Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management

Description

For the last 20 years there has been a growing interest in the geosciences for topics related to geoheritage: geoconservation, geotourism and geoparks. Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management is the first and only reference book to cover these main topics as well as the relationship of geoheritage to other subjects such as landscapes, conservation, and tourism. The book also includes methodologies for assessment, mapping, and visualisation, along with case studies and colour images of some of the most important global geosites. This book is an essential resource for geoscientists, park and geopark managers, tourism and regional planning managers, as well as university students interested in geoheritage, geosites, geomorphosites, geoconservation, and geotourism. It also includes critical information on UNESCO’s Global Geoparks, World Heritage and Biosphere Reserve sites, national parks and protected areas in general, land-use planning and nature conservation policies, and in the general contribution of geodiversity for sustainable development. Written by a panel of 46 authors from 14 countries in all continentsBased on conceptual, methodological, and applied research carried out by academics and practitionersIncludes 160 colour images and maps of geoheritage sitesFeatures six case studies from sites in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America 1 Geodiversity: The Backbone of Geoheritage and Geoconservation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Geodiversity as the Backbone of Geoheritage 1.3 Geodiversity as the Backbone of Valuing Abiotic Nature 1.4 Geodiversity as a Backbone of Geoconservation 1.4.1 International Geoconservation Site Networks 1.4.2 National Geoheritage Site Selection 1.5 Examples 1.5.1 Araripe Global Geopark, Brazil 1.5.2 The Washington Monument, Washington, DC, USA 1.5.3 Marine Geodiversity and Geoheritage, Scotland 1.5.4 Geoconservation in Antarctica 1.5.5 Geodiversity of Construction Materials 1.6 Conclusions References Chapter-24---Techniques-for-the-Monitoring-of-Geosites-in-Caba-_2018_Geoheri.pdf 24 Techniques for the Monitoring of Geosites in Cabañeros National Park, Spain 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Geoheritage in the Cabañeros National Park 24.2.1 Boquerón del Estena Trace Fossil Geosite 24.2.2 El Chorro de los Navalucillos Waterfall Geosite 24.3 Monitoring Methods 24.4 First Monitoring Results 24.4.1 Geoindicator 1: Physical Weathering 24.4.2 Geoindicator 2: River Floods 24.4.3 Geoindicator 3: Waterfall Discharge 24.5 Guidelines for Geosite Management 24.5.1 Boquerón del Estena Trace Fossil Geosite 24.5.2 El Chorro de los Navalucillos Waterfall Geosite 24.6 Conclusions and Proposals for Future Actions Acknowledgements References Chapter-23---Varvite-Park--A-Brazilian-Initiative-for-the-Conser_2018_Geoher.pdf 23 Varvite Park, A Brazilian Initiative for the Conservation and Interpretation of Geoheritage 23.1 Introduction 23.1.1 Brazilian Geological Context 23.1.2 Geoconservation in Brazil 23.2 The Varvite Park 23.2.1 Geological Setting 23.2.2 Scientific Value 23.2.3 History and Designation of the Geosite 23.2.4 Management and Public Use 23.3 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References Chapter-22---Managing-Conservation--Research--and-Interpretation-o_2018_Geoh.pdf 22 Managing Conservation, Research, and Interpretation of Geoheritage Assets at Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, C... 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Assessment of Palaeontological Assets 22.2.1 Inventory and Monitoring of Palaeontological Sites 22.2.2 Survey of Collections and Publications 22.3 Conservation Management 22.3.1 Conservation of Museum Collections 22.3.2 Conservation of In Situ Petrified Tree Stumps 22.4 Scientific Research and Management 22.5 Interpretation and Education 22.6 Practical Functionality of a Palaeontology Programme 22.7 Human Impacts 22.8 Aspirations and Challenges in Achieving Geopark Designation 22.9 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter-21---Geoheritage-Evaluation-of-Caves-in-Korea--A-Case-S_2018_Geoheri.pdf 21 Geoheritage Evaluation of Caves in Korea: A Case Study of Limestone Caves 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Natural Caves in South Korea 21.3 Legal Protection of Natural Caves in Korea 21.4 Establishment of the Evaluation Criteria 21.5 Evaluation Procedure and Results 21.6 Final Considerations Acknowledgements References Chapter-20---Geodiversity-and-Geoconservation-in-Land-Managemen_2018_Geoheri.pdf 20 Geodiversity and Geoconservation in Land Management in Tasmania – A Top-Down Approach 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Background 20.3 Geoconservation on Reserved Land 20.4 Geoconservation in Tasmanian Forestry 20.4.1 Development of Awareness of Geoconservation 20.4.2 Care of Geodiversity in Forests Today 20.5 The Tasmanian Geoconservation Database 20.6 Conclusions and Outlook References Chapter-19---Potential-Geoheritage-Sites-in-Ethiopia--Challenges_2018_Geoher.pdf 19 Potential Geoheritage Sites in Ethiopia: Challenges of Their Promotion and Conservation 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Geological and Geomorphological Setting 19.3 Geoheritage Sites in Ethiopia 19.4 Geoheritage Promotion and Conservation Challenges References Chapter-18---Geoheritage-and-Geoparks_2018_Geoheritage.pdf 18 Geoheritage and Geoparks 18.1 Geoparks: The Dawn of an Innovative Concept 18.2 Geoheritage in UNESCO Global Geoparks 18.3 Management of Geoheritage in Geoparks 18.3.1 Characterisation of Geoheritage in Geoparks 18.3.2 Conservation of Geoheritage in Geoparks 18.3.3 Education and Interpretation of Geoheritage in Geoparks 18.4 Final Remarks Acknowledgements References Chapter-17---Geoheritage-and-Geotourism_2018_Geoheritage.pdf 17 Geoheritage and Geotourism 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Relationships Between Geoheritage and Geotourism 17.3 Examples of Relationships Between Geotourism and Geoheritage 17.3.1 Geotourism and Geoparks as Illustrated via Hong Kong Geoheritage 17.3.2 Tourism Where Soils and Regolith Are Geoheritage 17.3.3 Tourism Where Fossils Are Geoheritage 17.3.4 Tourism Where Volcanic Rocks and Landforms Are Geoheritage 17.3.5 Tourism in Large Areas or Landscapes That Are Considered as Geoheritage 17.4 The Critical Relationship Between Geoheritage and Geotourism 17.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter-16---Digital-Geovisualisation-Technologies-Applied-to-_2018_Geoherit.pdf 16 Digital Geovisualisation Technologies Applied to Geoheritage Management 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Visualisation of Geoheritage: Strengths and Weaknesses 16.3 Visualisation for Risk Assessment and Site Monitoring 16.3.1 High-Resolution Imaging in Yosemite National Park 16.3.2 3D Models of the Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka 16.4 Visualisation for Geotourism and Geointerpretation 16.4.1 3D Model for Prehistoric Cave Replicas 16.4.2 The Collection of Mobile Applications GeoGuide 16.5 Development Perspectives in Digital Geoheritage Visualisation 16.5.1 Open Data and Crowdsourcing 16.5.2 The Question of Interactivity 16.5.3 Digital Technologies and Geovisualisation 16.5.4 The ‘Sense of Place’ of Virtual Geoheritage 16.6 Conclusion: New Frontiers for Geovisualisation Acknowledgements References Chapter-15---Geoheritage--Getting-the-Message-Across--What-Mes_2018_Geoherit.pdf 15 Geoheritage: Getting the Message Across. What Message and to Whom? Introduction Who Are We Trying to Communicate With? What Do ‘Normal’ People Know? What Do They Want to Know? What Do We Want to Tell Them? Starting Talking About Geoheritage Where People Are… What Is Interpretation? Producing an Interpretation Strategy ‘Themes’ – Do You Hum Them? ‘Words, Words, Words…’ ‘Dumbing Down’, But Maintaining Scientific Integrity ‘Did You Know?’ – Is That Interactive? Getting the Geoconservation Message Across – Keeping the Geoheritage Safe Keeping Normal People Safe Keeping the Interpretation Safe ‘Don’t Go With Stranglers’ Just Add Humans… Have You Been Wasting Your Time? EXTERMINATE, EXTERMINATE, EXTERMINATE Look at Me! Pick Me Up! Pick ME Up! Reconstructions or One Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words Guided Walks? They Are so Expensive! Visitor Centres and Museums Time Lines, Geological Gardens, Rocky Maps and Walls and Stratigraphic Sections Land Art – and Ecovandalism? New, and Not so New, Media Final Remarks Acknowledgements References Chapter-14---Geoheritage-and-Environmental-Impact-Assessment_2018_Geoheritag.pdf 14 Geoheritage and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 14.1 Geoheritage as a Resource and Support of Services and Activities 14.2 An Analysis of the Main Impacts on Geoheritage 14.3 Environmental Impact Assessment 14.4 The Integration of Geoheritage in the EIA Procedures 14.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter-13---Geoheritage-and-World-Heritage-Sites_2018_Geoheritage.pdf 13 Geoheritage and World Heritage Sites 13.1 Introduction 13.2 World Heritage – Concept and Implementation 13.3 Geoheritage on the World Heritage List 13.3.1 Criteria of Inscription – Scope for Protection of Geoheritage 13.3.2 Representation 13.3.3 Earth Science Themes 13.4 Examples 13.4.1 Palaeontological Site – Messel Pit 13.4.2 Structural Geology Site – Tectonic Arena of Sardona 13.4.3 Dynamic Earth Site – Yellowstone 13.4.4 Geomorphological Site – South China Karst 13.4.5 Evidence of Climate Change – Kvarken and High Coast 13.5 Conclusions References Chapter-12---Geoheritage-Conservation-and-Environmental-Policie_2018_Geoheri.pdf 12 Geoheritage Conservation and Environmental Policies: Retrospect and Prospect 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Trends in the Development of Geoconservation 12.2.1 Geoconservation Origins and Early Steps 12.2.2 Establishing Statutory Protection: Landscapes 12.2.3 Establishing Statutory Protection: Sites 12.2.4 Moving Towards Integration: Linking Nature and People 12.3 Geoconservation: Assessment of Progress 12.4 Future Directions in Geoconservation 12.4.1 Mainstreaming Geoconservation Into Civil Society 12.4.2 Improving the Scientific Basis for Geoheritage Conservation 12.4.3 Mainstreaming Geoheritage Conservation Into Nature Conservation, the Ecosystem Approach and Sustainable Development 12.4.4 Integrating Geoheritage Conservation in Protected Area Planning and Management 12.5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter-11---The-Conservation-of-Geosites--Principles-and-Pr_2018_Geoheritag.pdf 11 The Conservation of Geosites: Principles and Practice 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Why Conserve Geosites? 11.3 Principles of Geosite Conservation 11.4 Conservation Frameworks 11.4.1 Generic Geosite Conservation Framework 11.4.1.1 Geosite audit and selection 11.4.1.2 Conservation needs analysis 11.4.1.3 Conservation planning and delivery 11.4.2 Application of Conservation Frameworks 11.4.2.1 The Site Type conservation framework applied in Great Britain 11.4.2.2 Risk of Degradation conservation framework applied in La Rioja, northern Spain 11.5 Conservation and Management in Practice 11.5.1 Conservation of a Geosite on the Coast: Lyme Regis to Charmouth Coastline, Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site, Dorse... 11.5.2 Conservation of a Geosite in Operating and Disused Quarries: Whittlesey Brick Pits and Kings Dyke Nature Reserve, Pe... 11.5.3 Conservation of Inland Geosites Containing Sensitive and Fragile Fossils: La Rioja, Northern Spain 11.5.4 Conservation of an Inland Integrity Geosite: La Risca Gorge, Segovia, Central Spain 11.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges Acknowledgements References Chapter-10---GSSPs-as-International-Geostandards-and-as-Globa_2018_Geoherita.pdf 10 GSSPs as International Geostandards and as Global Geoheritage 10.1 Introduction 10.2 ICS and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart 10.3 Preservation and Maintenance of GSSPs 10.4 GSSPs at Zumaia, Basque Coast UNESCO Global Geopark 10.4.1 Geological Context and Description 10.4.2 Protected GSSPs in the Basque Coast UNESCO Global Geopark: Supporting Scientific Research and Promoting Geoconservat... 10.5 Conclusion References Chapter-9---Geomining-Heritage-as-a-Tool-to-Promote-the-Social-_2018_Geoheri.pdf 9 Geomining Heritage as a Tool to Promote the Social Development of Rural Communities 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Rehabilitated Mines as a New Resource: Sustainability, Education and Geotourism 9.3 Impacts of the Use of Geomining Heritage: An Opportunity for Development 9.4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter-8---The-Landscape-and-the-Cultural-Value-of-Geoherit_2018_Geoheritag.pdf 8 The Landscape and the Cultural Value of Geoheritage 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Landscape Value of Geoheritage 8.2.1 Landscape 8.2.2 Landscape and Geoheritage 8.2.3 The Question of the Aesthetics 8.3 The Cultural Value of Geoheritage 8.3.1 Cultural Geology 8.3.2 Geoheritage and Culture 8.3.2.1 Influence of geology on cultural assets 8.3.2.2 Influence of culture on the perception of geoheritage 8.3.2.3 Geocultural heritage 8.4 Concluding Remarks References Chapter-7---Geoheritage-and-Museums_2018_Geoheritage.pdf 7 Geoheritage and Museums 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Geological Collections: What Is Specific About Them? 7.3 Collections, Research and Expertise 7.3.1 Importance of Collections for Research 7.3.2 Information and Collections 7.3.3 New Technologies and Old Objects 7.4 Which Value for Collections? 7.5 Collections and Museums 7.6 Legal Framework 7.6.1 Acquisition 7.6.2 Protection of Ex Situ Geoheritage 7.6.3 Three Examples: France, South Africa and Turkey 7.7 Final Remarks Acknowledgements References Chapter-6---Fossils--Heritage-and-Conservation--Managing-Demand_2018_Geoheri.pdf 6 Fossils, Heritage and Conservation: Managing Demands on a Precious Resource 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Fossils in Folklore and Culture 6.1.2 Fossils and Science 6.1.3 The Rise of the ‘Rock Hound’ – and Fossils Become a Commodity 6.1.4 The Rise of the ‘Conservation Manager’ 6.2 Why Conserve Fossils? 6.3 Managing Sites of Palaeontological Importance 6.3.1 The Nature of the Geological Resource 6.3.2 The Nature of the Scientific Resource 6.3.3 Threats to the Resource and Management Solutions 6.4 Legal Approaches to Conserving Palaeontological Heritage, i.e., Protected Sites Versus Protected Heritage 6.4.1 Legal Measures 6.4.2 International Initiatives 6.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter-5---The-Specificities-of-Geomorphological-Heritage_2018_Geoheritage.pdf 5 The Specificities of Geomorphological Heritage 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Geomorphological Heritage and Geomorphosites: Definitions 5.3 Geomorphosites: Peculiar Characteristics 5.4 Heritage Geomorphology: A New Branch of the Geomorphological Sciences? 5.5 Concluding remarks References Chapter-4---Geoheritage--Inventories-and-Evaluation_2018_Geoheritage.pdf 4 Geoheritage: inventories and evaluation 4.1 What Makes an Element of Geodiversity Exceptional? 4.2 How Should the High Value of Geodiversity Elements Be Identified and Characterised? 4.3 Why and How Should Geoheritage Be Assessed? 4.4 Final Remarks Acknowledgements References Chapter-3---Geodiversity-Action-Plans---A-Method-to-Facilitate--_2018_Geoher.pdf 3 Geodiversity Action Plans – A Method to Facilitate, Structure, Inform and Record Action for Geodiversity 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Geodiversity Actions Plans 3.3 What Makes a Successful GAP? 3.4 Why Produce a GAP? 3.5 Case Studies 3.5.1 Case Study 1 – Local Geodiversity Action Plan Production and Reflection 3.5.2 Case Study 2 – London Geodiversity Action Plan: An Urban GAP 3.5.3 Case Study 3 – Company Geodiversity Action Plans (cGAPs) 3.5.4 Case Study 4 – UK Geodiversity Action Plan (UKGAP) 3.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter-2---Methods-for-Assessing-Geodiversity_2018_Geoheritage.pdf 2 Methods for Assessing Geodiversity 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Geodiversity Assessment and Mapping 2.2.1 Geodiversity Assessment 2.2.2 Criteria Used for the Assessment 2.2.3 Geodiversity Mapping 2.3 Typologies of Methods for the Assessment of Geodiversity 2.3.1 Direct and Indirect Methods 2.3.2 Qualitative Methods 2.3.3 Quantitative Methods 2.3.3.1 Indices 2.3.3.2 Map Algebra 2.3.4 Qualitative–Quantitative Methods 2.3.5 Case Study: Dębnica Catchment 2.4 Final Remarks Acknowledgements References Geoheritage-and-Geoconservation--The-Challenges_2018_Geoheritage.pdf Geoheritage and Geoconservation: The Challenges The Present Situation International Stage National Stage Local Stage Building the Future International Stage National Stage Local Stage Challenges for the Research Acknowledgements References Index_2018_Geoheritage.pdf Index Geoheritage--A-Multidisciplinary-and-Applied-Research-Topic_2018_Geoheritage.pdf Geoheritage: A Multidisciplinary and Applied Research Topic Twenty-Five Years of Development Objectives of the Book Assessment Protection Management Organisation of the Book References Acknowledgements_2018_Geoheritage.pdf Acknowledgements Biographies_2018_Geoheritage.pdf Biographies List-of-Contributors_2018_Geoheritage.pdf List of Contributors Photo-Credit_2018_Geoheritage.pdf Photo Credit Cover images Main photograph Lower left Lower central Lower right Copyright_2018_Geoheritage.pdf Copyright Front-matter_2018_Geoheritage.pdf Geoheritage