Advanced Medical Nutrition Therapy

Description

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page Contents Foreword Preface Features of This Text Acknowledgments About the Authors Contributors Reviewers Section 1 Fundamentals in Practice Chapter 1 Nutrition Assessment Overview of the Nutrition Care Process The Purpose of Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Screening The Role of Nutrition Screening in NCPM Screening in Acute Care Nutrition Screening Tools Final Comparison of Screening Tools for Acute Care Nutrition Assessment Anthropometric Measurements Biochemical Data, Medical Tests, and Procedures Client History Nutrition-Focused Physical Findings Food/Nutrition-Related History Energy Balance Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 2 Biochemical Assessment Introduction Specimen Types Assay Types Routine Medical Laboratory Tests Fluid and Electrolytes Acid–Base Physiology Endocrine Function: Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Protein Assessment Enzymes Lipid Profile Hematology Interpretation of Anemia Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 3 Enteral Nutrition Introduction The Evolution of Enteral Nutrition Determining the Route of Enteral Nutrition Short-term Placement Long-term Placement Types of Enteral Tubes Gastric Versus Small-Bowel Feeding Gastric Feeding Small-bowel Feeding Formula Delivery Methods Continuous Intermittent Bolus Feedings Enteral Formula Compositions Carbohydrates Fats Protein Vitamins and Minerals Fiber Pre- and Probiotics Disease-Specific Formulas Renal Dysfunction Pulmonary Dysfunction Liver Dysfunction Diabetes Trauma/Wound Healing Developing an EN Feeding Plan Complication Monitoring Aspiration Nausea/Vomiting Abdominal Distention Gastroparesis (Delayed Gastric Emptying) Constipation Diarrhea Early Enteral Nutrition Immunonutrition Gastrointestinal Tract as an Immune Organ The Gut and Systemic Inflammatory Response System Conditionally Essential Amino Acids Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 4 Parenteral Nutrition Therapy Introduction Brief History of Parenteral Nutrition Parenteral Nutrition Administration Venous Access Central Parenteral Nutrition Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition Indications and Contraindications Parenteral Nutrition Formulation Carbohydrate Amino Acids Lipids Electrolytes Multivitamins Trace Elements Other Additives Initiation and Progression of Parenteral Nutrition Safety Check of Macronutrient Infusion Rates Electrolyte Requirements Vitamin and Trace Element Requirements Progression of PN Transitional Feeding Parenteral Nutrition Monitoring Anthropometrics Vital Signs Biochemistry Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam Central Venous Access Complications and Their Management Mechanical Complications Metabolic Complications Hyper- and Hypoglycemia Electrolyte Abnormalities Hyper- and Hypovolemia Overfeeding Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Hepatobiliary Complications Home Parenteral Nutrition Indications and Access Prognosis of HPN Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 5 Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Metabolic Stress Introduction Characteristics of the Inflammatory Response Ebb and Flow Phases Alterations in Metabolism Associated with the Inflammatory Response Energy Cost Associated with Altered Metabolism Hormonal and Metabolic Response to Stress Versus Starvation Glucose Metabolism and Stress Hyperglycemia Protein Catabolic State Fat Metabolism and Lipolysis Determination of Energy Expenditure During Normal and Stressed Conditions Total Energy Expenditure and Its Components Estimating Total Energy Expenditure Factorial Approach to Determining Energy Requirements Under Normal Conditions Factorial Approach in Determining TEE in Hospitalized, Metabolically Stressed Patients Measuring Energy Expenditure—Direct and Indirect Calorimetry Use of Indirect Calorimetry to Prevent Over- and Underfeeding Interpretation of Respiratory Quotient Determination of Body Composition and Its Components During Metabolic Stress Traditional Assessment of Nutritional Status Models of Body Composition Anthropometry Two Compartment Model Methods Relying on Measures of Total Body Water The Effect of Catabolic Disease on Body Composition Multi-Compartmental Models Combined Isotope Dilution Studies Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Imaging Techniques Metabolic Support Aimed at Preserving Body Cell Mass Chapter Summary Key Terms References Section 2 Nutrition in Disease States Chapter 6 Nutrition in Critical Illness: A Burn Injury Model Introduction Pathophysiology of the Catabolic Response Following Acute Burn Injury Medical Treatment/Clinical Course Medical Treatment/Clinical Course Specific to Burn Patients Oxandrolone Propranolol Nutritional Management Assessment Treatment Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 7 Nutrition in Wound Healing Introduction Pathophysiology of Wounds and Wound Healing Inflammation Proliferation Remodeling Chronic Wounds Pathophysiology of the Chronic Wound Chronic Venous Ulcers Diabetic Ulcers Pressure Ulcers Alterations in Physiological State and Metabolism During Wound Healing Medical Treatment of Wounds Medical Nutrition Therapy for Wound Healing Screening Assessment Nutritional Requirements Diet and Nutrition Intervention Monitoring Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 8 Nutritional Management of Obesity Introduction Prevalence Classification of Obesity: Is Obesity a Disease? Causes and Contributions to the Obesity Epidemic Genetic Factors Environmental Factors Social Factors Biological Factors Developmental Factors Hormonal Factors Orexigenic Hormones Anorexigenic Hormones Alterations in Body Composition in Obesity Nutrition Assessment in Obesity Anthropometric Assessment Body Mass Index (BMI) Waist Circumference Waist-to-Hip Ratio Weight History Biochemical Assessment Clinical Assessment Medical and Psychosocial History Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam Dietary Assessment Dietary History Nutrition Patterns Other Considerations Physical Activity Sleep Patterns Readiness/Motivation Support System Cultural and Socioeconomic Factors Other Assessment of Energy Requirement Pathophysiology Associated with Obesity Weight-Related Comorbidities Cardiovascular System Metabolic/Endocrine System Gastrointestinal System Immune System Musculoskeletal System Respiratory System Obesity Management Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention Dietary Behavior Physical Activity Pharmacotherapy Bariatric Surgery Comorbidity Outcomes Micronutrient Concerns Emerging Treatment Options Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 9 Nutritional Management of Diabetes Mellitus Introduction: Incidence and Scope Pathophysiology of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Gestational Diabetes Screening, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Diabetes Diabetes Screening and Risk Factors Diagnostic Criteria and Staging Nutritional Requirements in Diabetes Carbohydrate Fiber Sucrose and Other Nutritive Sweeteners Protein Fat Nonnutritive Sweeteners Alcohol Micronutrients Herbal and Dietary Supplements Cinnamon Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Intervention Advanced Carbohydrate Counting or Matching Insulin to Carbohydrate Method Exercise Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Carbohydrate Adjustment Glycemic Targets and Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Acute and Chronic Complications of Diabetes Acute Complications Chronic Complications Medical Treatment of Diabetes Insulin Surgical Treatment Options Metabolic Surgery Hospitalization and Illness for Patients with Diabetes Noncritical Patients with Diabetes Admitted to the Hospital Management of Patients with Diabetes Requiring Nutrition Support Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 10 Nutrition in Cardiovascular Disease Introduction Cardiac Physiology in Health and Disease CVD Clinical Course Dyslipidemia Nutritional Management in CVD Nutrition Assessment in CVD Medications in CVD Energy Needs in CVD Nutrition Intervention in CVD Replacement of Saturated/Trans Fats with Other Fats or Carbohydrates Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fiber Nuts Plant Stanols and Sterols Added Sugar Physical Activity Antioxidant Supplements Alcohol Smoking Cessation Nutrition Monitoring/Evaluation in CVD Hypertension Clinical Course Nutritional Management in Hypertension Nutrition Assessment in Hypertension Medications in Hypertension Energy Needs in Hypertension Nutrition Intervention in Hypertension DASH Diet and Sodium Reduction Potassium Supplementation Alcohol Intake Physical Activity Smoking Cessation Nutrition Monitoring/Evaluation in Hypertension Obesity and CVD Clinical Course CVD Outcomes Advanced Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment Heart Failure Clinical Course Nutritional Management in Heart Failure Nutrition Assessment in Heart Failure Medications in Heart Failure Assessing for Obesity Assessing for Cardiac Cachexia Nutrition Intervention in Heart Failure Sodium and Fluid Restrictions Heart-healthy Eating Blood Glucose Management Dietary Supplements Nutrition Intervention in the Case of Cardiac Cachexia Nutrition Monitoring/Evaluation in Heart Failure Nutrition Support in CVD Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 11 Nutrition in Oral Health Introduction Background Nutrition and Oral Health Interrelationships Nutrition and Development of the Oral Cavity Effect of Oral Health on Diet and Nutrition Effect of Systemic Nutrition Deficiency or Excess on the Oral Cavity Effects of Diet and Dietary Habits on Common Oral Diseases Dental Caries Periodontal Disease Edentulism and Dentures Oral Infections Oral Health During the Life Cycle Pregnancy Infancy and Early Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Geriatrics Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 12 Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Maldigestion Introduction Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System Overview of Digestion and Absorption Pathophysiological Distinction: Maldigestion versus Malabsorption Key Mechanisms of Digestion Medical Nutrition Therapy for Disorders of Digestion Gastric Surgery Pancreatitis Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 13 Nutrition Management of Gastrointestinal Malabsorption Introduction Key Mechanisms of Absorption Absorption Sites Medical Nutrition Therapy for Disorders of Absorption Celiac Disease (CD) Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Leaky Gut Helicobacter pylori Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) Bowel Surgery and Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 14 Nutrition in Kidney Disease Introduction Renal Physiology in Health and Disease Functions of the Kidney Diseases of the Kidney Acute Kidney Injury Chronic Kidney Disease End-Stage Renal Disease Renal Replacement Therapy Kinetic Modeling Monitoring Nutritional Adequacy During Dialysis Nutrition Support in Kidney Disease Indications for Nutrition Support Nephrotic Syndrome Medical Nutrition Therapy for Nephrotic Syndrome Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 15 Nutrition in Liver Disease Introduction to the Liver Liver Structure and Functions Overview and Pathophysiology of Liver Disease Malnutrition in Liver Disease Acute Liver Disease Acute Viral Hepatitis Acute Drug-Induced Hepatitis Acute Liver Failure Nutrition Management Chronic Liver Disease Alcoholic Liver Disease Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Inherited Diseases Alterations in Metabolism Carbohydrate Metabolism Protein Metabolism Fat Metabolism Nutrition Assessment Body Composition Functional Capacity Nutrition Therapy for Cirrhosis Energy Requirements Protein Requirements Vitamin D Zinc Oral Nutrition Enteral Nutrition Parenteral Nutrition Summary Key Terms References Chapter 16 Nutrition in Pulmonary Disease Introduction Pulmonary Physiology in Health and Disease Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Body Composition Nutrition Intervention Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Nutrition Support and Pulmonary Disease Immunonutrition Micronutrients Antioxidants Vitamins and Minerals Quality of Life and Psychosocial Support Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 17 Nutrition in Cystic Fibrosis Introduction Diagnosis Clinical Manifestations of CF CF and the Lungs Relationship between Lung Function and Nutritional Status Nutrition Assessment Energy and Protein Needs Anthropometrics Biochemical Assessment Diet Assessment Pancreatic Insufficiency Nutrition Management in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Macronutrients Infants Micronutrients Sodium Chloride Nutrition Support Nutrition-related Complications of Cystic Fibrosis Gastrointestinal Complications CF-related Diabetes CF-related Bone Disease Summary Key Terms References Chapter 18 Nutrition in Solid Organ Transplantation Introduction Background Indications and Contraindications for Transplantation Kidney Transplant Indications Pancreas Transplant Indications Liver Transplant Indications Heart Transplant Indications Lung Transplant Indications Small-bowel Transplant Indications Contraindications to Transplantation Medical Treatment Organ Donation and Matching Complicating Factors Nutritional Management Pretransplant Phase Acute Posttransplant Phase Dietary Therapy Chronic Posttransplant Phase Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 19 Nutrition in Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Background/Etiology Epidemiology Cancer Staging Medical Treatment of Cancer Radiation Therapy Chemotherapy Surgery Biotherapy Hormone Therapy Nutrition Screening and Assessment in Cancer Patients Nutrition Screening Nutrition Assessment Estimating Nutrition Needs in Cancer Patients Cancer Cachexia and Metabolic Changes Associated with Cancer Cancer Cachexia Approaches to Management in Cancer Cachexia Overview of Nutritional Support in the Cancer Patient Nutritional Management of Specific Solid Tumors Head and Neck Cancers Esophageal Cancer Gastric Cancer Intestinal Cancers Pancreatic Cancer Lung Cancer Nutritional Management of Hematological Cancers Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Estimating Energy Needs Nutritional Support During Acute Phase of HSCT Graft Versus Host Disease Glutamine and Nutrition Support Low-Microbial Diets Nutrition Support in the Advanced Cancer Patient Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Integrative Medicine, and the Cancer Patient Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 20 Nutrition in HIV/AIDS Introduction HIV Infection Epidemiology Medical Management Antiretroviral Treatment Food Insecurity Primary Care Pathophysiology and Alterations in Physical State Energy and Protein Metabolism Lipid Metabolism Bone Loss Gastrointestinal Function, Inflammation, and Micronutrient Deficiencies Breastfeeding Nutritional Management Medical History and Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence Nutritional Assessment Nutritional Management of HIV Wasting Nutritional Management of Unintentional Weight Loss Nutritional Management of Lipodystrophy Nutritional Management of Bone Loss Micronutrient Supplementation Chapter Summary Key Terms References Section 3 Nutrition in the Lifecycle Chapter 21 Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation Introduction: Nutrition in Pregnancy Maternal Health and Birth Outcome Physiological Alterations Throughout Pregnancy Nutrition Therapy Throughout Pregnancy Nutrition Assessment During Pregnancy Preconception/Prenatal Care Gestational Weight Gain Macronutrient Requirements Physical Activity Recommendations Dietary Restrictions During Pregnancy Food Cravings and Aversions Gastroenterologic Symptoms During Pregnancy Nutrition Therapy in Unique Pregnancies Nutritional Management of Preexisting Diseases in Pregnancy Eating Disorders During Pregnancy Diabetes (Nongestational) HIV Infection Pregnancy-Induced Diseases Nutrition Support in Pregnancy Enteral Nutrition Parenteral Nutrition Summary: Nutrition in Pregnancy Introduction: Nutrition in Lactation Physiology of Lactation Human Milk Composition Nutritional Composition of Breast Milk Practice of Lactation Breastfeeding Initiation and Techniques Special Cases and Contraindications The Lactating Mother: Nutritional Considerations Nutrition Assessment of a Lactating Mother Nutritional Requirements for Lactation The Registered Dietitian’s Role in Breastfeeding Promotion Promoting Breastfeeding as an RD Current Trends and Breastfeeding Assistance Programs Summary: Nutrition in Lactation Key Terms References Chapter 22 Nutrition in Neonatology Introduction Background Goals of Growth and Nutrition for Premature Infants  Metabolism and Body Composition in Prematurity  Energy Requirements  Protein Requirements  Carbohydrate Requirements  Fat Requirements  Fluid Requirements  Electrolyte Requirements Methods of Feeding Parenteral Nutrition (PN) Vascular Access  Energy Requirements  Enteral Nutrition  Feeding Selection  Breast Milk, Breastfeeding, and Donor Milk Preterm and Transitional Formulas  Preparing for Discharge  Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 23 Nutrition in Pediatrics Introduction Growth and Development Physical Growth and Its Characteristics Body Composition During Growth Nutrition Screening and Assessment Anthropometric Measures Evaluating Growth Using Standardized Growth Charts Diet Interview and History Nutrition-focused Physical Exam Biochemical Data Medical and Social History Assessing Patterns of Growth and Etiology Interpreting Changes in Weight-for-Age Normal Pediatric Nutrition Nutrient Requirements Introduction of Food and Developmental Cues Pediatric Malnutrition Failure to Thrive Calculating Energy Needs for Catch-Up Growth Nutrition Support During Times of Illness or Chronic Disease Enteral Nutrition Parenteral Nutrition Immunonutrition in Nutrition Support of Children Glutamine Arginine Omega-3 Fatty Acids Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 24 Nutritional Management of Childhood Obesity Introduction Prevalence Defining Childhood Obesity Childhood Obesity and Medical Comorbidities Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Hypertension, and Epicardial Fat Metabolic Syndrome Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Asthma Sleep Apnea Other Comorbidities: Orthopedic, Dental, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Psychological Effects of Childhood Obesity Depression and Obesity Stigma Peer Relationships Family Relationships Cognitive Impairment Health-Related Quality of Life Factors Associated with Childhood Obesity Low Socioeconomic Status Family Patterns Genetic Factors Assessment, Management, and Intervention Nutrition Assessment of Childhood Obesity Primary and Secondary Prevention: Approaches to Weight Loss Behavioral Intervention Dietary Intervention Physical Activity Intervention Approaches Group Based Motivational Interviewing Positive Reinforcement Stimulus Control Goal Setting Surgical Intervention Indications for Surgical Intervention Weight Loss Procedures Nutritional Considerations Postoperative Care Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 25 Nutrition in Eating Disorders Introduction Background and Etiology Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder and Orthorexia Prognosis Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder Psychological Treatment Pharmacotherapy Nutrition Assessment Anthropometric Assessment Dietary Assessment Biochemical Assessment Medical Nutrition Therapy Goals and Guidelines Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder Counseling Nutrition Education Patient Monitoring and Evaluation Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 26 Nutrition in Developmental Disabilities Introduction Prader Willi Anthropometrics Biochemical and Clinical Assessment of Energy Needs Long-term Monitoring and Evaluation Spina Bifida Anthropometrics Biochemical and Clinical Assessment of Energy Needs Feeding Difficulties Weight Challenges Long-term Monitoring and Evaluation Cerebral Palsy Anthropometrics Biochemical and Clinical Assessment of Energy Needs Feeding Difficulties Weight Challenges Long-term Monitoring and Evaluation Down Syndrome Anthropometrics Biochemical and Clinical Assessment of Needs Long-term Monitoring/Evaluation Autism Spectrum Disorders Anthropometrics Biochemical and Clinical Feeding Difficulties Assessment of Needs Long-term Monitoring and Evaluation Chapter Summary Key Terms References Chapter 27 Nutrition in Geriatrics Introduction Background and Etiology Changes in Body Composition in the Geriatric Population Sarcopenia Frailty Pressure Injury Sarcopenic Obesity Malnutrition Risk in Geriatrics Physiologic Factors Overall Health Status Psychological/Neurocognitive Status Functional Status Dysphagia Social Factors Nutrition Screening and Assessment in Geriatrics Nutrient Needs Energy Requirements Protein Requirement Recommendations for Fiber Intake Fluid Requirements Physiologic Alterations Effecting Micronutrient Metabolism Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Calcium Nutrition Management Nutrition Support Chapter Summary Key Terms References Glossary Index