The Indian yearbook of comparative law 2019

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Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Part I Comparative Law: General Themes 1 The Limits and Challenges of Comparativism 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Two Categories of Limits 1.2.1 The First Category of Limits 1.2.2 The Second Category of Limits 1.3 Further Challenges 1.4 Concluding Remarks 2 The Curious Case of Overfitting Legal Transplants 2.1 Introduction 2.2 What Business Cards in Japan and David Hasselhoff in Germany Teach Us 2.3 Legal Transplants: The Big Debate in a Nutshell 2.4 Overfitting Legal Transplants: The Idea 2.5 Categories and Tentative Examples 2.6 Implications for Law-Making 2.7 Conclusion Part II Private Law 3 The Concept of Arbitral Award Under the New York Convention: A Comparative Study of English, French and Indian Approaches 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Law Applicable to Determine the Nature of the Decision 3.3 Autonomous Approach 3.3.1 Lex Arbitri 3.3.2 LexFori 3.3.3 Double Barrel Test 3.4 Approaches Adopted by England, France and India 3.4.1 Concept of Award, English Position 3.4.2 The Notion of Award Under the French law 3.4.3 Concept of Award, Indian Approach 3.5 Conclusion 4 A Comparative Assessment of the Legal Frameworks on Cross-Border Consumer Disputes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 An Examination of Forum Selection and Applicable Law Clauses: Online Contract Transactions 4.2.1 Consumer Protection from the Lens of Private International Law 4.2.2 Applicable Law and Forum Selection in the Context of Consumer Contracts 4.2.3 Fundamental Validity Formation of Choice of Law Provision 4.3 The English Law Position on Forum Selection 4.3.1 The Eleftheria case 4.4 The Canadian Law Position on Forum Selection 4.4.1 Pre Douez v Facebook 4.4.2 Douez v Facebook: Forum Selection Clauses Become Generally Unenforceable Against Consumers 4.4.3 Playing the Devil’s Advocate: What Does Douez Mean for (Consumer) Contract Law? 4.5 Post Douez—Where Does ‘Consumer Contract’ Go from Here? 4.5.1 Will Arbitration Save Companies from the Stranglehold of Douez? 4.5.2 Can a Consumer’s Waiver to Sue Be Tied to ‘Consideration’ Which Disables the Engagement of Douez? 4.6 Conclusion: The Need to Reinforce the Protective Measures Against Exploitation of (Financial) Consumers 5 Sustainable Development Component in Model BITs—A Comparative Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Interpretation of Sustainable Development by ISDS Tribunals 5.3 India’s Model BIT—A Brief Background 5.4 Sustainable Development in Model BITs—European Perspective 5.4.1 Nordic Countries 5.4.2 The Model Investment Agreement of the Netherlands 5.4.3 Model Bilateral Investment Agreement of the Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union 5.5 India Taking Lessons from the European Perspective? A Comparative Analysis 5.6 Conclusion Part III Public Law: Constitutional Law 6 Proportionality—A Balancing Act for Achieving Constitutional Rights: A Comparative Study 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Roots of Proportionality 6.2.1 Proportionality: Transition into Administrative Law 6.2.2 Transition of Proportionality Doctrine from Administrative Law to Court Law 6.3 Jurisprudential Justification of Proportionality Principle 6.3.1 German versus Canadian Approach 6.3.2 Position in European Union (EU) 6.3.3 Adoption of Proportionality Principle by Indian Courts 7 Authoritarian Constitutions: Audience and Purposes 7.1 Introduction: The Constitutional Question 7.2 Archetypes of Authoritarian Constitutions 7.2.1 Semantics and Structure of Authoritarian Constitutions 7.2.2 Authoritarian Manifesto 7.3 Dispositif of Authoritarian Constitutions 7.3.1 Audience and Interests 7.3.2 Purposes of Constitutions 7.4 Variants of Authoritarian Constitutionalism 7.4.1 Authoritarian Constitutions as Governance Manuals 7.4.2 Authoritarian Constitutions as Symbolic Politics 7.4.3 Constitution as Identity Card 7.4.4 Constitution as Showcase 8 Understanding the Contours and Contexts of the Rechtsstaat: A German Concept? 8.1 The indispensability of the idea of the Rechtsstaat 8.2 On the Overarching Framework: The Dimensions of the Rechtsstaat 8.3 Normative Condensation: The Contours of the Rechtsstaat 8.4 Classification in the Real World: The Contexts of the Rechtsstaat 8.5 The Imperative of the Rechtsstaat 9 Does Authoritarian Legality Work for China? 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Separating the Party and the Administration: The Right Reform that Never Took Place 9.2.1 The Possible Solution to the Party Leadership—Rule of Law Paradox 9.2.2 The Failure of the Separation Reform 9.3 Merging the Party and the Administration: Can the Wrong Reform Beget Rule of Law? 9.3.1 Centralization in the Party and Judicial Reforms 9.3.2 The Logic of Centralization Reform 9.3.3 Limits of the Centralization Reform 9.4 Making Reform Work: Factors 9.4.1 Model and Application 9.4.2 Political Conditions for a Successful Reform 9.4.3 The Failure of China’s Reforms 9.5 Conclusion 10 Durham, Dyarchy, and Difference: India’s Constitutional Development 10.1 Introduction 10.2 A Dominion Like No Other—Indian Exceptionalism 10.3 The Durham Report and Accommodation of Differences 10.4 Dyarchy, ‘Responsible’ Government, and Federalism 10.5 Durham and the Drafting of the Indian Constitution 11 Relevance and Significance of Constituent Assembly Debates in Constitutional Interpretation: A Comparative Analysis with Reference to Amendments 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Theoretical Justifications and Limitations 11.3 Application of CAD or Legislative History in the US, Canada and India 11.3.1 Preliminary Remarks 11.3.2 Judicial Treatment of CAD on Amending Power and Amendments 11.4 Conclusion Part IV Public Law: Human Rights 12 The Regulation and Governance of Online Hate Speech in the Post-truth Era: A European Comparative Perspective 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Normative Underpinnings of Hate Speech Regulation: Freedom of Expression, Autonomy and Dignity in the Digital Space 12.3 The Evolution of Governance on Online Hate Speech Regulation: State and Non-State Actors in Synergy? 12.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI), Context and Human Moderation 12.5 The Limits of Online Regulation and Digital Authoritarianism 12.6 European Approaches to Hate Speech Regulation: The Example of the EU and Germany 12.7 Concluding Remarks: Towards More Regulatory Imagination in the Digital Ecosystem 13 Essential Religious Practices Test and the First Amendment: A Comparative Analysis of the Free Exercise of Religion in India and the United States 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Essential Religious Practices Test 13.3 Free Exercise of Religion in the US 13.3.1 The First Amendment 13.3.2 The Centrality Test 13.3.3 Sincerity 13.4 Interpreting Scriptures 13.5 Recommendations for Free Exercise Jurisprudence in India 13.6 Conclusion 14 Public Interest Litigation and Grievance Redressal: Combining ‘Macromanagement’ and ‘Micromanagement’ for Effective Socio-Economic Rights Adjudication 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Why Public Interest Litigation Is not Sufficient: The Importance of True Legal Empowerment 14.3 Grievance Redressal Mechanisms: A Potential Compensation for Lack of Access to Justice? 14.4 Grievance Redressal and Public Interest Litigation for Micromanagement and Macromanagement: The Way Forward 14.5 Conclusion and Outlook 15 Another Perspective to Read the Picture of Lawyering for Change in China 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Lawyering for Change in the Chinese Context 15.2.1 Tracking the Trend of State Impact on the Legal Profession in General 15.2.2 Separate Attention to the Fight Against Political Constraints for Change 15.3 Understanding Chinese Lawyers’ Political Radicalization: Reflection on the Diverged Foreign Influence 15.3.1 Two Approaches to the Reasoning of Justice: Transcendental Institutionalism V. Realization-Based Comparison 15.3.2 Pursuing Justice: The Realization-Focused Comparison Approach by the State 15.3.3 Approach to Pursue Justice: Identify Perfect Institutions by Some Civil Society Key Stakeholders 15.4 Uncertainty of the Rule of Law—Building in Theory and in Chinese Reality 15.4.1 The Conceptualization of the Rule of Law and Their Limits 15.4.2 The Uncertainty of the Rule of Law Building in China 15.5 Case Study: Experiment on an Ecological Approach to Problem-Solving 15.5.1 Articulated and Practical Reasoning for Reform Proposals 15.5.2 Develop Long-Term Goal and Organize Resources Around the Problem-Solving 15.6 Conclusion 16 ‘A Call for Order’: Intra-Disciplinary Challenges and ‘Comparative Environmental Law’ 16.1 The Issue 16.2 ‘Intra-disciplinary’ Challenges of the Parent Disciplines 16.2.1 The Structural Challenge 16.2.2 The Intellectual Challenge 16.2.3 The Methodological Challenge 16.3 Comparative Environmental Law 16.3.1 ‘Disorder from Transfer’: CEL and Intra-Disciplinary Challenges 16.3.2 ‘The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Environmental Law’: A Timely Effort 16.4 Conclusion: Why ‘a Call for Order’?