Ageing of Infrastructure: A Life-Cycle Approach

Description

The book addresses the problem of ageing infrastructure and how ageing can reduce the service life below expected levels. The rate of ageing is affected by the type of construction material, environmental exposure, function of the infrastructure, and loading: each of these factors is considered in the assessment of ageing. How do international design codes address ageing? Predictive models of ageing behaviour are available and the different types (empirical, deterministic, and probabilistic) are discussed in a whole-of-life context. Life cycle plans, initiated at the design stage, can ensure that the design life is met, while optimising the management of the asset: reducing life cycle costs and reducing the environmental footprint due to less maintenance/remediation interventions and fewer unplanned stoppages and delays. Health monitoring of infrastructure can be conducted via implanted probes (wired or wireless) or by non-destructive testing that can routinely measure the durability, loading, and exposure environments at key locations around the facility. Routine monitoring can trigger preventative maintenance that can extend the life of the infrastructure and minimise unplanned and reactive remediation, while also providing ongoing data that can be utilised towards more durable future construction. Future infrastructure will need to be safe and durable, financially and environmentally sustainable over the lifecycle, thereby raising socio-economic wellbeing. The book concludes by discussing the key impacting factors that will need to be addressed. The author brings a strong academic and industry background to present a resource for academics and practitioners wishing to address the ageing of built infrastructure. Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Table of Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 12 About the authors......Page 14 Construction materials and methods of construction......Page 16 Ageing......Page 17 Historical context......Page 18 Impact of ageing......Page 19 References......Page 21 Design Life......Page 22 Service Life......Page 25 Second-generation infrastructure......Page 27 References......Page 29 Macro- to nano-scale......Page 32 Case example: size range scaling effects......Page 33 Pathways to ageing......Page 34 Mechanisms of ageing......Page 36 Physical interaction......Page 37 Temperature......Page 38 Ultraviolet light......Page 39 Termites......Page 40 Biofilms......Page 41 Structural degradation......Page 42 Oxidation......Page 43 Ozone......Page 44 Cavitation......Page 45 Creep......Page 46 Electrochemical corrosion......Page 47 Galvanic corrosion......Page 48 pH......Page 49 Microbial corrosion......Page 50 Stray-current and interference corrosion......Page 51 Corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete......Page 52 References......Page 54 Macro-environment......Page 58 Characterising the macro-environment......Page 59 Comparison of two different macro-environments......Page 60 Airborne salts......Page 61 Ultraviolet radiation......Page 62 Acidity......Page 63 Microbiological......Page 64 Stray current corrosion......Page 65 ‘Soft’ water......Page 66 Microclimates within a bridge......Page 67 Microclimates within a wharf......Page 69 Urban influences on the microclimate......Page 71 References......Page 72 Introduction......Page 76 Sit and wait......Page 77 Deterministic......Page 78 Mechanistic......Page 79 Reliability of ageing infrastructure......Page 80 Multi-scale......Page 82 Damage simulation and visualisation in 3D......Page 84 References......Page 88 Introduction......Page 90 Planning phase......Page 92 Design Life requirements......Page 94 Durability design methodology......Page 95 Assessment of macro-environments......Page 96 Assessment of deterioration mechanisms......Page 99 Durability risk assessment......Page 101 Performance criteria and future predictions......Page 102 Options analysis and decision-making......Page 104 Durability management plan......Page 105 Detailed design......Page 106 Construction......Page 109 Operations......Page 111 Decommissioning/disposal/reuse......Page 113 Conclusion......Page 114 References......Page 115 Introduction......Page 118 Site surveys, testing and monitoring......Page 119 Sampling and laboratory testing......Page 127 Embedded hard-wired or wireless probes......Page 129 Compiling historical construction/maintenance/condition/test data from structures......Page 130 Risk-based decision-making......Page 131 Intervention strategies......Page 132 Background......Page 137 Bridge inspections......Page 138 Bridge assessment......Page 139 Inspection and assessment of bridges from Vinh to Dong Ha......Page 140 Repair and strengthening......Page 141 Conclusion......Page 142 References......Page 143 Economic needs of built infrastructure......Page 146 Environmental impacts......Page 147 Condition interrogation and testing......Page 148 Asset management......Page 149 References......Page 150 Index......Page 152