The Cold War in Universities: U.S. and Soviet Cultural Diplomacy, 1945–1990

Description

In Cold War in Universities: U.S. and Soviet Cultural Diplomacy, 1945–1990 Natalia Tsvetkova offers an account of how professors and students restrained the Americanization or Sovietization of their national universities around the world during the Cold War. Contents Abbreviations Introduction 1 The Cold War, Cultural Diplomacy, and Universities 2 Universities in Cultural Cold War Studies 3 Archival Documents: What They Reveal 4 Theoretical Discussion: Realism, Constructivism, Americanization/Sovietization, Response Concept, or Fear? 1. Europe: Opposition of “Conservative” Professors to U.S. and Soviet Transformations in German 1 Introduction 2 U.S. and Soviet Cultural Offensive in Universities of Divided Germany: Making a Pliable Professor 2.1 Facing the Old Professors: U.S. and Soviet Perceptions 2.2 Purging Rectors 2.3 Purging Professors 2.4 Pliable Professors? 2.5 U.S. and Soviet Institutions in German Universities 3 Opposition of “Conservative Professors” to U.S. and Soviet Reforms 3.1 U.S. Advisors and Opposed Professors 3.2 Soviet Advisors and Opposed Professors 4 Conclusion 2. Middle East and Central Asia: Americanization, Sovietization, and Resistance in Afghanistan 1 Introduction 2 Kabul University under the Control of the United States 2.1 Promoting the Faculty of Engineering 2.2 English as the Language of Instruction 2.3 Turmoil and Termination of Projects 2.4 Aftermath… 3 Kabul University under Soviet Control 3.1 Purging Everything “American” 4 Professors and Students at Kabul University: Resistance to Americanization and Sovietization 4.1 Professors against U.S. and Soviet Advisors 4.2 Students against U.S. and Soviet Advisors 5 Conclusion 3. Africa: When Development and Professors Erased U.S. and Soviet Transformations in Universities 1 Introduction 2 U.S. Advisors at Haile Selassie I University: Under the Pressure of Ethiopianization 2.1 Building a University Scattered across the City 2.2 Faculty of Education: Between Success and Failure 2.3 Ethiopianization: A Clash between Local and U.S. Professors 2.4 Anti-Americanism of Students: Undermining American Transformations 3 Soviet Advisors at Bahar Dar Polytechnic Institute: Caught between Sabotaged Professors and Loyal Students 3.1 The Ethiopian Government versus Soviet Advisors 3.2 Professors: Sabotage against Russians 3.3 Students: Between Government Repression and Soviet Marxism 4 Conclusion 4. Asia-Pacific: Sabotage of Academics against U.S. and Soviet Strangers in Vietnam 1 Introduction 2 Making Teachers of English: U.S. Education Policy in Saigon 2.1 The University of Saigon and the Faculty of Pedagogy: Making a Teacher 2.2 U.S. Advisors at Schools: Building Infrastructure 2.3 Successes, Failures, and Consequences of American Reforms 3 Making Teachers of Russian: Soviet Education Policy in Hanoi 3.1 Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages at Hanoi: Making a Teacher of Russian Language 3.2 Soviet Advisors at Schools: Teaching Children 3.3 Successes, Failures, and Consequences of Soviet Reforms 4 Conclusion 5. Latin America and Caribbean: Fear in U.S. and Soviet University Policy in Guatemala and Cuba 1 Introduction 2 The Policy of “Low Gringo Visibility” at Guatemalan Universities 2.1 Beginnings of U.S. Cultural Diplomacy before the Cold War 2.2 Imposing Social Service at San Carlos University: Extending the Functions of a Traditional University 2.3 Fear and a Policy of Low Gringo Visibility 2.4 Leaving the Traditional University: The Shift to Alternative Academies 3 The Policy of Appeasement by “Russo Soviético” in Cuba 3.1 Approaching the Universities of Latin America 3.2 Soviets at the University of Havana: Fear of Loss 3.3 Soviets at Alternative Academies: Facing Opposition and Denial 4 Conclusion Conclusion Bibliography Archival Sources National Archives Records Administration (NARA), College Park, MA, United States Records group 59, General Records of the Department of State Records group 260, Records of US Occupation Headquarters. World War II. Office of Military Government of the United States Records group 286, Agency for International Development Records group 353, Records of Interdepartmental and Intradepartmental Committees (State Department) University of Arkansas Library, Fayetteville, AR, United States Special Collections, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Historical Collection State Archive of Russian Federation (GARF), Moscow, Russia Records group P–7317, Files of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany Records group P–7133, The Main Office of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany, Sachsen–Anhalt Records group 9518, The Committee on Cultural Ties with Foreign Countries at the Council of Ministers, 1957–1987 Records group 9563, The Ministry of Education of the USSR, 1966–1988 Records group 9606, The Ministry of Higher and Vocational Education of the USSR Records group 9661, State Committee on People’s Education, 1988–1991 Russian State Archive of Social–Political History (RGASPI), Moscow, Russia Records group 17, Central Committee of the Communist Party Russian State Archive of Modern History (RGANI), Moscow, Russia Records group 5, Central Committee of Communist Party. Records of the Education and Science Commission, 1949–1991 Interviews Published Documents Literature Index