Debating Brain Drain: May Governments Restrict Emigration?

Description

Many of the best and brightest citizens of developing countries choose to emigrate to wealthier societies, taking their skills and educations with them. What do these people owe to their societies of origin? May developing societies legitimately demand that their citizens use their skills to improve life for their fellow citizens? Are these societies ever permitted to prevent their own citizens from emigrating? These questions are increasingly important, as the gap between rich and poor societies widens, and as the global migration of skilled professionals intensifies. This volume addresses the ethical rights and responsibilities of such professionals, and of the societies in which they live. Gillian Brock and Michael Blake agree that the phenomenon of the brain drain is troubling, but offer distinct arguments about what might be permissibly done in response to this phenomenon. Cover Debating Ethics Title Copyright Table of Contents Introduction: The Brain Drain and Global Justice NOTES Part I by Gillian Brock 1 Introduction to Part I NOTES 2 What Does Global Justice Require? NOTES 3 Prosperity in Developing Countries, the Effects Departing Individuals Have on Those Left Behind, and Some Policy Options 3.1 PROSPERITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND HOW DEPARTING INDIVIDUALS CAN UNDERMINE IT 3.2 PROSPERITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND HOW DEPARTING INDIVIDUALS CAN PROMOTE IT 3.3 POLICY OPTIONS THAT MIGHT ADDRESS SOME OF THE LOSSES IDENTIFIED 3.4 COMPULSORY SERVICE PROGRAMS 3.5 TAXATION PROGRAMS NOTES 4 Whose Responsibility Is It to Remedy Losses Caused by the Departure of Skilled Migrants? 4.1 SOME NORMATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 4.2 SHARING RESPONSIBILITIES FOR LOSSES: WOULD TAXATION AND COMPULSORY SERVICE PROGRAMS BE JUSTIFIED? 4.2.1 Policy Options Concerning Taxation 4.2.2 Compulsory Service 4.3 EXAMINING HOW FAR WE MAY EXTEND THE ANALYSIS OF “RESPONSIBLE, BUT POOR” NOTES 5 Consideration of Central Anticipated Objections NOTES 6 Summary of Conclusions from Part I COMPULSORY SERVICE Background Conditions Legitimacy Presence Responsibilities Reasonableness TAXATION Legitimacy Background Conditions Responsibilities Reasonableness NOTE Part II by Michael Blake 7 The Right to Leave: Looking Back I THE ARGUMENT FROM RECIPROCITY II THE ARGUMENT FROM GRATITUDE i National Identity ii Political Loyalty NOTES 8 The Right to Leave: Looking Forward I GILLIAN BROCK: THE INSTITUTIONAL TURN II LUCAS STANCZYK: LABOR AND LIBERAL RIGHTS NOTES 9 The Right to Leave and What Remains I IN DEFENSE OF THE RIGHT TO LEAVE i The Argument from Practice ii The Argument from Interests iii The Argument from the Separateness of Persons II RESPONDING TO THE BRAIN DRAIN i What Can the Developing World Do? ii What Can the Developed World Do? iii What Can We Do Together? NOTES Part III: Responses 10 Brock Responds to Blake 10.1 GOVERNMENTS’ DUTIES TO PROVIDE FOR THEIR CITIZENS’ NEEDS: THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTITUTIONS 10.2 CAPACITY AND FAIRNESS 10.3 IS FREEDOM EVER SO SLIGHTLY DELAYED, FREEDOM DENIED? 10.4 WHEN IS COERCION JUSTIFIED? 10.4.1 Some Clarifications 10.4.2 Blake’s Cases 10.4.3 The Circumstances in Which Agreements are Forged 10.4.4 Changing One’s Life Plans 10.5 SOME REMARKS ON THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE 10.5.1 Human-capital Formation 10.5.2 Diaspora and Network Effects 10.5.3 Temporary Migration and Return 10.5.4 Taking Stock 10.6 THE BRAIN DRAIN AS MORAL TRAGEDY 10.7 PERMISSIBLE POLICIES: SOME CONVERGENCE NOTES 11 Blake Responds to Brock NOTES Index