Lung Diseases and Cancer

Description

Preface Guest Editors Miguel ángel Martínez-García Mina Gaga Kwun M. Fong Introduction References Cancer immunosurveillance in respiratory diseases Abstract Introduction Influence of hypoxaemia and inflammation on the tumour micro-environment Chronic sustained hypoxia and inflammation IH and inflammation Hypoxia and tumour progression Chronic sustained hypoxia and TGF-β IH and TGF-β Immune checkpoints Chronic sustained hypoxia and immune checkpoints IH and immune checkpoints Other potential mechanisms Future challenges References Respiratory infections and cancer Abstract Introduction Do respiratory infections contribute to cancer risk? Viral infections and cancer Bacterial infections and cancer Infection-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis Pneumonia in cancer patients Conclusion References Continuous and intermittent hypoxia in cancer Abstract Introduction Activation of hypoxia-responsive pathways in cancers Continuous versus cyclic hypoxia in the tumour micro-environment The role of hypoxia in association with respiratory diseases in cancers Chronic, sustained hypoxia IH Conclusion and future directions References Future challenges and their impact on respiratory health and lung cancer Abstract What are the environmental challenges in respiratory health? Air pollution and respiratory health Effects of air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic The association between pollution and lung cancer Complicated interactions between the environment, respiratory health and cancer Actions needed to overcome challenges At the population or public level International collaborative efforts Conclusion References Smoking, vaping, nicotine and the risk of cancer Abstract Introduction Tobacco carcinogens Tobacco-related cancers Lung cancer Cancer of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx Cancer of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx Cancer of the larynx Cancers of the digestive tract Cancers of the urinary tract Genital cancer Breast cancer Haematological cancers Quitting smoking Vaping and cancer Nicotine and cancer References Occupational exposure to respirable carcinogens and the risk of cancer Abstract Introduction Asbestos Silica SHS DEE Welding fumes General remarks References Exposure to thoracic radiation and the risk of cancer Abstract Introduction Radiation biology Radiation harms Mechanism of radiation-induced malignancy Radiation dose Overview of risk estimation Therapeutic thoracic radiotherapy Lung cancer Breast cancer Hodgkin lymphoma Other malignancies Screening and diagnostic radiation Epidemiological studies informing risk of low-dose radiation exposure Screening Diagnostic imaging Modifiers of radiation-induced malignancy risk Conclusion References COPD: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care Abstract Introduction COPD Epidemiology Clinico-pathological features including shared molecular pathogenesis with pulmonary cancer and nonpulmonary cancer COPD and pulmonary cancer COPD and nonpulmonary cancer Interaction of COPD and pulmonary cancer management Prognosis Surgery Radiotherapy Systemic therapy Small-molecule TKIs and ICI therapy Cytotoxic chemotherapy Interaction of COPD and nonpulmonary cancer management Prognosis Surgery Radiotherapy Systemic therapy Conclusion References Emphysema: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care Abstract Introduction Emphysema definition, type, diagnosis and quantification Emphysema as a risk factor for lung cancer Impact of emphysema on cancer care Emphysema and surgery Emphysema and radiotherapy Emphysema and systemic treatments The role of emphysema in lung cancer prognosis Potential reasons to explain a poorer prognosis in patients with emphysema Conclusion References Allergy: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care Abstract Introduction The complex relationship between allergy and cancer Immunosurveillance as a tumour-protective mechanism Inflammation as a tumour-promoting and/or suppressive mechanism Conclusion References Cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer treatment Abstract Introduction Increased risk of cancer in pwCF The changing epidemiology of CF Increased risk of cancer in nontransplanted pwCF Increased risk of cancer following lung transplantation in pwCF Future trends in cancer in pwCF The risk of cancer in patients with bronchiectasis Biological plausibility of the statistical association with increased risk of cancer Risk of cancer in carriers of a single CFTR mutation Shared risk factors Impact of CF and bronchiectasis on the prevention and treatment of cancer Screening for colorectal cancer in adults with CF Screening for other cancers in patients with CF Controlling for risk factors and comorbidities Impact of CF or bronchiectasis on the treatment of cancers Conclusion References Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care Abstract What is IPF? Why is lung cancer often associated with IPF? How often is lung cancer associated with IPF? How is the diagnosis of lung cancer in patients with IPF made? What is the best therapeutic approach for the treatment of lung cancer associated with IPF? Is surgery an option for the treatment of lung cancer associated with IPF? Is chemotherapy an option for the treatment of lung cancer associated with IPF? Is radiotherapy an option for the treatment of lung cancer associated with IPF? Conclusion References Other interstitial lung diseases: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care Abstract Introduction Standard features of ILD and lung cancer Risk of lung cancer in non-IPF ILDs Clinical presentation Histology of lung cancer related to ILD Impact on cancer care Treatment of lung cancer in ILD Conclusion References Viruses and the risk of lung cancer: prevention and treatment Abstract Introduction Lung cancer in Europe Viruses and their relationship with lung cancer HPV EBV HIV CMV MV JSRV and JCV Prevention and treatment of oncogenic viruses COVID-19 and lung cancer: the future challenge of research Conclusion References Pulmonary tuberculosis and the risk of cancer Abstract Introduction Cancer after TB: the risk of cancer in patients with current or prior TB TB after cancer: the risk of TB in patients with cancer and the role of immunosuppression Possible confusion between cancer and TB Conclusion References Obstructive sleep apnoea and the risk of cancer Abstract Introduction Incidence of all-cause cancer in OSA patients Cancer aggressiveness and mortality in OSA OSA in specific types of cancer Melanoma Breast cancer Lung cancer Thyroid cancer Colorectal cancer Leukaemia Prostate cancer Malignant brain tumours Continuous positive airway pressure and cancer Future challenges References Venous thromboembolism: an indicator of malignancy Abstract Introduction Cancer-associated thrombosis and occult cancer Evidence related to screening for occult cancer in patients with unprovoked VTE Ongoing studies Clinical practice guidelines and guidance documents Conclusion References Pulmonary metastasis: from pathophysiology to management Abstract Introduction Aetiology and pathophysiology Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Diagnosis/differential diagnosis Imaging Management and treatment options Conclusion References Pulmonary metastasis from haematological cancers Abstract Introduction Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Large B-cell lymphomas Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Epstein–Barr virus-positive DLBCL, NOS Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Mantle cell lymphoma Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Human herpesvirus-8-associated lymphoproliferative disorders: multicentric Castleman disease Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Classical Hodgkin lymphoma Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Lymphomas associated with HIV infection Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Acute myeloid leukaemia Epidemiology data Specific clinical manifestations Specific radiological findings Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis Specific treatment options Prognosis Conclusion References Pulmonary metastasis of solid tumours Abstract Introduction Breast cancer Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Treatment Prognosis Colorectal cancer Epidemiology Treatment Prognosis Gastrointestinal non-CRC Gastric/oesophageal cancer Pancreatic cancer Hepatobiliary cancer Small bowel cancer Germ cell tumours Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Treatment/prognosis Gynaecological cancer Ovarian cancer Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Treatment Prognosis Endometrial cancer Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Treatment/prognosis Cervical cancer Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Treatment Prognosis Head and neck cancer Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Treatment Prognosis Melanoma Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Treatment Prognosis Prostate cancer Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Treatment Prognosis Renal cell carcinoma Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Treatment Prognosis Thyroid cancer References Interstitial abnormalities from solid and haematological cancers Abstract Introduction Importance of the lung interstitium in cancer Epidemiology of lung interstitial abnormalities from solid and haematological cancers: prevalence, patterns and causes Pathological features of lung interstitial involvement by cancer Pathogenic mechanisms of spread to the interstitium by cancer Radiological features Clinical presentations of cancer involving the lung interstitium: symptoms, signs and diagnostic approach Treatment of patients with cancer involving the lung interstitium Nonpharmacological therapies and best supportive care Pharmacological therapies Systemic therapy Conclusion References Pulmonary infections in cancer patients Abstract Introduction Pathogenesis Bacterial pneumonia Atypical pneumonia Viral pneumonia Opportunistic pulmonary infection Tuberculosis Diagnosis of pulmonary infection in cancer patients Treatment of lung infections in cancer patients Antibiotics Antivirals Antifungals Complications Prevention: vaccination for pulmonary infections References Pulmonary effects of cancer treatments Abstract Introduction ICIs TKIs Radiation-induced lung injury Chemotherapy-induced lung injury Treatment challenges, future perspectives and concluding remarks References Biological and immunosuppressive therapies for lung disease: a potential reciprocal influence between their use and malignancy Abstract Introduction Biological drugs for lung diseases versus risk of malignancies Omalizumab Anti-IL-5 mAbs Dupilumab Tezepelumab TNF-α-targeting agents Other mAbs Effects of malignancy on the immune system and drug efficacy Malignancy and eosinophils Immune checkpoints, malignancy and lung diseases Malignancy and biological therapy Malignancy immunotherapy, biological therapy and lung diseases Pulmonary immunosuppressant drugs Conclusion References Inhaled corticosteroids and lung cancer in COPD: evaluating their role in chemoprevention Abstract Introduction Methods RCTs on the effects of ICSs in preventing lung cancer Bronchial dysplasia Lung nodules Clinical studies on the effect of ICSs on the risk of lung cancer in COPD Glucocorticoid receptor activation signalling pathway and tumour progression or suppression The GR activation signalling pathway in tumour suppression The GR activation signalling pathway in tumour progression The possible pathophysiological link between COPD and lung cancer Potential mechanisms by which ICSs suppress the development of lung cancer Anti-inflammation Induction of growth arrest/suppression of lung cancer cells Suppression of EMT Modulation of the airway microbiome Future directions and unanswered questions Conclusion References Antibiotics for lung disease and cancer Abstract Introduction The risk factors, microbiology and epidemiology of infections in lung cancer The interaction between antibiotics, pathogens and the host The interaction between antibiotics and cancer treatment The impact of the microbiome on carcinogenesis and future research References