Physical Science, 11th Edition

Description

Physical Science, Eleventh Edition, is intended to serve the needs of non-science majors who are required to complete one or more physical science courses. It offers exceptional, straight-forward writing, complemented with useful pedagogical tools. Physical Science introduces basic concepts and key ideas while providing opportunities for students to learn reasoning skills and a new way of thinking about their environment. No prior work in science is assumed. The text offers students complete coverage of the physical sciences with a level of explanation and detail appropriate for all students. The sequence of chapters in Physical Science is flexible, and the instructor can determine topic sequence and depth of coverage as needed. The materials are also designed to support a conceptual approach, or a combined conceptual and problem-solving approach. Along with the accompanying laboratory manual, the text contains enough material for the instructor to select a sequence for a two-semester course. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Brief Contents......Page 4 Contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 12 Meet the Authors......Page 17 1 What Is Science?......Page 18 1.1 Objects and Properties......Page 19 1.3 Measurement Systems......Page 21 Mass......Page 22 1.5 Metric Prefixes......Page 23 Ratios and Generalizations......Page 24 The Density Ratio......Page 25 Symbols and Equations......Page 27 How to Solve Problems......Page 28 1.7 The Nature of Science......Page 30 Explanations and Investigations......Page 31 Science and Society: Basic and Applied Research......Page 32 Models and Theories......Page 34 Summary......Page 36 People Behind the Science: Florence Bascom (1862-1945)......Page 37 Applying the Concepts......Page 38 Questions for Thought......Page 40 Parallel Exercises......Page 41 2 Motion......Page 42 2.1 Describing Motion......Page 43 Speed......Page 44 Acceleration......Page 46 Science and Society: Transportation and the Environment......Page 48 Forces......Page 49 2.3 Horizontal Motion on Land......Page 51 2.4 Falling Objects......Page 52 A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer's Edge......Page 54 2.5 Compound Motion......Page 55 Horizontal Projectiles......Page 56 Newton's First Law of Motion......Page 58 Newton's Second Law of Motion......Page 59 Weight and Mass......Page 61 Newton's Third Law of Motion......Page 62 Conservation of Momentum......Page 64 Impulse......Page 65 2.8 Forces and Circular Motion......Page 66 2.9 Newton's Law of Gravitation......Page 67 Earth Satellites......Page 69 A Closer Look: Gravity Problems......Page 70 Weightlessness......Page 71 People Behind the Science: Isaac Newton (1642-1727)......Page 72 Summary......Page 73 Applying the Concepts......Page 74 Parallel Exercises......Page 77 3 Energy......Page 79 3.1 Work......Page 80 Units of Work......Page 81 Power......Page 82 A Closer Look: Simple Machines......Page 83 Potential Energy......Page 85 Kinetic Energy......Page 86 3.3 Energy Flow......Page 87 Energy Forms......Page 88 Energy Conversion......Page 90 Energy Conservation......Page 92 Petroleum......Page 93 Moving Water......Page 94 Nuclear......Page 95 Conserving Energy......Page 96 Solar Technologies......Page 97 Hydrogen......Page 98 Applying the Concepts......Page 99 For Further Analysis......Page 101 Parallel Exercises......Page 102 4 Heat and Temperature......Page 104 4.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory......Page 105 Phases of Matter......Page 106 Molecules Move......Page 107 Thermometers......Page 108 Temperature Scales......Page 109 A Closer Look: Goose Bumps and Shivering......Page 111 Heat as Energy Transfer......Page 112 Specific Heat......Page 113 Heat Flow......Page 115 Science and Society: Require Insulation......Page 116 4.4 Energy, Heat, and Molecular Theory......Page 117 Phase Change......Page 118 A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design......Page 120 Evaporation and Condensation......Page 122 4.5 Thermodynamics......Page 123 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 124 The Second Law and Natural Processes......Page 125 People Behind the Science: Count Rumford (Benjamin Thompson) (1753-1814)......Page 126 Summary......Page 127 Applying the Concepts......Page 128 Parallel Exercises......Page 131 5 Wave Motions and Sound......Page 133 Forces and Vibrations......Page 134 Describing Vibrations......Page 135 5.2 Waves......Page 136 Waves in Air......Page 137 5.3 Describing Waves......Page 138 Medium Required......Page 140 Velocity of Sound in Air......Page 141 Refraction and Reflection......Page 142 Interference......Page 144 How Loud Is That Sound?......Page 145 Resonance......Page 146 Vibrating Strings......Page 147 Sounds from Moving Sources......Page 149 People Behind the Science: Johann Christian Doppler (1803-1853)......Page 150 Summary......Page 151 Applying the Concepts......Page 152 Parallel Exercises......Page 155 6 Electricity......Page 157 Electron Theory of Charge......Page 158 Measuring Electrical Charges......Page 161 Force Fields......Page 162 6.2 Electric Current......Page 164 The Electric Circuit......Page 165 The Nature of Current......Page 166 Electrical Resistance......Page 168 Electrical Power and Electrical Work......Page 169 6.3 Magnetism......Page 172 Magnetic Fields......Page 173 The Source of Magnetic Fields......Page 175 Current Loops......Page 176 Applications of Electromagnets......Page 177 6.5 Electromagnetic Induction......Page 179 Transformers......Page 180 Voltage Sources in Circuits......Page 182 Resistances in Circuits......Page 184 A Closer Look: Solar Cells......Page 185 Household Circuits......Page 186 Summary......Page 188 Key Terms......Page 189 Applying the Concepts......Page 190 For Further Analysis......Page 192 Parallel Exercises......Page 193 7 Light......Page 195 7.1 Sources of Light......Page 196 Case Study: Bioluminous......Page 197 7.2 Properties of Light......Page 198 Light Interacts with Matter......Page 199 Reflection......Page 200 Refraction......Page 201 Dispersion and Color......Page 204 A Closer Look: Optics......Page 205 7.3 Evidence for Waves......Page 207 A Closer Look: The Rainbow......Page 208 Polarization......Page 209 A Closer Look: Optic Fibers......Page 210 7.4 Evidence for Particles......Page 211 Quantization of Energy......Page 212 7.5 The Present Theory......Page 213 Special Relativity......Page 214 Relativity Theory Applied......Page 215 People Behind the Science: James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)......Page 216 Applying the Concepts......Page 217 Invitation to Inquiry......Page 220 Parallel Exercises......Page 221 8 Atoms and Periodic Properties......Page 222 8.1 Atomic Structure Discovered......Page 223 Discovery of the Electron......Page 224 The Nucleus......Page 225 Case Study: Oil Drop Experiment......Page 226 Case Study: Discovery of the Nucleus......Page 227 Atomic Spectra......Page 228 Bohr's Theory......Page 229 Matter Waves......Page 232 The Quantum Mechanics Model......Page 233 Science and Society: Atomic Research......Page 234 8.4 Electron Configuration......Page 235 8.5 The Periodic Table......Page 236 8.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semiconductors......Page 238 A Closer Look: The Rare Earths......Page 239 People Behind the Science: Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834-1907)......Page 240 A Closer Look: Semiconductors......Page 241 Summary......Page 242 Applying the Concepts......Page 243 Questions for Thought......Page 245 Parallel Exercises......Page 246 9 Chemical Bonds......Page 249 9.1 Compounds and Chemical Change......Page 250 9.2 Valence Electrons and Ions......Page 252 9.3 Chemical Bonds......Page 253 Ionic Bonds......Page 254 Covalent Bonds......Page 256 9.4 Bond Polarity......Page 258 Case Study: Electronegativity......Page 260 Ionic Compound Names......Page 261 Ionic Compound Formulas......Page 262 Science and Society: Microwave Ovens and Molecular Bonds......Page 263 Covalent Compound Names......Page 264 Covalent Compound Formulas......Page 265 Key Terms......Page 266 Applying the Concepts......Page 267 Invitation to Inquiry......Page 269 Parallel Exercises......Page 270 10 Chemical Reactions......Page 271 10.1 Chemical Formulas......Page 272 Percent Composition of Compounds......Page 273 Balancing Equations......Page 275 Generalizing Equations......Page 279 10.3 Types of Chemical Reactions......Page 280 Decomposition Reactions......Page 281 Ion Exchange Reactions......Page 282 10.4 Information from Chemical Equations......Page 283 Units of Measurement used with Equations......Page 285 Quantitative Uses of Equations......Page 287 Summary......Page 288 Applying the Concepts......Page 289 Parallel Exercises......Page 292 11 Water and Solutions......Page 294 11.1 Household Water......Page 295 Science and Society: Who Has the Right?......Page 296 The Dissolving Process......Page 298 Concentration of Solutions......Page 299 Solubility......Page 302 Electrolytes......Page 303 Boiling Point......Page 304 Freezing Point......Page 305 Properties of Acids and Bases......Page 306 Explaining Acid-Base Properties......Page 307 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases......Page 308 Properties of Salts......Page 309 Hard and Soft Water......Page 310 A Closer Look: Acid Rain......Page 311 People Behind the Science: Johannes Nicolaus Brnsted (1879-1947)......Page 312 Applying the Concepts......Page 313 Parallel Exercises......Page 316 12 Organic Chemistry......Page 318 12.1 Organic Compounds......Page 319 12.2 Hydrocarbons......Page 320 Alkenes and Alkynes......Page 322 12.3 Petroleum......Page 323 12.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives......Page 325 Alcohols......Page 326 Organic Acids and Esters......Page 328 Science and Society: Aspirin, a Common Organic Compound......Page 329 Proteins......Page 330 Carbohydrates......Page 331 Fats and Oils......Page 332 Synthetic Polymers......Page 333 A Closer Look: How to Sort Plastic Bottles for Recycling......Page 335 People Behind the Science: Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896)......Page 336 Applying the Concepts......Page 337 Invitation to Inquiry......Page 340 Parallel Exercises......Page 341 13 Nuclear Reactions......Page 342 13.1 Natural Radioactivity......Page 343 Nuclear Equations......Page 344 The Nature of the Nucleus......Page 345 Types of Radioactive Decay......Page 346 Radioactive Decay Series......Page 348 Measurement Methods......Page 350 Radiation Units......Page 351 Radiation Exposure......Page 352 13.3 Nuclear Energy......Page 353 A Closer Look: Radiation and Food Preservation......Page 354 A Closer Look: Nuclear Medicine......Page 355 Nuclear Fission......Page 356 Nuclear Power Plants......Page 357 A Closer Look: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima I......Page 359 Nuclear Fusion......Page 362 Science and Society: High-Level Nuclear Waste......Page 363 The Source of Nuclear Energy......Page 364 Applying the Concepts......Page 365 Parallel Exercises......Page 368 14 The Universe......Page 370 14.1 The Night Sky......Page 371 Origin of Stars......Page 373 Brightness of Stars......Page 375 Star Temperature......Page 376 Star Types......Page 377 The Life of a Star......Page 378 A Closer Look: Observing with New Technology......Page 381 14.3 Galaxies......Page 382 The Milky Way Galaxy......Page 383 People Behind the Science: Jocelyn (Susan) Bell Burnell (1943- )......Page 384 14.4 The Universe......Page 385 A Closer Look: Dark Energy......Page 386 A Closer Look: Dark Matter......Page 388 Key Terms......Page 389 Applying the Concepts......Page 390 Questions for Thought......Page 392 Parallel Exercises......Page 393 15 The Solar System......Page 395 15.1 Planets, Moons, and Other Bodies......Page 396 Mercury......Page 398 Venus......Page 399 Mars......Page 400 Case Study: Worth the Cost?......Page 403 Jupiter......Page 404 Saturn......Page 407 Uranus and Neptune......Page 408 Comets......Page 409 Meteors and Meteorites......Page 411 Stage B......Page 414 The Geocentric Model......Page 415 The Heliocentric Model......Page 416 Summary......Page 419 Applying the Concepts......Page 420 Invitation to Inquiry......Page 422 Parallel Exercises......Page 423 16 Earth in Space......Page 424 16.1 Shape and Size of Earth......Page 425 Orbit......Page 427 Rotation......Page 429 Precession......Page 430 Identifying Place......Page 431 Measuring Time......Page 432 Science and Society: Saving Time?......Page 436 16.4 The Moon......Page 439 Composition and Features......Page 441 History of the Moon......Page 442 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon......Page 443 Tides......Page 444 People Behind the Science: Carl Edward Sagan......Page 446 Key Terms......Page 447 Applying the Concepts......Page 448 Questions for Thought......Page 450 Parallel Exercises......Page 451 17 Rocks and Minerals......Page 453 17.1 Solid Earth Materials......Page 454 17.2 Minerals......Page 455 Silicates and Nonsilicates......Page 456 Physical Properties of Minerals......Page 457 17.3 Mineral-Forming Processes......Page 460 17.4 Rocks......Page 461 Igneous Rocks......Page 462 Science and Society: Costs of Mining Mineral Resources......Page 463 Sedimentary Rocks......Page 464 A Closer Look: Asbestos......Page 466 Science and Society: Using Mineral Resources......Page 467 People Behind the Science: Victor Moritz Goldschmidt......Page 468 17.5 The Rock Cycle......Page 469 Applying the Concepts......Page 470 For Further Analysis......Page 472 Parallel Exercises......Page 473 18 Plate Tectonics......Page 475 18.1 History of Earth's Interior......Page 476 Surface Waves......Page 477 The Crust......Page 478 The Core......Page 479 A More Detailed Structure......Page 480 18.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics......Page 481 Evidence from the Ocean......Page 482 Lithosphere Plates and Boundaries......Page 484 A Closer Look: Measuring Plate Movement......Page 486 Present-Day Understandings......Page 488 People Behind the Science: Harry Hammond Hess......Page 489 Science and Society: Geothermal Energy......Page 490 Applying the Concepts......Page 492 Parallel Exercises......Page 495 19 Building Earth's Surface......Page 498 19.1 Interpreting Earth's Surface......Page 499 Stress and Strain......Page 500 Folding......Page 501 Faulting......Page 502 Causes of Earthquakes......Page 505 Locating and Measuring Earthquakes......Page 506 Measuring Earthquake Strength......Page 508 A Closer Look: Earthquake Safety......Page 509 Folded and Faulted Mountains......Page 510 Volcanic Mountains......Page 511 A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the World......Page 514 People Behind the Science: James Hutton......Page 515 Applying the Concepts......Page 516 Invitation to Inquiry......Page 519 Parallel Exercises......Page 520 20 Shaping Earth's Surface......Page 522 20.2 Weathering......Page 524 Mass Movement......Page 527 Running Water......Page 529 Glaciers......Page 531 Wind......Page 534 Science and Society: Acid Rain......Page 535 Stage of Development......Page 536 Summary......Page 537 Applying the Concepts......Page 538 Invitation to Inquiry......Page 540 Parallel Exercises......Page 541 21 Geologic Time......Page 543 21.1 Fossils......Page 544 Types of Fossilization......Page 545 Arranging Events in Order......Page 548 Correlation......Page 550 Early Attempts at Earth Dating......Page 551 Modern Techniques......Page 552 The Geologic Time Scale......Page 553 Geologic Periods and Typical Fossils......Page 555 People Behind the Science: Eduard Suess......Page 556 Interpreting Geologic History-A Summary......Page 557 Applying the Concepts......Page 558 Parallel Exercises......Page 561 22 The Atmosphere of Earth......Page 564 22.1 The Atmosphere......Page 565 Composition of the Atmosphere......Page 566 Atmospheric Pressure......Page 567 Warming the Atmosphere......Page 568 A Closer Look: Hole in the Ozone Layer?......Page 569 Structure of the Atmosphere......Page 570 22.2 The Winds......Page 571 Science and Society: Use Wind Energy?......Page 574 A Closer Look: The Windchill Factor......Page 573 Global Wind Patterns......Page 576 Evaporation and Condensation......Page 577 Fog and Clouds......Page 582 People Behind the Science: James Ephraim Lovelock......Page 581 Applying the Concepts......Page 584 Invitation to Inquiry......Page 587 Parallel Exercises......Page 588 23 Weather and Climate......Page 590 23.1 Clouds and Precipitation......Page 591 Cloud-Forming Processes......Page 592 23.2 Weather Producers......Page 594 Air Masses......Page 595 Weather Fronts......Page 597 Science and Society: Urban Heat Islands......Page 598 Major Storms......Page 599 23.3 Weather Forecasting......Page 604 Major Climate Groups......Page 605 Regional Climate Influence......Page 607 Describing Climates......Page 609 23.4 Climate Change......Page 611 Causes of Global Climate Change......Page 612 Case Study: El Nio......Page 614 People Behind the Science: Vilhelm Firman Koren Bjerknes......Page 615 Key Terms......Page 616 Applying the Concepts......Page 617 Invitation to Inquiry......Page 619 Parallel Exercises......Page 620 24 Earth's Waters......Page 623 24.1 Water on Earth......Page 624 Freshwater......Page 625 Science and Society: Water Quality......Page 626 Surface Water......Page 627 Groundwater......Page 628 Freshwater as a Resource......Page 630 A Closer Look: Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment......Page 631 24.2 Seawater......Page 633 Oceans and Seas......Page 634 The Nature of Seawater......Page 635 A Closer Look: Estuary Pollution......Page 637 A Closer Look: Rogue Waves......Page 640 24.3 The Ocean Floor......Page 643 Applying the Concepts......Page 645 Parallel Exercises......Page 648 Appendix A......Page 650 Appendix B......Page 658 Appendix C......Page 660 Appendix D......Page 662 Appendix E......Page 674 Index......Page 734