From Biofiltration to Promising Options in Gaseous Fluxes Biotreatment: Recent Developments, New Trends, Advances, and Opportunities

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From Biofiltration to Promising Options in Gaseous Fluxes Biotreatment: Recent Developments, New Trends, Advances, and Opportunities provides an overview on the biological tools used for the treatment of the gaseous fluxes, with emphasis on traditional and perspective options, opening new horizons for research and implementation in practice. It is known that air pollution is an emergent global issue and a priority within the international environmental programs. Moreover, technologies based on biological methods are significantly contributing to the sustainable development concept. Thus this book provides tools for solving air pollution issues in a sustainable manner. These issues can be solved at different levels (e.g., "end-of-pipe" gaseous streams, indoor/outdoor air, closed environments), which can be approached by the different biotechniques presented in the book, from classical biofiltration techniques (part 1) to phytotreatment and microalgae-based techniques (part 2). Although all options have their particularities that make them special for certain applications, a special attention is drawn to the potential of the last one, which offers multiple possibilities for biomass valorization. Scientists from worldwide with relevant experience in their field have been contributed to the development of this book. Cover From Biofiltration to Promising Options in Gaseous Fluxes Biotreatment: Recent Developments, New Trends, Advances, and Opportunities Copyright Contents Part 1 Biological treatment of gaseous streams: attached and suspended biomass units1 Part 1.1 Benchmark aspects on biological removal of contaminants from gaseous streams3 Part 1.2 Case studies/Illustrative design aspects109 Part 2 Biological Treatment of Gaseous Streams: Phytoremediation and Microalgae Approaches193 Part 2.1 Phytosystems for air quality enhancement195 Part 2.2 Microalgae-based approaches301 List of Contributors Foreword from the editors Acknowledgments from the editors Preface Prologue: Ethical challenges posed by using emerging technologies and genetically modified organisms to remove gaseous poll... 1 General approaches 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Ethical constructs 1.3 Transparency and self-enforcement 1.4 Special considerations for biotechnologies 2 Ethical awareness 3 Professional development and ethical decision-making 4 Benefits and risk as ethical metrics 5 Ethical models applied to bioengineering 5.1 Minimalist model 5.2 Reasonable-care model 5.3 Good works model 6 Decision tools 6.1 Net goodness analysis and decision trees 6.2 Line drawing 6.3 Charting 7 Conclusion References Part 1: Biological treatment of gaseous streams: attached and suspended biomass units Part 1.1: Benchmark aspects on biological removal of contaminants from gaseous streams 1 Current challenges and perspectives in gas fluxes biotreatment Nomenclature 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Fundamentals of biological gas treatment 1.2.1 Conventional bioreactor configurations 1.2.2 Terminology used in biological gas treatment 1.2.3 Fundamental mechanisms of gas pollutant removal in biological systems 1.2.4 Applications 1.3 Innovative systems for biological gas treatment 1.3.1 Constraints and limitations of conventional biotechnologies 1.3.2 Technologies for overcoming substrate toxicity and mass transfer limitations 1.3.3 Innovative systems for overcoming clogging issues 1.4 Conclusion and perspectives References 2 Biofilters versus bioscrubbers and biotrickling filters: state-of-the-art biological air treatment 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Biofilter technology 2.2.1 Types of biofilters and principle of operation 2.2.2 Characteristics of biofilter bed 2.2.3 Factors affecting microbial activity 2.2.4 Applications of biofilters 2.3 Biotrickling filter technology 2.3.1 Biotrickling filter equipment and operating principle 2.3.2 Applications of biotrickling filters 2.4 Bioscrubber technology 2.5 Emerging technologies of air biotreatment 2.5.1 Rotating biological filters 2.5.2 Two-phase partitioning reactors 2.5.3 Membrane bioreactors 2.6 Concluding remarks References 3 Determination of biofilter performances Nomenclature Greek letters Subscript 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biofiltration parameters 3.3 Analytical models used for the determination of biofilter performances 3.3.1 Modified Michaelis–Menten model and Haldane model for biofilters 3.3.2 Rapid procedure for ECmax determination 3.3.2.1 Model of Ottengraf and Van den Oever (1983) 3.3.2.1.1 First case: zero-order kinetics with reaction limitation 3.3.2.1.2 Second case: zero-order kinetics with diffusion limitation 3.3.2.2 Critical comments of the Ottengraf and Van den Oever model 3.3.2.3 Strategical aspects considered in the rapid procedure for ECmax determination 3.3.2.4 Validation of the rapid procedure 3.3.3 αlump parameter 3.4 Conclusion References 4 Porous media models for packed bed characterization 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Empirical models 4.2.1 Ergun equation 4.2.2 Model of Cunningham et al. (1991) 4.2.3 Model of Macdonald et al. (1979) 4.2.4 Model of Delhoménie et al. (2003) 4.2.5 Model of Iliuta and Larachi (2004) 4.2.6 Model of Morgan-Sagastume et al. (2001) 4.2.7 Model of Andreasen and Poulsen (2013) 4.2.8 Model of Andreasen et al. (2012) 4.3 Analytical model(s) 4.3.1 Model of Woudberg et al. (2019) 4.4 Validation and comparison of modeling procedures 4.5 Conclusion and further recommendation for model improving and application References 5 Life cycle assessment of biofiltration 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Scope of life cycle assessment and its application to environmental processes 5.1.2 Environmental and health burdens associated to gaseous emissions usually treated by biofiltration 5.2 Principles of life cycle analysis 5.2.1 Goals and scope definition 5.2.1.1 Goal of the study 5.2.1.2 Scope of the study 5.2.1.2.1 Functional unit 5.2.1.2.2 System boundaries 5.2.2 Inventory analysis 5.2.3 Impact assessment 5.2.4 Interpretation 5.2.5 Cost assessment 5.3 Applying life cycle assessment to biofiltration 5.3.1 Life cycle assessment of biotrickling filters for biogas desulfurization 5.3.2 Life cycle assessment of biofilters for waste gases 5.4 Gaps, limitations, and needs 5.5 Conclusion References 6 High-performance biofilters for air treatment applications 6.1 An overview of biofilter technology 6.2 Operational and performance parameters 6.2.1 Packing media selection 6.2.2 Moisture content 6.2.3 Temperature 6.2.4 pH 6.2.5 Nutrients 6.2.6 Oxygen 6.2.7 Biomass growth and pressure drop 6.2.8 Biofilter performance indicators 6.3 Recent biofilter applications with conventional and innovative packing materials 6.3.1 Wood chip (NH3 removal; industry: animal house emissions) 6.3.2 Compost (toluene removal; industry: petroleum refinery emissions) 6.3.3 Compost (biodehydration stage, curing stage of compost; NH3 and H2S removal) 6.3.4 Compost and wooden dowels (dimethyl sulfide, hexane, and toluene removal) 6.3.5 Wood charcoal (xylene removal) 6.3.6 Compost and sand mixture (H2S removal; industry: composting of municipal solid waste) 6.3.7 Compost–ceramic mixture (toluene and xylene removal) 6.3.8 Compost–lava rock mixture (n-butanol removal) 6.3.9 Compost and biochar (H2S removal) 6.3.10 Expanded schist (high level H2S removal) 6.3.11 Cellular concrete waste (H2S removal) 6.3.12 Pine bark, perlite and compost, and polyurethane foam (removal of methane) 6.3.13 Rockwool (removal of compost gas) 6.3.14 Loofa sponge (removal of cumene) 6.4 Advances in biofiltration process 6.4.1 Application of hybrid packing media 6.4.2 Application of cometabolism to treat pollutants (CH4 and ethanol) 6.4.3 Synergy process: biofilter and adsorption 6.4.4 Application of ozone for control of excessive biomass growth 6.4.5 Application of nonthermal plasma 6.4.6 Changes in air flow patterns: a tubular biofilter 6.5 Predictive mathematical models 6.6 Conclusion and future direction References Part 1.2: Case studies/Illustrative design aspects 7 Biofiltration of volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Research on volatile organic compound biofiltration 7.3 Research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biofiltration 7.4 Operational considerations in biofilters for volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons treatment 7.4.1 Nature and concentration of the gaseous pollutants 7.4.2 Microorganisms 7.4.3 Packing media 7.4.4 Moisture content 7.4.5 Temperature 7.4.6 pH 7.5 Conclusion References Further reading 8 Biogas treatment for H2S, CO2, and other contaminants removal 8.1 Introduction to biogas and biomethane production: a global perspective 8.2 Biological CO2 removal technologies 8.2.1 Hydrogenotrophic CO2 removal 8.2.2 Photosynthetic CO2 removal 8.3 Biological H2S removal technologies 8.3.1 External desulfurization 8.3.2 Chemotrophic microbial conversion of H2S to elemental sulfur 8.3.3 Aqueous-iron processes with bacterial regeneration 8.3.4 In situ desulfurization 8.3.4.1 Microaeration 8.3.4.2 Algal-bacterial-based biogas desulfurization 8.4 Siloxane removal 8.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further reading 9 Industrial biofilter case studies 9.1 An overview of biofilter design 9.2 Air stream characterizations 9.3 Pretreatment of contaminated air 9.4 Limitations of biofilter technology 9.5 Operation and maintenance of industrial biofilters 9.6 Biofilter models in full-scale design 9.7 Industrial case studies 9.7.1 Animal feeding operations, Morris, MN, United States 9.7.2 Emissions from a dairy farm effluent pond, Massey University, New Zealand 9.7.3 Bioaerosol removal from waste air streams at a materials recovery facility, Leeds, United Kingdom 9.7.4 Odor and H2S removal from a sludge storage tanks and pumping stations, Niederrad, Frankfurt, Germany 9.7.5 Odor and H2S removal from the clarifier wastewater treatment plant, Cambridge, ON, Canada 9.7.6 Odor and volatile organic compound removal from headworks, Los Angeles, CA, United States 9.7.7 Odor removal from a rendering plant in southern Brazil 9.7.8 Dispersion of dimethyl sulfide from a biofilter at a meat rendering facility, Hickson, ON, Canada 9.8 Conclusion and future perspectives References Part 2: Biological treatment of gaseous streams: phytoremediation and microalgae approaches Part 2.1: Phytosystems for air quality enhancement 10 Particularities of indoor air biotreatment 10.1 Indoor air pollution: particularities 10.2 Pollution sources of indoor air 10.2.1 Endogenous sources 10.2.2 Reaction of products 10.2.3 Transfer from the outdoor environment 10.3 Contributory agents in indoor air pollution 10.3.1 Pollution by particles 10.3.2 Biological pollution 10.3.3 Chemical pollution 10.4 Regulations concerning indoor air quality 10.5 Biotreatments for the removal of indoor chemical pollution 10.5.1 Botanical biofiltration (active biofiltration systems) 10.5.2 Conventional microbial/fungal–based bioreactors 10.5.3 Botanical biofiltration by potted plants (passive biofiltration) 10.5.4 Combined systems 10.5.4.1 Biological process plus photocatalytic oxidation hybrid system 10.5.4.2 Biological process plus adsorption hybrid system 10.5.4.3 Microconcentration plus microbioreactors 10.6 Conclusion References Further reading 11 Plant physiological mechanisms of air treatment 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Metabolic pathways for volatile organic compound degradation within plants 11.2.1 Uptake kinetics and absorption 11.2.2 Absorption through the leaves 11.2.3 Absorption through the roots 11.2.4 Absorption through other routes 11.2.5 Translocation 11.2.6 Degradation or metabolism 11.2.7 Formaldehyde 11.2.8 Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene 11.2.9 Other volatile organic compounds 11.2.10 Excretion 11.3 Factors affecting volatile organic compound removal by plants 11.3.1 Plant factors: photosynthetic system 11.3.2 Light 11.3.3 Temperature and relative humidity 11.3.4 The boundary layer 11.4 Degradation of volatile organic compound by plant-associated microorganisms in the substrate 11.5 Particulate matter capture and retention by plants 11.5.1 Environmental factors influencing the efficiency of plants for particulate matter removal 11.6 Removal of CO2 and regulation of relative humidity and temperature 11.7 Removal of NO2 and SO2 11.8 Advancements in air phytoremediation: physiological and molecular aspects 11.8.1 Phytohormones 11.8.2 Effects at the genetic level 11.9 Conclusion References 12 Plant–microbe interaction within phytosystems used for air treatment 12.1 Introduction: the plant microbiome 12.2 Plant–microbe interactions in volatile organic compound removal 12.2.1 Phyllosphere 12.2.2 Rhizosphere 12.2.3 Endosphere 12.3 Exploiting plant–microbe interactions to enhance air phytoremediation 12.4 Bioparticle emission from botanical systems 12.5 Conclusion and future directions References Further reading 13 Technological aspects of the removal of air pollutants by phytosystems 13.1 Introduction and development of phytosystem technology 13.2 Airflow rate, orientation, and direction 13.3 Moisture and irrigation 13.4 Botanical component and its potential influence on air filtration 13.5 Growth media and its potential influence on air filtration 13.5.1 Physical characteristics 13.5.2 Chemical characteristics 13.5.3 Biological characteristics and bioaerosols control 13.6 Future directions, knowledge gaps, and experimental consistencies 13.7 Conclusion References 14 Phytosystems implementation: examples of application in practice 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Active phytosystem case studies 14.2.1 Nedlaw phytosystem (commercial) 14.2.2 Dynamic botanical air filtration system (prototype) 14.2.3 King Mongkut’s University of Technology botanical biofilter phytosystem (prototype) 14.2.4 Naturvention Naava One (commercial) 14.2.5 Bravolinear Internet of Things active green wall (commercial) 14.2.6 Junglefy Breathing Wall phytosystem (commercial) 14.2.7 Outdoor infrastructure applications of the Breathing Wall phytosystem 14.2.7.1 Mitchell St Plaza, North Sydney, Australia 14.2.8 Manly Vale B-Line car park, Manly Vale Australia 14.3 Conclusion: identification of knowledge gaps and recommendations for future work References Part 2.2: Microalgae-based approaches 15 Microalgae with potential in air treatment 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Microalgae as a feedstock in environmental remediation: premises for air treatment 15.2.1 Microalgae cells: morphology, structure, and physiology 15.2.2 The main species of algae used in environmental remediation: CO2 mitigation and air revitalization 15.3 Biomass composition of microalgae 15.4 Cultivation conditions for microalgae 15.5 Microalgal applications in environment: air pollution mitigation 15.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further reading 16 Microalgae photobioreactors for gaseous contaminants removal 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Biological process of carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms: a general approach 16.2.1 Light reactions 16.2.2 Dark reactions 16.2.3 Other Carbon dioxide concentration mechanisms 16.3 Photobioreactor designs and layouts: addressing carbon dioxide removal and biomass productivity 16.4 Carbon dioxide fixation in the presence of other gases 16.5 Conclusion References Further reading 17 Microalgae-based biomass production for control of air pollutants 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Gaseous pollutants 17.3 Removal of gas pollutants with biosystems 17.4 Why microalgae for gas pollutants removal? 17.5 Microalgae biomass production using CO2 17.6 Microalgae biomass production using NOx 17.7 Microalgae biomass production using SOx 17.8 Microalgae biomass production using NH3 and H2S 17.9 Factors influence in microalgae biomass production using gas pollutants 17.10 Cultivation system for microalgae biomass production using gas pollutants 17.11 Microalgae culture systems for indoor gaseous pollutants 17.12 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Further reading 18 Carbon dioxide capture from carbon dioxide–rich gases by microalgae 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Biological capture of carbon dioxide in microalgae 18.3 Additional aspects associated with carbon dioxide capture in microalgal systems 18.4 Microalgae culture methods used for carbon dioxide capture 18.4.1 Open raceways 18.4.2 Enclosed photobioreactors 18.4.2.1 Bubble columns 18.4.2.2 Tubular photobioreactors 18.4.2.3 Flat panels 18.5 Carbon dioxide biofixation potential, analysis of net capture of main culture systems 18.6 Conclusion and perspectives References Further reading Websites 19 A model microalga for addressing air treatment in spacecrafts 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Aspects concerning air pollution issues in spacecraft cabins 19.2.1 Air contaminants in spacecrafts 19.2.2 Overcoming air pollution in spacecrafts 19.3 Microalgae-based process: a featured option for air treatment 19.3.1 Microalgae air treatment and circular economy context 19.3.2 Arthrospira Platensis—a microalgae candidate for biological life support systems 19.4 Emphasis on Arthrospira platensis as a microalga model for air treatment in spacecrafts 19.4.1 Potential of Arthrospira platensis in the removal of specific air contaminants 19.4.2 Arthrospira platensis premises for minicircular economy in space 19.5 Conclusion and perspectives Acknowledgment References 20 Microalgae for combined air revitalization and biomass production for space applications Nomenclature 20.1 Biological-based systems for future human spaceflight missions 20.1.1 Future destinations 20.1.2 Bioregenerative systems 20.2 Microalgae for space applications 20.2.1 Microalgae research on Earth facilities 20.2.2 Microalgae research in space 20.2.3 Chlorella vulgaris—a robust cell with great potential for space application 20.3 Microalgae as part of a Life Support System 20.3.1 Biological challenges 20.3.1.1 Axenic or xenic microalgae cultivation 20.3.1.2 Alga–bacterial biofilms—cell adhesion and cluster formation 20.3.2 Technical challenges 20.3.2.1 Reactor geometry, fluid dynamics, and mixing 20.3.2.2 Lighting 20.3.2.3 Gas handling 20.3.2.4 Sensors for monitoring and control 20.3.2.5 Nutrient supply and microalgae harvesting 20.4 A photobioreactor spaceflight experiment as an example 20.4.1 PBR@LSR—The hybrid approach of a Life Support System 20.4.2 Experiment flight hardware 20.4.3 The experimental run 20.5 Conclusion, future questions, and perspectives References Author Index Subject Index Back Cover