Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Electric Vehicles

Description

This book introduces the most state-of-the-art wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicles from the fundamental theories to practical designs and applications, especially on the circuit analysis methods, resonant compensation networks, magnetic couplers, and related power electronics converters. Moreover, some other necessary design considerations, such as communication systems, detection of foreign and living objects, EMI issues, and battery charging strategies, are also introduced to provide sufficient insights into the industrial applications. Finally, some future points are mentioned in brief.   Different from other works, all the WPT technologies in this book are applied in real EV applications, whose effectiveness and reliability have been already tested and verified. From this book, readers who are interested in the area of wireless power transfer can have a broad view of modern WPT technologies.  Readers who have no experience in the WPT area can learn the basic concept, analysis methods, and design principles of the WPT system for EV charging. Even for the readers who are occupied in this area, this book also provides rich knowledge on engineering applications and future trends of EV wireless charging.       Committee of Reviewing Editors Chairman of the Board Vice Chairman of the Board Members Foreword: New Energy Vehicles and New Energy Revolution Contents About the Authors 1 Introduction 1.1 Electric Vehicle Development 1.1.1 History of Electric Vehicles 1.1.2 Battery Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1.1.3 Development Status of Electric Vehicles at Home and Abroad 1.1.4 Electric Vehicles and Wireless Charging 1.2 Lithium-Ion Battery and EV Charging Technologies 1.2.1 The Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Development 1.2.2 The EV Charging Technology Development 1.3 The Existing Charging Modes 1.4 Prospects of Wireless Power Transfer Technologies References 2 Basic Concepts of Static/Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles 2.1 Basic Components of WPT System 2.2 Basic Physical Principles of Wireless Power Transfer 2.2.1 Electromagnetic Induction 2.2.2 Magnetic Resonance 2.2.3 Electric Coupling 2.2.4 Microwaves 2.3 The Static Wireless Power Transfer System 2.3.1 Working Principles of Inductive Power Transfer 2.3.2 Compensation Circuits and Coils 2.3.3 Configuration to Capacitive Power Transfer 2.3.4 Research Status on SWPT 2.3.5 Discussions for SWPT 2.4 The Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System 2.4.1 Three Types of Electric Vehicle Dynamic Charging Systems 2.4.2 Comparison of Three Kinds of Dynamic Charging Systems 2.4.3 Research Status of Dynamic Wireless Charging Technology for Electric Vehicles 2.4.4 Problems and Technical Difficulties of Electric Vehicle Dynamic Wireless Charging Technology 2.4.5 Discussions for DWPT References 3 Resonant Circuit Analysis Theories 3.1 Introduction to Coupled Coils 3.1.1 Equivalent Transformer Model 3.1.2 M-Model 3.1.3 T-Model 3.2 Gyrator Circuit Model 3.3 Introduction 3.3.1 Representation of Compensation Circuits with Gyrators 3.4 Gyrators in the Resonant Circuits References 4 Resonant Compensation Topologies 4.1 Circuit Principle of Compensation Topologies 4.2 Basic Compensation Topologies 4.3 LCL and LCC Compensation Topologies 4.4 The Comparison of Compensation Topologies References 5 Magnetic Couplers 5.1 Design Principle of Magnetic Couplers 5.2 Structure of the Magnetic Coupler 5.2.1 Double D Coils 5.2.2 Circular Coil 5.2.3 Double D Quadrature Coils (DDQ) 5.2.4 Comparison of the Different Structure of Coils 5.2.5 Prototype of DDQ Coil 5.3 Quadrature Coils 5.3.1 LCC-LCC Resonant Network 5.3.2 Quadrature Coils and Converting Circuit 5.3.3 Optimization of Quadrature Coils 5.3.4 Experiments Verification 5.4 Coil Integration for Volume Reduction 5.4.1 Analysis of Circuit Model 5.4.2 Optimization of the Coil 5.4.3 Experiment Verification References 6 Soft-Switching Converters 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Zero Voltage Zero Current Transition Boost Converter 6.2.1 The Structure and Principle of Topology 6.2.2 The Conditional Constraint of ZVT Turned-On and ZVS Turned-Off for Main Switch 6.2.3 Configuration of Coupled Inductor for Soft Switching 6.2.4 Voltage and Current Waveforms of Boost Converter 6.3 Zero-Current-Switching PWM Buck Converter 6.3.1 Converter Topology and Operation Principles 6.3.2 ZCS Turn-On Condition and ZCT Turn-Off Condition for the Main Switch 6.3.3 ZCS Turn-On and Turn-Off Conditions for the Auxiliary Switch 6.3.4 Voltage and Current Waveforms of Buck Converter 6.4 Zero Voltage Switching Inverter 6.4.1 Double-Sided LCC Resonant Compensation Network 6.4.2 Time Domain Analysis of Switching Mode 6.4.3 Optimization Method of Dead-Time of Inverter MOSFET 6.4.4 Voltage and Current Waveforms of Inverter References 7 Foreign Object Detection/LOD and Protections 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Lod 7.2.1 Field-Based Detection Method 7.2.2 Sensor-Based Detection Method 7.3 Introduction of Metal Object Detection 7.3.1 Research State in China 7.3.2 World Research Status 7.4 Multi-channel Automatic Tuning Wireless Charging Metal Object Detection Method Based on Impedance Change 7.4.1 Analysis of the Influence of Metal on the Impedance Characteristics of Detection Coils 7.4.2 Hardware Design of Metal Object Detection System 7.4.3 Multi-channel Metal Object Detection System and Automatic Tuning Method 7.4.4 Experiment Verification 7.4.5 Chapter Summary 7.5 Summary and Outlook References 8 Communication System 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Process of Wireless Charging 8.3 Introduction of Communication Protocol 8.4 Summary 9 EMF Problems and Evaluation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Design and Optimization of the 22 kW WPT System 9.2.1 Optimization of the Main Coupling Coils 9.2.2 Optimization of the LCC Compensation Topology 9.3 Modelling 9.3.1 The EV Model 9.3.2 Human Body Models 9.4 Numerical Results and Analysis 9.5 Conclusion References 10 Optimal Charging Control 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Passive Charging Profiles 10.2.1 Constant-Current Constant Voltage Charging Methods 10.2.2 Pulse Charge Based Charging Curve 10.2.3 Summary of the Reviewed Passive Optimal Charging 10.3 Generalized Active Optimal Charging Structure 10.3.1 Commonly-Used Battery Model 10.3.2 Classification of Optimal Charging Strategies 10.3.3 Summary and Comparison 10.4 Suggestions and Challenges 10.4.1 Suggestions for the Control-Oriented Battery Models 10.4.2 Suggestions for the Charging Optimization Algorithms 10.4.3 Charging Strategies at Low Temperatures 10.4.4 Conclusion References 11 The Future of EV Wireless Power Transfer Technologies References