Powder Technology Handbook

Description

The Fourth Edition of Powder Technology Handbook continues to serve as the comprehensive guide to powder technology and the fundamental engineering processes of particulate technology, while incorporating significant advances in the field in the decade since publication of the previous edition. The handbook offers a well-rounded perspective on powder technologies in gas and liquid phases that extends from particles and powders to powder beds and from basic problems to actual applications. This new edition features fully updated and new chapters written by a team of internationally distinguished contributors. All content has been updated and new sections added on. Powder Technology Handbook provides methodologies of powder and particle handling technology essential to scientific researchers and practical industrial engineers. It contains contemporary and comprehensive information on powder and particle handling technology that is extremely useful not only to newcomers but also to experienced engineers and researchers in the field of powder and particle science and technology. 　 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Editors Contributors Contents Part 1 Particle Characterization and Standard Powder Chapter 1.1 Particle Size 1.1.1 Definition of Particle Diameter 1.1.2 Particle Size Distribution 1.1.3 Average Particle Size References Chapter 1.2 Size Measurement 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Classification of Particle Size Analysis Methods 1.2.3 Counting Analysis 1.2.4 Fractionation Analysis 1.2.5 Ensemble Analysis 1.2.6 Others 1.2.7 Summary References Chapter 1.3 Particle Shape Characterization 1.3.1 Introduction 1.3.2 Representative Size 1.3.3 Geometrical Shape Descriptors 1.3.4 Dynamic Equivalent Shape 1.3.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 1.4 Particle Density 1.4.1 Definition of Particle Density 1.4.2 Measurement Method of Particle Density 1.4.3 Measurement Method of Bulk Density References Chapter 1.5 Hardness, Stiffness and Toughness of Particles 1.5.1 Indentation Hardness 1.5.2 Measurement of Hardness 1.5.3 Measurement of Stiffness 1.5.4 Measurement of Toughness References Chapter 1.6 Surface Properties and Analysis 1.6.1 Surface Structures and Properties 1.6.2 Surface Characterization References Chapter 1.7 Characterization by Atomic Force Microscope 1.7.1 Principle of AFM 1.7.2 Surface Characterization by AFM 1.7.3 Measurements of Interaction Forces by AFM References Chapter 1.8 Specific Properties of Nanoparticles 1.8.1 Property Function and Disperse Properties 1.8.2 Transport Properties 1.8.3 Particle Interactions 1.8.4 Thermophysical Properties 1.8.5 Mechanical Properties 1.8.6 Optical Properties 1.8.7 Electrical Properties 1.8.8 Magnetic Properties 1.8.9 Catalytic Particles References Chapter 1.9 Standard Powders and Particles References Part 2 Fundamental Properties of Particles Chapter 2.1 Optical Properties 2.1.1 Definitions 2.1.2 Light Scattering 2.1.3 Light Extinction 2.1.4 Dynamic Light Scattering 2.1.5 Photophoresis References Chapter 2.2 Electrification and Electrophoresis 2.2.1 In Gaseous State 2.2.2 In Liquid State References Chapter 2.3 Magnetic Properties 2.3.1 Magnetic Force on a Particle 2.3.2 Ferromagnetic Properties of a Small Particle 2.3.3 Magnetism of Various Materials Acknowledgment References Chapter 2.4 Diffusion of Particles 2.4.1 Thermal Diffusion 2.4.2 Turbulent Diffusion References Chapter 2.5 Particle Motion in Fluid 2.5.1 Introduction 2.5.2 Motion of a Single Particle 2.5.3 Particle Motion in Shear Flow References Chapter 2.6 Particle Sedimentation 2.6.1 Introduction 2.6.2 Terminal Settling Velocity 2.6.3 Settling of Two Spherical Particles 2.6.4 Rate of Sedimentation in Concentrated Suspension References Chapter 2.7 Adhesive Force of Single Particle 2.7.1 In Gaseous State 2.7.2 In Liquid State 2.7.3 Measurement of Adhesive Force References Chapter 2.8 Particle Deposition and Reentrainment 2.8.1 Particle Deposition 2.8.2 Particle Reentrainment References Chapter 2.9 Agglomeration (Coagulation 2.9.1 In Gaseous State 2.9.2 In Liquid State References Chapter 2.10 Viscosity of Slurry 2.10.1 Introduction 2.10.2 Basic Flow Characteristics 2.10.3 Time-Dependent Flow Characteristics 2.10.4 Viscosity Equations for Suspensions of Spherical Particles of Narrow Particle Size Distribution 2.10.5 Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Slurry Viscosity 2.10.6 Shear Thinning or Thickening Behavior of Slurry 2.10.7 Measurement of Slurry Viscosity by a Capillary Viscometer 2.10.8 Measurement of Slurry Viscosity by a Rotating Viscometer References Chapter 2.11 Particle Impact Breakage 2.11.1 Impact Force 2.11.2 Mode of Breakage 2.11.3 Analysis of Breakage for the Brittle Failure Mode 2.11.4 Analysis of Breakage for the Semi-Brittle Failure Mode 2.11.5 Analysis of Breakage of Agglomerates References Chapter 2.12 Sintering 2.12.1 Mechanisms of Solid-Phase Sintering 2.12.2 Modeling of Sintering of Agglomerates 2.12.3 Sintering Process of Nanoparticles 2.12.4 Sintering Process of Packed Powder References Chapter 2.13 Mechanochemistry 2.13.1 Introduction 2.13.2 Phase Transformation 2.13.3 Solid State Reaction 2.13.4 Mechanochemical Doping 2.13.5 Mechanical Synthesis of Hydrated Compounds 2.13.6 Decomposition of Halogenated Polymers 2.13.7 Material Processing with Mechanical Activation Followed by Chemical or Physical Treatment References Chapter 2.14 Ignition and Combustion Reaction 2.14.1 Combustion Profile 2.14.2 Devolatilization and Ignition 2.14.3 Gaseous Combustion 2.14.4 Solid Combustion References Chapter 2.15 Solubility and Dissolution Rate 2.15.1 Solubility of a Solid 2.15.2 Solubility Changes as Properties of Solvent or Solute Change 2.15.3 Dissolution Rate Analysis: Theory and Methods 2.15.4 Methods to Improve the Solubilization of Powdered Materials Notation References Part 3 Properties of Powders and Powder Beds Chapter 3.1 Specific Surface Area 3.1.1 Definition of Specific Surface Area 3.1.2 Estimation of Surface Area by Gas Adsorption 3.1.3 Methodology of Gas Adsorption 3.1.4 Estimation of Surface Area by Gas Flow (Permeametry References Chapter 3.2 Adsorption Characteristics 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Adsorption Measurement 3.2.3 Theory of Adsorption Isotherms 3.2.4 Estimation of Surface Properties by Adsorption Method References Chapter 3.3 Moisture Content 3.3.1 Bound Water and Adhesive Water 3.3.2 Method to Determine Moisture Content in Particulate System References Chapter 3.4 Electrical Properties 3.4.1 In Gaseous State 3.4.2 In Nonaqueous Solutions References Chapter 3.5 Packing Properties 3.5.1 Packing of Equal-Size Spheres 3.5.2 Packing of Multi-Size Particles 3.5.3 Effect of Particle Shape on Void Fraction References Chapter 3.6 Capillarity of Porous Media 3.6.1 Common Phenomenon: Young–Laplace Effect 3.6.2 Nitrogen Adsorption Method 3.6.3 Mercury Intrusion Method (Mercury Porosimetry 3.6.4 Other Techniques of Interest References Chapter 3.7 Permeation (Flow through Porous Media 3.7.1 Resistance to Flow Through a Porous Media 3.7.2 Pressure Drop Across a Fibrous Mat Notation References Chapter 3.8 Mechanical Properties of a Powder Bed 3.8.1 Shearing Strength of a Powder Bed 3.8.2 Adhesion of a Powder Bed 3.8.3 Yielding Characteristics of a Powder Bed References Chapter 3.9 Fluidity of Powder 3.9.1 Definition of Fluidity 3.9.2 Measurement of Fluidity 3.9.3 Factors Affecting Fluidity 3.9.4 Improvement of Fluidity References Chapter 3.10 Blockage in Storage Vessels 3.10.1 Typical Phenomena 3.10.2 Mechanisms and Flow Criteria 3.10.3 Experimental Study 3.10.4 Methods of Preventing Blockage References Chapter 3.11 Segregation of Particles 3.11.1 Segregation Phenomena and its Factors 3.11.2 Mechanism of Segregation 3.11.3 Surface Segregation 3.11.4 Interlayer Segregation 3.11.5 Method to Prevent Segregation References Chapter 3.12 Vibrational and Acoustic Characteristics 3.12.1 Behavior of a Particle on a Vibrating Plate 3.12.2 Behavior of a Vibrating Powder Bed 3.12.3 Generating Mechanism of Impact Sound Between Two Particles 3.12.4 Frictional Sound from a Granular Bed 3.12.5 Vibration of a Small Particle in a Sound Wave 3.12.6 Attenuation of Sound in a Suspension of Particles References Part 4 Particle Generation and Modification Chapter 4.1 Aerosol Particle Generation 4.1.1 Atomization of Fluids 4.1.2 Condensation Methods 4.1.3 Powder Dispersion References Chapter 4.2 Generation of Particles by Reactions 4.2.1 Gas-Phase (Aerosol) Techniques 4.2.2 Liquid-Phase Techniques References Chapter 4.3 Crystallization 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Solid-Liquid Equilibrium and Supersaturated Solution 4.3.3 Nucleation Rate 4.3.4 Crystal Growth Rate 4.3.5 Control of Powder Properties in Crystallization Processes 4.3.6 Synthesis of Composite Particles References Chapter 4.4 Design and Formation of Composite Particles 4.4.1 Typical Structure of Composite Particles 4.4.2 Process 4.4.3 Materials 4.4.4 Examples of Particulate Design and Preparation of Composite Particles References Chapter 4.5 Electrical Charge Control 4.5.1 In Gaseous State 4.5.2 In Liquid State References Chapter 4.6 Surface Modification 4.6.1 Purpose of Surface Modification and Its Methods 4.6.2 Chemical Methods 4.6.3 Physical Methods References Part 5 Powder Handlings and Simulations Chapter 5.1 Crushing and Grinding 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Basic Approach for Understanding Grinding Phenomena 5.1.3 Comminution of Materials References Chapter 5.2 Dispersion of Particles 5.2.1 In Gaseous State 5.2.2 Dispersion in Liquids References Chapter 5.3 Classification 5.3.1 Basis of Classification 5.3.2 Dry Classification 5.3.3 Wet Classification 5.3.4 Screening References Chapter 5.4 Storage (Silo) 5.4.1 Storing Bulk Solids 5.4.2 Basic Structure and Functions 5.4.3 Classification of Silos 5.4.4 Behavior of Bulk Solids in Silos 5.4.5 Planning Silos 5.4.6 Structural Design 5.4.7 Trouble in Silos References Chapter 5.5 Feeding 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Type of Feeders References Chapter 5.6 Transportation 5.6.1 Transportation in the Gaseous State 5.6.2 Transportation in the Liquid State References Chapter 5.7 Fluidization and Fluidized Bed 5.7.1 Overview of Fluidization 5.7.2 Computational Methods for Fluidization References Chapter 5.8 Mixing 5.8.1 Introduction 5.8.2 Mixing Mechanism 5.8.3 Mixing Indices and Mixing Rate 5.8.4 Evaluation of Mixing Condition 5.8.5 Characterization of Mixing Equipment References Chapter 5.9 Slurry Conditioning 5.9.1 Slurry Characterization 5.9.2 Slurry Preparation References Chapter 5.10 Granulation 5.10.1 Growth Mechanisms of Wet Granulation 5.10.2 Mechanical Properties of Wet Granules 5.10.3 Testing Methods for Evaluating the Agglomerate Granulation of Wet Powders 5.10.4 Granulators References Chapter 5.11 Kneading and Plastic Forming 5.11.1 Kneading 5.11.2 Plastic Forming References Chapter 5.12 Drying 5.12.1 Fundamental of Drying 5.12.2 Dryer Selection and Design References Chapter 5.13 Combustion 5.13.1 Introduction 5.13.2 Control of the Combustion Process 5.13.3 Combustion Burner 5.13.4 Furnace and Kiln References Chapter 5.14 Dust Collection 5.14.1 Flow-Through-Type Dust Collectors 5.14.2 Obstacle-Type Dust Collectors 5.14.3 Barrier-Type Dust Collectors 5.14.4 Miscellaneous References Chapter 5.15 Electrostatic Separation 5.15.1 Separation Mechanism 5.15.2 Separation Machines References Chapter 5.16 Magnetic Separation 5.16.1 Classification of Magnetic Separators 5.16.2 Static Magnetic Field Separators 5.16.3 Application of Magnetic Separation 5.16.4 Magnetohydrostatic Separation 5.16.5 Electromagnetic-Induction-Type Separation References Chapter 5.17 Dry Dense Medium Separation 5.17.1 Basis of Separation 5.17.2 Application of Separation References Chapter 5.18 Gravity Thickening 5.18.1 Pretreatment 5.18.2 Ideal Settling Basin 5.18.3 Settling Curve 5.18.4 Kynch Theory 5.18.5 Design of Continuous Thickener References Chapter 5.19 Filtration 5.19.1 Basis of Cake Filtration Theory 5.19.2 Constant-Pressure and Constant-Rate Filtration 5.19.3 Internal Structure of Compressible Filter Cake 5.19.4 Filtration of Non-Newtonian Fluid–Solid Mixtures 5.19.5 Filtration Equipment References Chapter 5.20 Expression 5.20.1 Basis of Expression 5.20.2 Modified Terzaghi Model 5.20.3 Secondary Consolidation 5.20.4 Simplified Analysis 5.20.5 Expression Equipment References Chapter 5.21 Flotation 5.21.1 Fundamentals of Flotation 5.21.2 Minerals Separation 5.21.3 Flotation Reagents 5.21.4 Flotation Equipment 5.21.5 Plant Practice 5.21.6 Challenges in Flotation 5.21.7 Emerging Technologies References Chapter 5.22 Electrostatic Powder Coating 5.22.1 Coating Machines 5.22.2 Powder Feeding Machine 5.22.3 Powder Coating Booth 5.22.4 Numerical Simulation for Electrostatic Powder Coating References Chapter 5.23 Multipurpose Equipment 5.23.1 Fixed Beds 5.23.2 Moving Beds 5.23.3 Rotary Kiln References Chapter 5.24 Nanoparticle Handling and Formulation 5.24.1 Introduction and Overview 5.24.2 Formation of Nanoparticles 5.24.3 Dispersion of Nanoparticles 5.24.4 Nanoparticle Stabilization 5.24.5 From Surfaces to Properties – The Effect of Surface Modification 5.24.6 Nanoparticle Handling in Classical Unit Operations of Powder Processing 5.24.7 Processing of Functional Thin Films from Liquids 5.24.8 Conclusions References Chapter 5.25 Simulation of Powders and Particles in Dry and Wet Phases 5.25.1 Powder Simulation Using Discrete Element Method (DEM 5.25.2 Recent Advances in DEM Simulations for Industrial Applications 5.25.3 Particle Motion in Fluid 5.25.4 Breakage of Particles in Gas Phase 5.25.5 Breakage of Aggregates in Liquid Phase 5.25.6 Direct Numerical Simulations of Colloidal Particles in a Liquid References Part 6 Process Instrumentation Chapter 6.1 Powder Sampling 6.1.1 Sampling Equipment 6.1.2 Analysis of Sampling References Chapter 6.2 Particle Sampling in Gas Flow 6.2.1 Anisokinetic Sampling Error 6.2.2 Sampling in Stationary Air 6.2.3 Practical Applications of Particle Sampling References Chapter 6.3 Concentration and Flow Rate Measurement 6.3.1 Particle Concentration in Suspensions 6.3.2 Powder Flow Rate References Chapter 6.4 Level Measurement of Powder Bed 6.4.1 Level Meters and Level Switches 6.4.2 Mechanical Methods 6.4.3 Electrical Methods 6.4.4 Ultrasonic Wave Level Meters 6.4.5 Radiometric Method 6.4.6 Pneumatic and Other Methods References Chapter 6.5 Temperature Measurement of Powder 6.5.1 Temperature Measurement by Contact-Type Thermometers 6.5.2 Temperature Measurement by Non-Contact-Type Thermometers References Chapter 6.6 On-Line Measurement of Moisture Content 6.6.1 Introduction 6.6.2 Electric Methods 6.6.3 Optical Moisture Sensor 6.6.4 Continuous Monitoring and Control of Moisture Content References Chapter 6.7 Tomography 6.7.1 Introduction 6.7.2 Sensor Selection and Specification 6.7.3 Examples of Powder and Slurry Processing Applications References Part 7 Working Atmospheres-Risks, Hazards and Protection Chapter 7.1 Health Effects Due to Particle Matter 7.1.1 Introduction 7.1.2 Respiratory System 7.1.3 Penetration and Deposition of Particles in the Respiratory Tract 7.1.4 Rate of Deposited Particles 7.1.5 Health Effects of Inhaled Particles 7.1.6 Threshold Limit Value References Chapter 7.2 Risks of Nanoparticles 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 Concept of Risk Assessment and Management of Nanomaterials 7.2.3 Risk Management Using Control Banding of Nanomaterials 7.2.4 Specific Risk and Measurement of PM2.5 References Chapter 7.3 Respiratory Protective Devices for Particulate Matter 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Types of Respirators 7.3.3 Protection Factor 7.3.4 Fit Check and Fit Test of Respirators 7.3.5 Selection, Use, and Maintenance of Respirators References Chapter 7.4 Dust Explosion 7.4.1 What is Dust Explosion 7.4.2 Flame Propagation Mechanism in Dust Explosion 7.4.3 Risk of Dust Explosion 7.4.4 Prevention and Mitigation of Accidental Dust References Index