Science and Technology For Civil Services Preliminary and Main Examinations

Description

“Science and Technology” is an extremely important section as per recent examination pattern of Civil Service and other Public Service Examinations’. This book has been developed in line with past examination trends where emphasis has been put on conceptual understanding of past discoveries to recent developments and its’ impact on socio-political level. The entire content is written in lucid language and structured in a logical flow, so every student can understand the core concepts and its applications, irrespective of their subject background. This title has complete coverage on UPSC syllabus, which includes recent developments on Space Technology; Protection and Defence Technology; Information Technology and Communication System; Non-Conventional and Nuclear Energy Resources; Biotechnology; Health and Nutrition; Immunization System; Environment and Ecology, etc. All Government policies, schemes and its impact-analysis (both national and inter-national) are highlighted along with the relevant text. This book would be highly useful for both in-depth study as well as for last minute revision. Features: · Previous years’ (both Prelims and Main) Trend Analysis and Study Strategy are provided for effective preparation · Chapters are segregated under three major sections: Introduction and Development of Science and Technology (from ancient to post-modern), Progression of Science and Technology, and Recent Research and Development in Science and Technology · Enhanced pedagogy with text-boxes, tables, graphic-illustrations, real-life photographs to revise the important data points · Solved previous Years’ Question provided at the end of chapter · Sample answers and explanations for Main’s examinations · Glossary and Appendix section for additional reference Table of Content: Unit I 1. Introduction and Development of Science and Technology in India 2. Science and Technology Policies in India Unit II 1. Space Technology 2. Indian Nuclear Programme and Technology 3. Biotechnology and Genetics 4. Information and Communication Technology 5. Defence Research and Technology 6. Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources 7. Nutrition and Health 8. Environment and Ecology (online) Unit III - Recent Research and Development 1. Modern Science and Technology Cover About Pearson Tittle Copyright Dedication Contents Preface About the Author Science and Technology Study Strategy Examination Analysis Science and Technology: Trend Analysis Recent Developments in Science and Technology Section A Unit I Introduction to Science and Technology 1. Introduction and Development of Science and Technology in India Introduction Development of Science in Ancient India Aryabhatta Astronomy Mathematics Medicine Metallurgy Geography Scientifi c and Technological Developments in Medieval India Biology Mathematics Chemistry Astronomy Science And Technology Development Post Independence Atomic Research Department of Science and Technology Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) Infrastructure Development Programmes Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Technology Development, Deployment and Missions Natural Resources Data Management Programme National Spatial Data Infrastructure Programme State S&T Programme Science Communication and Popularization Important Autonomous Bodies, Boards and Undertakings Technology Development Board National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibrating Laboratories National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization (NATMO) Autonomous Scientifi c Institutions Department of Scientifi c and Industrial Research (DSIR) Autonomous Institutions Autonomous Scientifi c Institutions— Programmes Organizations National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) Central Electronics Limited Consultancy Development Centre Council of Scientifi c and Industrial Research (CSIR) Achievements in the Field of Science and Technology Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge Technologies for Mitigation and Management of Natural Hazards Generation and Management of Intellectual Property Public Awareness of Science and Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Chapter at a Glance Chapter End Exercise Previous Years’ Questions Practice Exercise Answer Keys Hints and Explanations 2. Science and Technology Policies in India Introduction Scientific Services Research and Development Programmes Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) Nanomaterials Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI) Science and Technology Policy (2003) Policy Objectives Government Policies and Plans Information Technology and Defence S&T through Planning Period Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Key Features of the STI Policy, Salient Features of STI Policy, Aspirations of the Policy Mechanisms An Approach to the 11th Five Year Plan An Approach to the 12th Five-Year Plan (2012–17) Notable Achievements in S&T Earth Sciences Atmospheric Sciences Polar Sciences Ocean Research Coastal Marine Ecology Mission Programmes Climate Change Programme Himalayan Glaciology Programme National Mission in Bamboo Application Mission on Nanoscience and Technology Mission for Geospatial Applications Science and Technology in 21st Century Units Under the Ministry of Earth Sciences Atmospheric Sciences Polar Science and Cryosphere Ocean Sciences and Services Ocean Survey and Resources Ocean Technology Marine Micro-Algae Biotechnology International Cooperation Chapter at a Glance Chapter End Exercise Previous Years’ Questions Practice Exercise Answer Keys Hints and Explanations Unit II Progression of Science and Technology 1. Space Technology Introduction Space Science Two Ways of Exploration Space Research in India Organization Setup Under Isro Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) ISRI Satellite Centre (ISAC) Sriharikota High Altitude Range Centre (SHAR) ISRS Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network INSAT Master Control Facility National Remote-Sensing Agency National Mesosphere-Troposphere Radar Facility Second Launch Pad at Sriharikota Antariksh Corporation Limited Indian Space Vision for the Next Decade Satellite Systems Different Types of Orbits Indian Satellite System/INSAT Control and Stability in Orbit India’s Earlier Satellites Aryabhata Bhaskara-I & II APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment) Rohini Stretched Rohini Series Satellites (SROSS-C and SROSS-C2) Remote-Sensing Satellites Polar Sun-Synchronous Orbits Sun Synchronous Polar Orbit Multispectral Imaging Charge-Coupled Devices or CCDs Remote-Sensing Applications Signal Systems Direct-to-Home Service Working of DTH Network Advantages and Limitations of DTH Network Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) VSAT Technology Future Applications Satellite Launch Vehicles Rocket Technology SLV-3 ASLV PSLV New Solid-Propellant Strap on Motor Geostationary Launch Vehicle (GSLV) History of Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage Project (CUSP) Cryogenic Engine Technology Applications of Cryogenic Technology New Technology in Launch Vehicle Programme Programme Materials Production Newer Rocket Launch Methods Air-Breathing Rocket Ione Engine Options to Bring Down the Cost A Reusable Launch Vehicle Space capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE) Reuseable Launch Vehicle Tested Successfully Sounding Rockets Location of Launch Pads Terls Hyperplane Project Space Satal Avatar Global Positioning System Galileo (European Satellite Navigation System) Need for Galileo Gagan Glonass Telemedicine Village Resource Centres (VRCs) Space Technology in World World Space Research Programme The Russian Space Technology Programme The European Space Technology Programme China’s Space Technology Programme India’s Space Technology Programme Hubble Space Telescope SpaceX’s Dragon Hyperplane Hyperplane: Project Avatar RLV-TD Space Recovery Experiment Chandrayaan-II Satellite Navigation Progress of Space Technology Chapter at a Glance Chapter End Exercise Previous Years’ Questions Practice Exercise Answer Keys Hints and Explanations 2. Indian Introduction Nuclear Power in India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board Department of Atomic Energy Need for Nuclear Energy Nuclear Processes Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Radioactivity Chain Reaction Nuclear Reactor Nuclear Reactor/Atomic Reactor Parts of Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Chain Reactions Mechanism of Nuclear Power Generation Development of Nuclear Energy in India India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme Atomic Energy Centres in India Research Reactors in India Types of Nuclear Power Reactors Department of Atomic Energy Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) Functions of Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) Radiation Technologies and Applications Radioisotope Production and Processing Application of Radioisotopes Nuclear Medicine and Healthcare New Radiation Sterilization of Medical Products Industrial Applications of Radioisotopes Beam Technologies Development of Higher Technology Accelerator Pulse Electron Accelerator Radio-Telescopy Agricultural Nuclear Technology Radioactivity Radioisotopes Applications of Radioisotopes Important Terminology Tokamak Radiometric Dating/Radioactive Dating Radiocarbon Dating Uranium-lead Radiometric Dating Potassium–argon Dating Rubidium–strontium Dating International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Aims of ITER’s Mission Nuclear Waste Management Stages in Nuclear Waste Management Nuclear Tests of India Regulation and Safety Authority International Atomic Energy Agency The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board Nuclear Supplier Group The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) Non-proliferation Treaty Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Bill, 2011 Nuclear Command Authority Political Council India’s Points of Objections on CTBT Significance of Indian Nuclear Explosions Thermo-Nuclear Bomb Neutron Bomb Nuclear Fallout Nuclear Winter Nuclear Accidents Windscale Fire Three Mile Island The Goiânia Accident The Chernobyl Accident The India-based Neutrino Observatory Dark Matter The String Theory and Axions Accelerator Driven System Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy Yellow Cake/or Urania Chapter at a Glance Chapter End Exercise Previous Years’ Questions Practice Exercise Answer Keys Hints and Explanations 3. Biotechnology and Genetics Introduction Importance of Biotechnology Branches of Biotechnology Biotechnology Research and Development in India Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Human Resource Development Contribution of India in various Branches of Biotechnology Basic Research in Modern Biology Biotech Product and Process Development Miscellaneous Issues How does Modern Biotechnology Work? DNA Vaccine Human Applications Industrial Biotechnology Environmental Biotechnology Fighting Infectious Diseases Antibiotics Reproductive Technologies Cloning Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning Reproductive Cloning Therapeutic Cloning How can Cloning Technologies be Used? Can Organs be Cloned for Use in Transplants? Risks of Cloning Cloning Animals Human Cloning Stem Cells Types of Stem Cells Potential Uses of Stem Cells Stem Cells and Cloning Genetically Modified Organism Genetically Modified (GM) Food: Benefits and Controversies Human Genome The Human Genome Project DNA Fingerprinting Practical Applications of DNA Fingerprinting Problems with DNA Fingerprinting Gene Therapy Working of Gene Therapy What is the Current Status of Gene Therapy Research? Plant Tissue Culture Bioinformatics Need for Bioinformatics Bioinformatics Methods Application of Bioinformatics Bioremediation Bioremidiation Methods Bioprospecting Bio-Piracy Bio-pesticides Bio-Fertilizers Steps by Government of India Chapter at a Glance Chapter End Exercise Previous Years’ Questions Practice Exercise Answer Keys Hints and Explanations 4. Information and Communication Technology Introduction Information Technology Industry in India National Informatics Centre (NIC) Biotechnology Information System Network (BTISNET) NICNET (NIC Network) Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Internet Internet in India Internet Protocol Internet Telephony or VoIP Wireless (Mobile) Internet Remote Area Business Message Network (RABMN) Education and Research Network (ERNET) Cloud Computing Service Models of Cloud Computing Important Services of Internet E-mail (Electronic mail) P-Commerce Video Conferencing or Video Teleconference Social Networking Sites Cyber Crimes Computer Virus Important Malwares Security Management Computer Worm Medium of Communication 3G Technology 3G Standards 4G Technology Bluetooth and Wireless Technology Wi-Fi Li-Fi IMAX GPRS IPTV Computer History Characteristics of Computer Limitations of a Computer Top 10 Supercomputers of the World Internal Structure of a Computer Dual Core Technology Software System Software Utility Software Application Software General-purpose Software Computer Networks Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Personal Area Network (PAN) Wireless Personal Area Network Body Area Network Virtual Private Network (VPN) Ethernet Networking E-mail Voice Telephony (VoIP) Computer Simulation Applications of Computer Simulation Nanocomputing—The Next Wave Convergence of Technologies Prospects of Convergence of Technologies Global Innovation and Technology Alliance (GITA) Significance of GITA Focus Areas for Global Technological Alliance EYCIN Working of EYCIN Optical Discs Google Earth Identity Theft Phishing Optical Computing Importance of Optical Computing Why are Optical Computers Faster? Blogging/Blog Types of Blogs Virtual Reality How is Virtual Reality Environment Created? GSM (Global System for Mobile) How is GSM Better than First Generation Wireless System? What are the Advantages of GSM? EDGE/EGPRS What are Advantages of EDGE? Expert Systems Interactive Television (ITV) Different Forms/Configurations of ITV Smart Card Instrument Landing System What are the Limitations of ILS? Virtual Water What is Virtual Water Trade and its Significance? Natural Disaster Information System How will NDIS Warn People About an Impending Disaster? Chapter at a Glance Chapter End Exercise Previous Years’ Questions Practice Exercise Answer Keys Hints and Explanations 5. Defence Research and Technology Introduction Government’s Role in Defence Research and Technology India’s Manoeuvres in Defence Research Functions of Ministry of Defence Organizational Set up and Functions Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) Introduction Vision Mission Infrastructure Missile Programme of India Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme of India (IGMDP) Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Program (IBMDP) Advanced Air Defence (AAD)/Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor Strategically Important Missiles Outside the IGMDP Battle Tanks in India Arjun T-90S Tank The T-90 M Bhishma Air Crafts LCA: Third Prototype Makes Maiden Flight Saras: India’s First Indigenous Civilian Aircraft Lakshya Nishant Indian Navy Ships INS Mumbai INS Delhi INS Airavat INS Viraat INS Susana INS Vikramaditya INS Vikrant INS Kolkata INS Sumitra INS Kamorta INS Astradharini RLD-TD Varunastra (Torpedo) INS Karna Indian Submarines Arihant K- Nerpa Scorpene Class Sindhughosh Class INS Kalvari (S50) IRNSS Series Radar Systems Rajendra Radar Indian Doppler Radar (INDRA) Swordfish Radar WLR Aparna Rohini Stealth Technology India’s Status in Stealth Technology Agreements for Defence and Security Equipments Chapter at a Glance Chapter End Exercise Previous Years’ Questions Practice Exercise Answer Keys Hints and Explanations 6. Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources Introduction Background on Power Development in India Energy Sector in India Ultra-Mega Power Projects Non-Conventional Energy Indian Scenario for Renewable Energy Natural Resources and Associated Problems The Unequal Consumption of Natural Resource Planing Land Use The Need for Sustainable Lifestyles Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Sources Solar Energy International Solar Alliance Wind Energy Hydel Energy Tidal Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Geothermal Energy Biomass Energy Biogas Biofuels Hydrogen as a Fuel Limitations of Non-Renewable Energy Sources Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Cumulative Achievements of Renewable Energy Programmes in India Biomass Power/Cogeneration Biomass Gasifiers and other Biomass Energy Programmes Rural Energy Programmes Integrated Rural Energy Programme (IREP) Urjagram Chemical Sources of Energy Programme Geothermal Energy Related Programmes Energy from Urban and Industrial Wastes National Programme on Energy Recovery from Urban and Industrial Wastes Magneto Hydrodynamics Fuel Cell Different Types of Fuel Cells Miscellaneous CFL Working of CFL Coal Bed Methane The Process of Adsorption The Process of Desorption Chapter at a Glance Chapter End Exercise Previous Years’ Questions Practice Exercise Answer Keys Hints and Explanations 7. Nutrition and Health Introduction Macro-Nutrients Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Micro-Nutrients Nutritive Value of Food Nutritive Value of Indian Foods Nutritive Value of Processed Foods Fermentation Technology in Food Science Fermentation Process Benefits of Probiotic Foods National Health Policy National Health Policy, 2017 Quality Control in Food, Drug and Medical Devices Department of AYUSH Department of Health Research Department of AIDS Control International Cooperation Health Problems in India Water-related Diseases Reproductive and Child Health Project First Phase Second Phase Latest Developments National Rural Healthcare Mission Various Diseases Dots Polio Charge Syndrome (Coloboma, Heart Defect, Atresia Choanae) Measles Avian Influenza (H5N1) (Bird Flu) Swine Flue (H1N1) Scrub Typhus Zika Virus New Ebola Vaccine Malaria AIDS Poliomyelitis Avian Flu New Bird Flu Vaccine Developed Diabetes Types of Diabetes Why is Diabetes Considered So Dangerous? Improving Women’s Health in India An Overview of Women’s Health Occupational and Social Influences on Health The Rotterdam Convention Chapter at a Glance Chapter End Exercise Previous Years’ Questions Practice Exercise Answer Keys Hints and Explanations Unit III Recent Research and Development in Science and Technology 1. Modern Science and Technology Robotics Types of Robots Components of Industrial Robots A Robot System Industry Applications Advantages of Using Robots in Industries Application of Robots at Home Environment Application of Robots in Non-manufacturing Areas Medical Applications Microrobotics Robotic Walking Frame Supercomputer: World and India Super Computer in India India Joins Teraflop Club Latest Developments Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) Formation of Laser Applications of LASER Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Optical Fibre Step-Index Fibre Graded-Index Fibre Pulse Spreading Advantages and Disadvantages of Optical Fibres Fibre Optic Sensors Fibre Amplifiers Super Conductivity Principle of Superconductivity Applications Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Objectives of LHC Design of LHC Detectors CERN Objectives of CERN CERN’s Mission Particle Accelerators Scientific Achievements CERN’s Structure Members Fast Neutron Reactor India’s Position on Fast Neutron Reactor Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificial Intelligence Includes Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence and World Augmented Reality (AR) Touchscreen Technology iPad Adam Digital Signature Working Principals of Digital Signature Significance Cloud Computing Categories of Cloud Computing Types of Clouds Cloud Seeding Application of Cloud Seeding Challenges of Cloud Seeding Nanotechnology Background Applications of Nanotechnology Potential Benefits Implications Long Term Evolution (LTE) Mobile Number Portability (MNP) Light Emitting Diode (LED) Concerns about LED’s Applications of LED Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Working of LCD Applications Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) Advantages of CFL than Filament Bulbs Digital Money Bitcoin Virtual Currency Hyperloop Technology Importance of Hyperloop Fuel-Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Technology Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Types of IPR National IPR Policy, 2016 Limitations Conclusion and way forward Trademark Rules Significance Data Exclusivity Challenges for Data Exclusivity Generic Medicines Current regulation regarding Generic Drugs in India Challenges for Generic Drugs in India Preventive Measures for Common Usage of Generic Drugs Bioprospecting and Biopiracy Advantages and Challenges of Bioprospecting and Biopiracy Steps Taken to Prevent Biopiracy Chapter at a Glance Chapter End Exercise Previous Years’ Questions Practice Exercise Answer Keys Hints and Explanations Section B Sample Questions with Answers Section C Preliminary Examination Practice Paper-I Preliminary Examination Practice Paper-II Preliminary Examination Practice Paper-III Practice Paper for Mains Examination Section D Appendices