heritage Site: Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland Folk Architecture Around the World Nipa Huts of the Philippines Ndebele Painted Houses of Southern Africa Landscapes of Consumption Leisure and Amenity Landscapes Working Landscapes Ranching Landscapes of the West The Wine Country of California The “Old West” Versus the “New West” Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Doing Geography Active Learning: Place Image in the Media Experiential Learning: Self-Representation of Indigenous Culture Seeing Geography: Camping in the “Great Outdoors” Chapter 3 Population Geography: A Demographic Portrait Region Population Distribution and Density Patterns of Natality Patterns of Mortality The Demographic Transition Age Distributions The Geography of Gender Subject to Debate: Female: An Endangered Gender? Mobility Migration The Video Connection: Paraíso Diseases on the Move Globalization Population Explosion? Malthus Versus the Cornucopians The Slowdown of World Population Growth The Rule of 72 Population Control Programs Nature–Culture The Environmental Influence on Population Environmental Perception and Its Impact on Settlement and Migration Population Density and Environmental Alteration Environmental Changes in Mexico City Environmental Refugees Geography @ Work: Aaron Hoard, Deputy Director, Office of Regional and Community Relations, University of Washington Cultural Landscape Diverse Settlement Types World Heritage Site: Pico Island Vineyard Landscapes and Demographic Change Depopulation in History: Ancient Rome Bogotá Rising Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Doing Geography Active Learning: Refugee Movements Experiential Learning: Public Space, Personal Space: Too Close for Comfort? Seeing Geography: Kolkata, India Chapter 4 The Geography of Language: Locating the Spoken Word Region Language Classifications Language Families Indo-European Language Family Sino-Tibetan Language Family Afro-Asiatic Language Family Other Major Language Families Mobility Indo-European Diffusion Migration and the Survival of Language Subject to Debate: Imposing English Religion and Linguistic Mobility Language’s Shifting Boundaries Globalization The Video Connection: Who Speaks Wukchumni? Technology, Language, and Empire Texting and Language Modification Language Proliferation: One or Many? Language and Cultural Survival Nature–Culture Habitat and Vocabulary Natural Environment and Language Sounds Habitat Helps Channel Language Habitat Provides Refuge Cultural Landscape Linguistic Landscapes and Their Messages Toponyms Generic Toponyms of the United States Toponyms and Cultures of the Past The Political Economy of Toponyms World Heritage Site: Alhambra, Generalife, Albayzín Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Doing Geography Active Learning: Listening to the Dialects of English Experiential Learning: Exploring the Political Economy of Purchased Place-Names Seeing Geography: Feisbuquear: “To Facebook” Chapter 5 Geographies of Race and Ethnicity: Melting Pot or Salad Bowl? Region Race or Ethnicity: What’s the Difference? Race Subject to Debate: Racism: An Embarrassment of the Past, or Here to Stay? Ethnicity Ethnic Homelands and Islands Ethnic Neighborhoods and Racialized Ghettos Recent Shifts in Ethnic Populations Mobility Migration and Ethnicity Forced Migration World Heritage Site: Island of Gorée Return Migration Everyday Mobility and Race The Video Connection: An Education in Equality Globalization A Long View of Race and Ethnicity Race and European Colonization Twentieth-Century Genocides Indigenous and Minority Identities in the Face of Globalization Nature–Culture Cultural Preadaptation Cultural Simplification and Isolation Habitat and the Preservation of Difference Environmental Racism Cultural Landscape Urban Ethnic Landscapes The Re-Creation of Ethnic Cultural Landscapes Cuban Americans in Miami Geography @ Work: Vivian Gonzalez, Morning Meteorologist, WSVN Channel 7, Miami, Florida Vietnamese Americans in New Orleans History and Race in the Cultural Landscape Ethnic Culinary Landscapes Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Doing Geography Active Learning: Understanding Implicit Biases Experiential Learning: Tracing Ethnic Foodways Through Recipes Seeing Geography: America’s Ethnic Foodscape Chapter 6 Political Geography: A Divided World Region A World of Nation-States The Idea of the Nation-State Multinational States, Multistate Nations Geographic Variation in Nation-State Territories Shape and Configuration Types of Boundaries Territorial Coherence and Fragmentation Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces Separatist Movements Irredentist Movements Stateless Nations Internal Organization of Territory Geography and the Vote Gerrymandering Red States, Blue States Mobility The Diffusion of Political Authority The Diffusion of Political Innovation The Forced Mobility of Violent Conflict Ethnic Cleansing Armed Conflict International Response Transborder Mobility in Cyberspace Subject to Debate: Whither the Political Promise of the Internet? Globalization Globalization and Sovereignty Supranational Political Bodies The Condition of Transnationality Nature–Culture State Policies and Land Management Geopolitics The Heartland Theory Buffer and Satellite States Geopolitics Today Rising Seas, Changing Borders The Video Connection: Vanishing Island Estimates of Sea Level Rise Territorial Seas National Militaries and the Environment Cultural Landscape Legal Codes and National Landscapes Border Landscapes National Iconography in the Landscape World Heritage Site: Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Center of the Tiwanaku Culture Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Doing Geography Active Learning: The Role of Twitter Bots in Democratic Elections Experiential Learning: The Complex Geography of Congressional Redistricting Seeing Geography: Art in the Borderland Chapter 7 The Geography of Religion: Spaces and Places of Sacredness Region Classifying Religions Proselytic and Ethnic Religions Monotheistic and Polytheistic Religions Syncretic and Orthodox Religions Subject to Debate: Religious Fundamentalism Religious Culture Regions Judaism Christianity The Video Connection: Bible Belt Atheist Islam Hinduism Buddhism Taoic Religions Animism Mobility The Semitic Religious Hearth The Indus-Ganges Religious Hearth The East Asian Religious Hearth Religious Pilgrimage Globalization The Rise of Evangelical Protestantism in Latin America Religion on the Internet Religion’s Relevance in a Global World Nature–Culture Appeasing the Forces of Nature The Impacts of Belief Systems on Plants, Animals, and Food Geography @ Work: Robert Szypko, First-Grade Teacher, Success Academy, Bedford-Stuyvesant, New York Ecotheology Judaism and Christianity and Nature Buddhism and Hinduism and Cremation Ecofeminism Cultural Landscape Religious Structures Faithful Details Landscapes of the Dead Sacred Spaces World Heritage Site: The Old City of Jerusalem and Its Walls Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Doing Geography Active Learning: Navigating the Religious Landscape of the United States Experiential Learning: The Making of Sacred Spaces Seeing Geography: Parking Lot Shrine Chapter 8 The Geography of Agriculture and Food: Shaping the Land, Feeding the World Region Classifying Agricultural Practices Crop-Based Systems Slash-and-Burn Agriculture Paddy Rice Farming Cereal–Root Crop Mixed Farming Plantation Agriculture Market Gardening and Truck Farming Grain Farming Animal-Rearing Systems Pastoralism Livestock Ranching Livestock Fattening Dairying Other Food Production Systems Urban Agriculture Aquaculture Nonagricultural Food Production The Von Thünen Model Mobility Ancient Origins and Diffusion of Domestication Plant Domestication Animal Domestication Modern Diffusions Agricultural Labor Mobility Globalization The Global Food System Historical Perspective Agricultural Industrialization and Technological Changes The Rise of Multinational Corporations in Agriculture Problems and Alternatives The Persistence of Food Deprivation Food Fears Alternatives to the Global Food System Nature–Culture The Environmental Costs of Industrial Agriculture The Limits of Industrial Water Control Agrichemicals: Faustian Bargain? Agriculture and Global Climate Change The Unfolding Effects of Climate Change The Effects of Agriculture on Climate Reducing Agriculture’s Environmental and Health Damage Sustainable Agriculture Don’t Panic, It’s Organic The Video Connection: The Marijuana Divide Green Fuels from Agriculture Subject to Debate: Can Biofuels Save the Planet? Cultural Landscape Cadastral Surveys and Field Patterns Fencing and Hedging Agricultural Landscape Protection World Heritage Site: Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Doing Geography Active Learning: Analyzing the Geography of Foodborne Outbreaks Experiential Learning: The Global Geography of Food Seeing Geography: Reading Agricultural Landscapes Chapter 9 Development Geography: Transforming Landscapes of Well-Being Region A Brief History of Development Stages of Economic Growth World Systems Theory Many Worlds A Contemporary Approach to Development Measuring Development Economic Measures of Development Development as Quality of Life The Sustainable Development Goals Development, Freedom, and Happiness Categorizing Types of Economic Activity by Sector Development Actors Mobility Transportation and Industrialization Geography @ Work: Matthew Toro, Director of Map, Imagery, and Geospatial Services, Arizona State University Transportation and the Colonial Legacy Transportation Haves and Have-Nots Singapore: A Transportation Infrastructure Reboot The United States: A Transportation Infrastructure Left Behind Nicaragua: The Hovering Elite Globalization Postdevelopment and the Rise of the Global South Technology and the Global South The Video Connection: Wiring the Amazon Gender, Globalization, and Development Subject to Debate: Microfinance and Development Celebrities and Development Nature–Culture Renewable Resource Crises World Heritage Site: Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes Global Climate Change The Environmental Consequences of Powering Industrialization Renewable Energy Sources China’s Harmful Air Quality Cultural Landscape Cultural Landscapes of Resource Extraction Cultural Landscapes of Industry and Services Emerging Cultural Landscapes of the Internet Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Doing Geography Active Learning: Development by the Numbers Experiential Learning: The Where and Why of What You Wear Seeing Geography: Mapping the Life of a Smartphone Chapter 10 Urban Geography: A World of Cities Region Patterns and Processes of Urbanization The Rise of Cities Urban Hearth Areas Imperialism and Urbanization Cities and Conquest Ancient Empires and Imperial Expansion Cities of the Industrial Revolution Modern Urban Locations Mobility Rural-to-Urban Migration World Heritage Site: Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountains and the Sea When Are Cities Too Large? Urban Primacy Urban Transportation The Downsides to Urban Car Culture Globalization Global Cities The Globalization of Urban Wealth and Poverty Nature–Culture Urban Weather and Climate Urban Hydrology Urban Vegetation Cities and Environmental Vulnerability Environmental Effects Subject to Debate: Can Urbanization Be Environmentally Sustainable? Natural Disasters Urbanization, Sustainability, and Resilience Cultural Landscape Gentrification Economic Factors Political Factors Sexuality and Gentrification The Costs of Gentrification The Livable City The Right to the City The Video Connection: “Vic Invades”: The Life of an Urban Explorer Conclusion Chapter Summary Key Terms Doing Geography Active Learning: Adapting to Climate Change Experiential Learning: Create a Walking Tour of Your Urban Landscape Seeing Geography: Melbourne, Australia Appendix: The Language and Meaning of Maps Glossary References Index Back Cover