Child development

Description

Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Contents......Page 7 SECTION 1: THE NATURE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT......Page 51 Chapter 1 Introduction......Page 53 Improving the Lives of Children......Page 55 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Luis Vargas, Clinical Child Psychologist......Page 56 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Gender, Families, and Children's Development......Page 58 Resilience, Social Policy, and Children's Development......Page 59 Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes......Page 61 Age and Cohort Effects......Page 63 Issues in Development......Page 64 Theories of Child Development......Page 67 CARING CONNECTIONS Strategies for Parenting, Educating, and Interacting with Children Based on Erikson's Theory......Page 70 Research Methods for Collecting Data......Page 78 Research Designs......Page 81 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Where Is Child Development Research Published?......Page 84 Challenges in Child Development Research......Page 85 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Pam Reid, Educational and Developmental Psychologist......Page 86 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 88 APPENDIX Careers in Child Development......Page 91 SECTION 2: BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 95 Chapter 2 Biological Beginnings......Page 97 Evolutionary Psychology......Page 99 2 Genetic Foundations of Development......Page 101 The Collaborative Gene......Page 102 Genes and Chromosomes......Page 103 Genetic Principles......Page 105 Chromosomal and Gene-Linked Abnormalities......Page 106 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Holly Ishmael, Genetic Counselor......Page 109 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests......Page 110 Infertility and Reproductive Technology......Page 111 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Do Children Conceived Through In Vitro Fertilization Show Significantly Different Outcomes in Adolescence?......Page 112 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY The Increased Diversity of Adopted Children and Adoptive Parents......Page 113 CARING CONNECTIONS Parenting Adopted Children......Page 114 Behavior Genetics......Page 115 Heredity-Environment Correlations......Page 116 Shared and Nonshared Environmental Experiences......Page 117 Conclusions About Heredity-Environment Interaction......Page 118 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 120 Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Birth......Page 122 The Course of Prenatal Development......Page 124 Teratology and Hazards to Prenatal Development......Page 128 Prenatal Care......Page 135 Normal Prenatal Development......Page 136 The Birth Process......Page 137 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Linda Pugh, Perinatal Nurse......Page 139 CARING CONNECTIONS From Waterbirth to Music Therapy......Page 140 Assessing the Newborn......Page 141 Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants......Page 142 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Cross-Cultural Variations in the Incidence and Causes of Low Birth Weight......Page 143 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH How Does Massage Therapy Affect the Mood and Behavior of Babies?......Page 144 3 The Postpartum Period......Page 145 Emotional and Psychological Adjustments......Page 146 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Diane Sanford, Clinical Psychologist and Postpartum Expert......Page 147 Bonding......Page 148 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 149 Chapter 4 Physical Development and Health......Page 151 Patterns of Growth......Page 153 Infancy and Childhood......Page 154 Adolescence......Page 155 2 The Brain......Page 159 Brain Physiology......Page 160 Infancy......Page 161 Childhood......Page 164 Adolescence......Page 165 Infancy......Page 166 Childhood......Page 168 Adolescence......Page 169 4 Health......Page 170 Illness and Injuries Among Children......Page 171 Nutrition and Eating Behavior......Page 173 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY The Stories of Latonya and Ramona: Breast and Bottle Feeding in Africa......Page 176 CARING CONNECTIONS Improving the Nutrition of Infants and Young Children Living in Low-Income Families......Page 177 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS T. Berry Brazelton, Pediatrician......Page 178 Exercise......Page 180 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Are Preschool Children Getting Enough Physical Activity?......Page 182 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 184 Chapter 5 Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development......Page 187 The Dynamic Systems View......Page 189 Reflexes......Page 190 Gross Motor Skills......Page 191 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Cultural Variations in Guiding Infants' Motor Development......Page 195 CARING CONNECTIONS Parents, Coaches, and Children's Sports......Page 196 Fine Motor Skills......Page 197 The Ecological View......Page 199 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH How Can We Study Newborns' Perception?......Page 200 Visual Perception......Page 203 Other Senses......Page 205 Intermodal Perception......Page 207 Nature, Nurture, and Perceptual Development......Page 208 3 Perceptual-Motor Coupling......Page 210 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 211 SECTION 3: COGNITION AND LANGUAGE......Page 213 Chapter 6 Cognitive Developmental Approaches......Page 215 Processes of Development......Page 217 Sensorimotor Stage......Page 218 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH How Do Researchers Determine Infants' Understanding of Object Permanence and Causality?......Page 222 Preoperational Stage......Page 225 Concrete Operational Stage......Page 227 Formal Operational Stage......Page 229 Piaget and Education......Page 231 Evaluating Piaget's Theory......Page 232 Scaffolding......Page 234 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Guided Participation and Cultural Contexts......Page 235 Teaching Strategies......Page 236 Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory......Page 237 CARING CONNECTIONS Tools of the Mind......Page 238 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 240 Chapter 7 Information Processing......Page 242 Cognitive Resources: Capacity and Speed of Processing Information......Page 244 Mechanisms of Change......Page 245 Comparisons with Piaget's Theory......Page 246 Infancy......Page 247 Childhood......Page 249 Adolescence......Page 250 What Is Memory?......Page 251 Infancy......Page 253 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Culture and Children's Memory......Page 254 Childhood......Page 256 Adolescence......Page 258 Infancy......Page 259 Childhood......Page 260 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Helen Schwe, Developmental Psychologist and Toy Designer......Page 263 CARING CONNECTIONS Helping Children Learn Strategies......Page 266 Adolescence......Page 267 What Is Metacognition?......Page 269 The Child's Theory of Mind......Page 270 Metacognition in Childhood......Page 271 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH How Does Theory of Mind Differ in Children with Autism?......Page 272 Metacognition in Adolescence......Page 273 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 274 Chapter 8 Intelligence......Page 277 Intelligence Tests......Page 279 Theories of Multiple Intelligences......Page 281 The Neuroscience of Intelligence......Page 284 The Influence of Heredity and Environment......Page 285 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH The Abecedarian Project......Page 287 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Why Is It So Hard to Create Culture-Fair Tests?......Page 288 2 The Development of Intelligence......Page 289 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Toosje Thyssen Van Beveren, Infant Assessment Specialist......Page 290 Stability and Change in Intelligence Through Adolescence......Page 291 Intellectual Disability......Page 292 Giftedness......Page 293 Creativity......Page 295 CARING CONNECTIONS Guiding Children's Creativity......Page 296 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 298 Chapter 9 Language Development......Page 300 Language's Rule Systems......Page 302 Infancy......Page 305 Early Childhood......Page 307 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Sharla Peltier, Speech Pathologist......Page 309 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH How Does Family Environment Affect Young Children's Language Development?......Page 311 Middle and Late Childhood......Page 312 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Salvador Tamayo, Teacher of English Language Learners......Page 316 Adolescence......Page 317 Biological Influences......Page 318 Environmental Influences......Page 319 An Interactionist View of Language......Page 321 CARING CONNECTIONS How Parents Can Facilitate Infants' and Toddlers' Language Development......Page 322 4 Language and Cognition......Page 323 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 325 SECTION 4: SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 327 Chapter 10 Emotional Development......Page 329 What Are Emotions?......Page 331 Emotional Competence......Page 332 Infancy......Page 333 Early Childhood......Page 337 Middle and Late Childhood......Page 338 3 Temperament......Page 340 Describing and Classifying Temperament......Page 341 Biological Foundations and Experience......Page 343 Goodness of Fit and Parenting......Page 345 CARING CONNECTIONS Parenting and the Child's Temperament......Page 346 Social Orientation/Understanding......Page 347 Attachment......Page 349 Child Care......Page 354 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Child-Care Policies Around the World......Page 355 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Wanda Mitchell, Child-Care Director......Page 356 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH How Does the Quality and Quantity of Child Care Affect Children?......Page 357 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 359 Chapter 11 The Self and Identity......Page 362 Self-Understanding......Page 364 Understanding Others......Page 367 What Are Self-Esteem and Self-Concept?......Page 370 Assessment......Page 371 Developmental Changes......Page 372 Variations in Self-Esteem......Page 373 CARING CONNECTIONS Increasing Children's Self-Esteem......Page 374 What Is Identity?......Page 375 Erikson's View......Page 376 Developmental Changes......Page 377 Social Contexts......Page 379 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY The Contexts of Ethnic Identity Development......Page 382 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 383 Chapter 12 Gender......Page 385 1 What Is Gender?......Page 387 Biological Influences......Page 388 Social Influences......Page 389 Cognitive Influences......Page 393 Gender Stereotyping......Page 394 Gender Similarities and Differences......Page 395 CARING CONNECTIONS Guiding Children's Gender Development......Page 400 Masculinity in Childhood and Adolescence......Page 401 Gender in Context......Page 402 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Gender Roles Across Cultures......Page 403 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 404 Chapter 13 Moral Development......Page 406 What Is Moral Development?......Page 408 Moral Thought......Page 409 Moral Behavior......Page 414 Moral Feeling......Page 415 Moral Personality......Page 417 Social-Cognitive Domain Theory......Page 418 2 Contexts of Moral Development......Page 419 Parenting......Page 420 Schools......Page 421 Prosocial Behavior......Page 425 Antisocial Behavior......Page 427 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Rodney Hammond, Health Psychologist......Page 429 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Can Intervention in Childhood Reduce Delinquency in Adolescence?......Page 430 Childhood......Page 431 Adolescence......Page 432 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 433 SECTION 5: SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF DEVELOPMENT......Page 437 Chapter 14 Families......Page 439 Interactions in the Family System......Page 441 Cognition and Emotion in Family Processes......Page 442 Domain-Specific Socialization......Page 443 Sociocultural and Historical Changes......Page 444 2 Parenting......Page 445 Adapting Parenting to Developmental Changes in Children......Page 446 Parents as Managers of Children's Lives......Page 448 Parenting Styles and Discipline......Page 449 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH Do Marital Conflict and Individual Hostility Predict the Use of Physical Punishment in Parenting?......Page 453 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Darla Botkin, Marriage and Family Therapist......Page 454 Parent-Adolescent Relationships......Page 456 Intergenerational Relationships......Page 458 Sibling Relationships......Page 459 Birth Order......Page 460 4 The Changing Family in a Changing Social World......Page 461 Children in Divorced Families......Page 462 Stepfamilies......Page 464 CARING CONNECTIONS Communicating with Children About Divorce......Page 465 Cultural, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Variations in Families......Page 466 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Acculturation and Ethnic Minority Parenting......Page 468 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 469 Chapter 15 Peers......Page 472 Exploring Peer Relations......Page 474 The Developmental Course of Peer Relations in Childhood......Page 475 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Peer Relations......Page 476 Social Cognition and Emotion......Page 477 Peer Statuses......Page 479 Bullying......Page 480 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH What Are the Perspective Taking and Moral Motivation of Bullies, Bully-Victims, Victims, and Prosocial Children?......Page 482 Play's Functions......Page 483 Types of Play......Page 484 Trends in Play......Page 486 Friendship's Functions......Page 487 CARING CONNECTIONS Making Friends......Page 488 Gender and Friendship......Page 489 Other-Sex Friendships......Page 490 Cliques and Crowds......Page 491 Dating and Romantic Relationships......Page 492 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 495 Chapter 16 Schools and Achievement......Page 498 Contemporary Approaches to Student Learning and Assessment......Page 500 Early Childhood Education......Page 502 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Yolanda Garcia, Director of Children's Services/Head Start......Page 505 Educating Adolescents......Page 506 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY Early Childhood Education in Japan and Developing Countries......Page 507 CARING CONNECTIONS "I Have a Dream"......Page 510 Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity......Page 511 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS James Comer, Child Psychiatrist......Page 513 The Scope of Disabilities......Page 514 Educational Issues......Page 517 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation......Page 519 Cognitive Processes......Page 520 Ethnicity and Culture......Page 525 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH What Are Some Factors That Influence Children's Math Achievement in Different Countries?......Page 526 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 527 Chapter 17 Culture and Diversity......Page 531 The Relevance of Culture to the Study of Children......Page 533 Cross-Cultural Comparisons......Page 534 What Is Socioeconomic Status?......Page 536 Poverty......Page 537 CONNECTING THROUGH RESEARCH What Risks Are Experienced by Children Living in Poverty?......Page 540 CARING CONNECTIONS The Quantum Opportunities Program......Page 541 Immigration......Page 542 Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status......Page 544 Differences and Diversity......Page 545 Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 546 CONNECTING WITH DIVERSITY The United States and Canada: Nations with Many Cultures......Page 547 Media Use and Screen Time......Page 548 Television and Electronic Media......Page 549 Computers and the Internet......Page 551 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 553 B......Page 556 D......Page 557 F......Page 558 I......Page 559 N......Page 560 P......Page 561 S......Page 562 Z......Page 563 References......Page 564 Credits......Page 624 B......Page 630 C......Page 632 D......Page 633 E......Page 634 G......Page 635 H......Page 636 J......Page 637 L......Page 638 M......Page 640 N......Page 641 P......Page 642 S......Page 643 T......Page 645 W......Page 646 Z......Page 647 B......Page 648 C......Page 649 E......Page 650 G......Page 651 L......Page 652 N......Page 653 P......Page 654 S......Page 655 Z......Page 656