The Palgrave Handbook of Global Sustainability

Description

The field of sustainability continues to evolve as a discipline. The world is facing multiple sustainability challenges such as climate change, water depletion, ecosystem loss, and environmental racism. The Handbook of Sustainability will provide a comprehensive reference for the field that examines in depth the major themes within what are known as the three E’s of sustainability:  environment, equity, and economics. These three themes will serve as the main organizing body of the work. In addition, the work will include sections on history and sustainability, major figures in the development of sustainability as a discipline, and important organizations that contributed or that continue to contribute to sustainability as a field. The work is explicitly global in scope as it considers the very different issues associated with sustainability in the global north and south Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Editor Contributors Part I: Introduction 1 Defining Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 The Brundtland Report 3 The Three E´s 4 Greenwashing 5 Measuring Sustainability and Sustainability Assessment 6 United Nations Sustainability Assessment: The Sustainable Development Goals 7 Sustainability and Sustainable Development 8 Sustainability and Environmental Justice 9 Sustainability in Business 10 The Two Paths of Sustainability and the Middle Ground 11 Sustainability and the Anthropocene 12 Activism and Sustainability 13 Summary References Part II: Energy 2 Global Energy Use 1 The Evolution of the Concept of Sustainable Energy Development 1.1 Before and During the Oil Crisis of the 1970s 1.2 From Sustainable Energy to Sustainable Energy Development 2 Sustainable Energy Transition 3 Overview of World Energy Consumption 3.1 Crises Curtail the Growth of Global Demand for Primary Energy 3.2 A Trend Reversal Occurs in Energy Substitution 3.3 Energy Demand Increases in the Developing World 3.4 China Becomes the World´s Biggest Energy Consumer 4 Final Remarks 5 Cross-References References 3 Oil and Natural Gas and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Environmental Sustainability of Oil and Gas Extraction 2.1 The Energy Limit to Oil and Gas Extraction: How Diminishing Energy Return Challenges the Sustainability of the Oil and Gas... 2.2 The Hydrological Limit to Oil and Gas Extraction: How Water Resources Challenge the Sustainability of the Oil and Gas Sect... 2.3 The Climatic Limits to Oil and Gas Extraction: How Climate Change Mitigation Targets Challenge the Sustainability of the O... 2.4 Local Pollution, Biodiversity Loss, and Land-Use Change: The Other Environmental Issues Challenging the Sustainability of ... 3 The Economic and Social Sustainability of Oil and Gas Extraction 3.1 The Increasing Cost of Extracting New Oil and Gas Resources in a Context of Price Volatility and Demand Uncertainty 3.2 The Impact of the Energy Transition on Oil- and Gas-Producing Countries and on Oil and Gas Professionals 4 Summary References 4 Coal and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Global Progress on Pledges and Commitments for Phase Out of Unabated Coal-Fired Power Plants 3 Potential Policy Instruments 3.1 Reduction Targets and Emission Standards 3.2 Financial Incentives 3.3 Just Transition Mechanisms 4 Coal Phase Out in the European Union and Selected Countries 4.1 Coal Phase Out in the European Union 4.2 Existing Policies and Regulations 4.3 Financial Incentives and the Just Transition 4.4 Specific European Countries: Poland, Germany, the UK, and the Netherlands 5 Coal Phase Out in American Countries 5.1 Chile 5.2 Canada 6 Coal Phase in African Countries 6.1 Morocco 6.2 South Africa 7 Coal Phase Out in Asia Pacific Countries 7.1 China 7.2 India 7.3 Australia 8 Summary 9 Cross-References References 5 Nuclear Power and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Nutshell History of NP 2.1 The Military Cradle 2.2 Atoms for Peace (and War) 2.3 NP Expansion Accelerates 2.3.1 and Nuclear Accidents Accumulate 2.4 The Emergence of China and the Decline in Western Capitalist Societies 3 Sustainability Assessment of NP 3.1 Our Common Future: Sustainable Development Revisited 3.2 IAEA´s Sustainability Assessment of NP 3.3 Comprehensive Sustainability Assessment 4 NP Narratives 5 NP Hampers Full Harvesting of Renewable Power 6 NP Economics Out of Kilter 7 Summary 8 Cross-References References 6 Solar Energy 1 Introduction 2 Solar Radiation 3 Solar Energy Conversion and Storage 4 Sustainability Aspects 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 7 Wind Energy 1 Introduction 2 Wind Systems and the Global Wind Energy Potential 3 Making Use of Wind Energy 4 Grid Problem 5 Economics of Wind Energy 6 Environmental Effect 7 Cases: Wind Power Development of Denmark and China 8 Summary 9 Cross-References References 8 Geothermal Energy 1 Introduction 2 How Is Geothermal Energy Accessed? 3 Geothermal Electricity Generation 4 Is Geothermal Energy Use Sustainable? 5 Geothermal and Carbon Dioxide Emissions 6 Lithium 7 Summary References 9 Energy Conservation 1 Introduction 2 Energy Justice and Equity 3 Impacts of Fossil Fuel Extraction: A Global and Local Concern 4 Energy Conservation and Efficiency 4.1 Transportation 4.2 Household and Buildings 4.3 Food Production and Consumption 4.4 Reuse and Recycling of Goods 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 10 Ocean Energy 1 Introduction 2 Energy Harvesting in the Oceans 2.1 Wave Energy 2.2 Ocean Current Energy 2.3 Tidal Currents and Tidal Range 2.4 Offshore Wind Energy 2.5 Thermal Gradients 2.6 Salinity Gradients 3 Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures 3.1 System Approach to Explore Environmental Impacts 3.2 Stressors and Their Effects on the Environment 3.3 Systemic Analysis 4 Societal Perception and Acceptance of MRE 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References Part III: Climate Change 11 The Science of Climate Change 1 Introduction 2 Greenhouse Effect 3 Warming of Planet Earth 4 Global Warming Potential (GWP) 5 Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) 6 Radiative Forcing (RF; W M-2) 6.1 Calculation of Radiative Forcing 7 The AGGI, Global Radiative Forcing, and CO2-Equivalent Mixing Ratio 8 Climate Change Effects and Risk 9 Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change 10 Summary References 12 The Evidence for Climate Change on Our Planet 1 Introduction 2 Global Climate Change Impacts 3 Global Responses to Climate Change 4 Toward Addressing Climate Challenge 5 Conclusion References 13 Low-Carbon Technology and the Energy Grid 1 Introduction 2 Main Grid Components 2.1 Power Transformers 2.2 Substation 2.3 Transmission 2.4 Distribution 2.5 Generation 2.6 Power Converters 3 Dc Transmission and Distribution 4 Electricity Demand 5 Smart Grids and Microgrids 6 Impact of Renewable Energies on Power System Operation 7 Solutions for Renewable Energy Integration 8 Conclusions 9 Cross-References References 14 Climate Change and the Spatial Concentration of Population 1 Introduction 2 The Spatial Distribution of Population and the Role of a Changing Climate: A Review 3 Climate Change and the Spatial Concentration of Population: A Global View 4 Discussion and Conclusions 5 Cross-References 14.5 Appendix References 15 Climate Change Challenges in the Arctic 1 Introduction 2 Climate Change in the Arctic: What Is Happening? 3 Human Activities in the Arctic Resulting from the Impacts of Climate Change 4 Discussion: Impacts Within the Arctic and Implications Beyond 5 Conclusion References 16 The Evidence of Climate Change for Terrestrial Mammals 1 Introduction: Sustainability 2 Terrestrial Mammals 2.1 Range Shifts and Species Distribution 2.2 Phenotypic Plasticity 2.3 Local and Global Extinction 3 Threats and Mammalian Responses 3.1 Rising Temperatures and Drought 3.2 Ice Melt and Sea Level Rise 3.3 Extreme Weather 3.4 Wildfire 4 Summary 5 Cross-References References 17 Greenhouse Gas Management 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Emissions Scopes and Sources 2.2 Greenhouse Gas Data and Methods 2.2.1 Activity Data 2.2.2 Quantification Methods 2.3 Accounting and Reporting Principles 2.3.1 Direct Emissions 2.3.2 Other Indirect Emissions 2.4 Preparing GHG Inventory 2.4.1 Stationary Units Method Residential Buildings Commercial and Institutional Properties Energy Generation Industrial Energy Use 2.4.2 Mobile Units Road Transportation Railway Transportation Water-Borne Navigation Aviation Off-Road 2.4.3 Waste Management Activities Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Biological Treatment of Waste Incineration and Open Burning Wastewater Treatment and Discharge 2.4.4 Industrial Processes and Product Usage 2.5 GHG Emission Factors 3 GHG Emission Management and Reduction 3.1 GHG Emission Management Systems 3.2 Recommendations for GHG Emission Reduction 3.2.1 Air Quality Management 3.2.2 Water Management 3.2.3 Waste Management 3.2.4 Energy Management 3.2.5 Supply Chain Management 3.2.6 Organization Management 3.2.7 Climate Action Management 4 Summary References Part IV: Water 18 Global Water Use 1 Introduction 2 Estimating Global Water Use with Global Hydrological Models 2.1 Sector-Specific Estimations 2.1.1 Irrigation 2.1.2 Livestock 2.1.3 Domestic 2.1.4 Manufacturing 2.1.5 Thermal Electricity Production 2.2 Source-Specific Estimations 2.2.1 Surface Water and Groundwater 2.2.2 Desalinization 2.2.3 Water Transfer 2.3 Limitations and Opportunities 3 Global Water Use Estimates as Computed by WaterGAP 2.2d 4 Summary References 19 Water Resources 1 Groundwater: The Hidden Resource 2 Freshwater: How Much Do We Have It Now? 3 Water: Availability and Consumption Matters Do Matter! 4 Climate Change and Other Forces and Their Impacts 5 Climate Change and Water Resource Potential in India 6 Water Conservation in India: Measures and Intervention 7 Water Resources and Sustainable Development: The Road Ahead References 20 Water Management 1 Introduction 2 Pit Toilets as Source of Untreated Blackwater 3 Global Scenario of Nitrate Pollution 4 Blackwater Characteristics 5 Fate of Nitrogen in Leach Pit 6 Urea Transformation Reactions 7 Ammonium-N Transformations in Untreated Blackwater Upon Discharge to Soil 8 Influence of Variations in Soil Moisture Content on NH4-N Transformations Upon Blackwater Discharge to Soils 9 Prediction of Nitrate Contamination of Groundwater from Blackwater Discharged to the Soil 10 Estimation of N2O Release from Denitrification of Blackwater 11 The Path Forward 12 Summary References 21 Innovations in Water Management: Agriculture 1 Introduction 2 Soil Health Management Strategies for Innovative Water Use in Agriculture 2.1 Conservation Agriculture Practices 2.2 Regenerative Agricultural Practice 3 Agricultural Water Conservation Strategies on Steep Slopes and Wetlands 3.1 Water Conservation and Use on Steep Slopes 3.2 Valley Bottom/Wetland Water Management in Agriculture 3.3 Drainage as an Innovative Tool for Agricultural Land and Water Use 4 Water Harvesting 4.1 Rain/Snow Water Harvesting 4.2 Runoff Harvesting and Storage in Soil Profile 5 Irrigation Methods for Agriculture Water Management 5.1 Surface Irrigation Systems 5.2 Subsurface Irrigation 6 Precision Agriculture for Water Management 7 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse 8 Breeding and Biotechnology Strategies for Efficient Agricultural Water Use 8.1 Direct Contribution of Breeding and Biotechnology to Efficient AWM 8.2 Indirect Impact of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology on AWM 8.3 Advances in Breeding Methodologies for Enhanced AWM References 22 Innovations in Water Management: Systems Efficiency and Energy Applications in the Water Sector 1 Introduction 2 Smart Water Systems 2.1 Smart Water Management 2.2 Smart Water Grid 2.3 Digital Twin and Water Losses Control 3 Water-Energy Nexus 3.1 Nexus Approach 3.2 Energy Recovery in Water Supply Systems (WSS) 3.3 Economic Analyses 4 Water Losses 4.1 Water Network Partitioning (WNP) 4.2 Pressure Management 4.3 Economic Water Losses 5 Integrated Model 6 Summary References 23 Learning from the Past: What Cultural Heritage Can Teach Us About Water Storage and Management 1 Summary 2 Introduction 3 Examples of Ancient Water Harvesting Techniques 4 Past Water Harvesting in an Urban Context 5 Lessons from the Past: The Return to Small 5.1 Cistern of Monsaraz Village, Alentejo Region, Southern Portugal 5.2 Cistern of University of Évora, Portugal 6 Current Rainwater Harvesting in Rural Communities (A Brazilian Case) 7 Rainwater Harvesting a Concept of Sustainability 8 Final Words 9 Cross-References References Part V: Natural Resource Management 24 The State of the World´s Natural Resources 1 Resource Usage: Concepts of Exploitation, Conservation, and Preservation 1.1 Exploitation 1.2 Conservation 1.3 Preservation 2 Global Natural Resource Usage 3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Loss 3.1 Global Biodiversity Loss 3.2 Seeking to Protect Biodiversity 4 Global Fish Stocks: Exploitation and Consumption 5 Ecosystems 5.1 Forests 5.2 Wetlands 5.3 Arable Land 6 Moving on from Exploitationist Practices? 7 The Future of Natural Resources 8 Summary References 25 Using Remote Sensing for Sustainable Forest Management in Developing Countries 1 Introduction 2 Remote Sensing Technology 2.1 Remote Sensing Software Platforms 2.2 Image Capture 2.3 Data Sources 2.3.1 Commercial Data 2.3.2 Open-Source Data Landsat Sentinel 2.4 Image Preparation 2.5 Image Enhancement 2.5.1 Data Fusion 2.6 Feature Extraction 2.6.1 Spectral Feature Extraction 2.6.2 Textural Feature Extraction 2.6.3 Topographical Analysis 2.7 Image Classification 2.7.1 Collecting Reference Data 2.7.2 Training and Testing Data Sampling 2.7.3 Traditional Classifications 2.7.4 Machine Learning Classifiers 2.8 Accuracy Assessment 3 Application of Remote Sensing for Forest Monitoring and Management 3.1 Forest Classification 3.2 Forest Structure 3.3 Forest Change Detection 4 Future Research 5 Summary References 26 The Pantanal: A Seasonal Neotropical Wetland Under Threat 1 A Brief Introduction to Wetlands 2 The Pantanal and Its Catchments: From the Plateau to the Plain 3 Environmental Degradation in the Pantanal 4 Causes for Water Shortage in the Pantanal 5 The Effects of Water Shortage on Biota and Stakeholders of the Pantanal 6 Perspectives for a Sustainable Use of Water Resources in the Pantanal and Its Catchment 7 Conclusion 8 Cross-References References 27 Ocean Ecosystem and Its Multidimensional Eco-functionality and Significance 1 Introduction 2 Water of Earth and Ocean 3 The Configuration and Physiography of the Ocean 4 Oceans, Seas, and Gulfs 4.1 The Pacific Ocean 4.2 The Atlantic Ocean 4.3 The Indian Ocean 4.4 The Southern Ocean 4.5 The Arctic Ocean 4.6 Marginal Seas of the North 4.7 The Caribbean Sea 4.8 The Mediterranean Sea 4.9 The North Sea 4.10 The Baltic Sea 4.11 The Red Sea 4.12 The Persian Gulf 5 Shores and its Significance in the Ocean Ecosystem 6 Estuaries and Deltas: The Integral Part of the Ocean Ecosystem 7 Coastal Wetlands and their Ecological Distinctiveness 8 Islands within the Oceanic Environment 9 Seamounts: An Important Geological Formation in the Ocean Ecosystem 10 Geology of Oceans: Related Oceanographic Processes 10.1 Plate Tectonics on the Seafloor: Seafloor Spreading and Earthquakes 11 Changing Sea Levels: Tides 12 Shoreline Processes 13 The Physical and Chemical Properties of Water. 13.1 Structural Excellence of Water Molecules. 13.2 Temperature of Seawater 13.3 Sound within Seawater 13.4 Pressure, Density, and Density Stratification within the Sea 13.5 Salinity 13.6 Other Properties of Ocean 13.6.1 Transparency and sunlight 13.6.2 Heat-storing capacity 14 Biogeochemical Cycles 15 Atmosphere and the Oceans 15.1 Air Movement in the Atmosphere and Impact on the Ocean 15.1.1 Wind-Driven Oceanic Circulation 16 Temperature-Dependent Oceanic Circulation: Thermohaline Circulation 17 Upwelling: Vertical Mode of Oceanic Circulation 18 Biodiversity of Oceans 18.1 Fragile Ecosystems in Retreat with their Biodiversity 18.1.1 Coral Reef Communities 18.1.2 Mangroves 18.1.3 Seagrasses and Kelp Forests 19 Human-Mediated Eco-Disturbances in the Ocean 19.1 Biodiversity Loss 19.2 Coastal Lagoons and Ecological Problems 19.3 Fisheries and Ecological Problems 19.4 Fishing down the Marine Food Web: Impacts of Overfishing on Marine Ecosystems 19.5 Aquaculture and Ecological Problems 20 Biology of the Oceans: The Evolution of Life 20.1 History of Life 20.2 Living Organisms and Changing Atmosphere 21 Ecological Interactions of Biodiversity Components with the Changing Marine Ecosystem 21.1 Competition: An Important Type of Interaction for Maintaining Ecosystem Integrity 21.2 Feeding Relationships for the Functioning of the Ocean Ecosystem 21.3 Nutrient Cycles: The Most Driving Force behind the Ecodynamics of the Ocean 21.3.1 The Microbial Loop in the Decomposition Cycle 21.4 Plankton: An Important Group of Pelagic Organism 21.4.1 Plankton and Red Tides 21.5 Marine Plants: Seaweeds 21.6 Diversity of Invertebrates in the Ocean 21.7 Marine Fishes 21.8 Jawless Fishes 21.8.1 Jawed Fishes 21.8.2 Cartilaginous Fishes 21.8.3 Bony Fishes 21.9 Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals in Marine Ecosystem 22 Ecology of the Oceans 22.1 The Intertidal and Subtidal Zones 22.2 Water Column of Sea and its Biota 22.3 The Abyssal Zone and Biota 23 Overview of the Global Marine and Coastal Challenges: Human Activities 23.1 Overfishing and Overhunting: Exclusive Economic Zones 23.2 Habitat Loss 23.3 Increasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Impacts on the Marine Environment 23.4 Ocean Acidification and its Impacts on Marine Organisms 24 Marine Reserves and Marine Protected Areas 25 Laws and Regulations of the Ocean: International Legislation 26 Summary References 28 Global Biodiversity: Trends and Regulation 1 Cataloguing the Damage 2 Why Protect Biodiversity? 3 Global Responses to Biodiversity Loss 4 Bioprospecting Versus Biopiracy 5 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 5.1 The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing 6 Whereto from Here? 7 Summary References 29 Mining and Minerals 1 Introduction 2 The Idea of Sustainable Development in Mining Mineral Resources 3 Minerals and Their Classification 4 Mining Extraction of Minerals 5 Basic Mining Methods of Minerals Excavation 6 Mining on the Way to Sustainable Development 7 Consumption of Minerals Around the World 8 Protection of Mineral Deposits and Reserves 9 Environmental Protection in Mining Areas 10 Social Component in Sustainable Mining 11 Summary References 30 Agriculture and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Sustainability Measurement in Agriculture 2.1 Environmental Dimension 2.2 Economic Dimension 2.3 Social Dimension 3 Sustainability Trade-offs 4 What Is the Impact of Sustainability Practices on Agriculture? Relationship Between Sustainability and Agricultural Performa... 5 Empirical Illustration 6 Summary References 31 Local Food, Slow Food, and the Small Farm Movement 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Profile of Respondents 3.2 Respondent Definition of Local Food 3.3 Respondent´s Preferred Source of Local Foods 3.4 Use of Farmers´ Markets 3.5 Use of Farmers/Producers 3.6 Use of Food Service Distributors 3.7 Expected Change in Local Food Purchases in Future 3.8 Is Purchasing Local Food Products Profitable? 3.9 Willingness to Promote Local Food to Restaurant Customers 4 Summary References 32 Aquaculture 1 Introduction 2 Speed with Which Aquaculture Is Growing (the ``Blue Revolution´´) 3 Species Utilized in Aquaculture 4 Regions Utilizing Aquaculture 5 Seaweed Aquaculture 6 Sustainability Challenges of Animal Aquaculture 6.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions 6.2 Disease Management 6.3 Resource Consumption 6.4 Eutrophication 6.5 Impacts to Biodiversity 6.6 Impacts of Climate Change on Aquaculture 7 Comparing Aquaculture Sustainability to Other Forms of Animal Protein 8 Towards a Sustainable Industry 9 Summary 10 Cross-References References Part VI: Waste and Pollution 33 An Overview of Waste Management (Fly Ash): A Life Cycle Analysis Approach to Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Fly Ash Management at Generation Level 2.1 Clean Coal Technology 2.2 Slagging Combustion 2.3 Changing of Coal Type 3 Management of Fly Ash at the End-User Level 3.1 Sector-Wise Analysis 3.2 Brick Manufacturing 3.3 Effect of Using Fly Ash Brick on the Environment 3.4 Cement Manufacturing 3.5 Effect of Using Fly Ash Cement on the Environment 3.6 Sustainability Analysis of Fly Ash 4 Life Cycle Analysis Approach to Stakeholder Perspective in Achieving Sustainability Through Waste Management 5 Interpretation of Life Cycle Steps 6 Conclusion 7 Cross-References References 34 Sewage and Sewage Treatment 1 Introduction 2 Sewage: The What, Why and How 3 Origin and Types of Wastewater 3.1 Domestic Wastewater 3.2 Rainwater 3.3 Industrial Wastewater 4 Overviews on Connection to Sewerage Networks 5 Process of Wastewater Treatment 5.1 Pretreatment 5.2 Primary Treatment 5.3 Biological Treatment 5.4 Finishing Treatment 5.5 Sludge Treatment 6 Technological Advancements in Wastewater Treatment 7 Reuse of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge 8 Actions and Aims for Good Wastewater Management 8.1 Hygienizing Wastewater 8.2 Wastewater Exploitation and Reuse 8.3 Energy Recovery 8.4 Maintain the Performance and Functionality of WWTP 8.5 Urine Collection and Treatment As Modern Urban Wastewater Technology 8.6 Sustainable Management for Small Communities (The Decentralized System) 8.7 Significance and Benefits of Decentralized Wastewater Management 8.8 Wastewater Treatment Using Wetland Technology 8.9 Compact and Mobile Aerated Wetland Unit 8.10 Constraints to Wastewater Management 8.10.1 Insufficient Technical Competence 8.10.2 Application of New Laws 8.11 Flexibility and Sustainability of Sanitation Infrastructure 9 Cross-References References 35 Municipal Waste and Its Management 1 Background 2 The Role of Formal Sector in Recycling Municipal Solid Waste 3 The Role of Informal Waste Sector in Recycling Municipal Solid Waste 3.1 Waste-Scavenging Activities 3.2 Waste Bank 4 Conclusion References 36 Medical Waste and Its Management 1 Introduction 2 Defining Medical Waste 3 Sources and Classification Medical Waste 3.1 Sources of Medical Waste 3.2 Classification of Medical Waste 4 Medical Waste Generation 5 Medical Waste Management Planning 6 Medical Waste Management Methods/Techniques 6.1 Generation 6.2 Segregation 6.3 Collection 6.4 Transportation 6.5 Storage 6.6 Treatment and Disposal 6.6.1 Treatment Methods Incineration Autoclaving (Irradiation/Steam Sterilization) Landfilling Chemical Disinfection Microwave Disinfection Grinding/Shredding 7 Regulatory and Policy Considerations in Medical Waste Management 7.1 The Basel Convention 7.2 The Bamako Convention 7.3 The Stockholm Convention 8 Risks Associated with Medical Waste Management and Public Health Impacts 8.1 Public Health Impacts 8.1.1 Sharps-Related Impacts 8.2 Environmental Impacts 9 Treatment Technologies 9.1 Chemical Processes 9.2 Thermal Processes 9.3 Biological Processes 9.4 Mechanical Processes 9.5 Irradiation Technologies 10 Health and Safety Practices in Medical Waste Management 11 Conclusion and Recommendations References 37 On the Sustainability of Graveyards in Urban Milieus 1 Introduction 2 Death, Emotional Psychology, and the City 3 Religion and Burial 4 The Urban Dichotomy 5 The Environmental Agenda and the Dichotomy of Graveyards as Open Green Space 6 A Discussion on the Ethical and Moral Discourse of Sustaining Urban Life and Graveyards 7 Conclusion References 38 Plastics 1 Introduction 2 Plastics Industry 3 Unsustainable Plastic Waste and Pollution 4 The UN Sustainable Development Goals 5 Sustainable Use of Bio-plastics? 6 Solutions for a Transition to a Zero-Plastic Waste Future 7 Summary References 39 Radioactive Waste 1 Introduction 2 Radioactive Waste 3 Radioactive Waste Management 3.1 Radioactive Waste Management Principles and the Concept of Passive Safety 3.2 (Near) Surface and Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste 4 Sustainability and Radioactive Waste Management 4.1 Sustainability as a Moral Framework 4.2 Sustainability and Geological Disposal of Intermediate and High-Level Waste 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 40 Air Pollution and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Air Pollutants 2.1 Ground Level Ozone 2.2 Particulate Matter, PM 2.5 and PM 10 Criteria Pollutants 3 Particulate Matter Air Quality Data 4 COVID-19 Pandemic and Particulate Matter Air Quality 5 Forest Fires/Wildfire Smoke and Particulate Matter 6 Criteria Pollutant Carbon Monoxide 7 Criteria Pollutant Sulfur Dioxide 8 Criteria Pollutant Nitrogen Dioxide 9 Hazardous Air Pollutants 10 Industrial Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants 11 EPA Toxic Release Inventory 12 Breath to the People: Sacred Air and Toxic Air Pollution 13 Toxic Air Emissions Hot Spots 14 Houston Metropolitan Area, Texas 15 Louisiana´s ``Cancer Alley´´ 16 Southeast Coast of Lake Erie, Ohio 17 Health Risk and Respiratory Symptoms for Individuals Living Near Petrochemical Industrial Complexes 18 Hazardous Air Pollutant Exposure as a Contributing Factor to COVID-19 Mortality in the United States 19 COVID-19 Death Rate in Cancer Alley 20 Regulatory Agency Permitting - Air Pollution 21 Air Permit Violations and Regulatory Agency Enforcement of Permit Conditions 22 Incidents/Releases/Upset Conditions Associated with Industrial Facilities 23 Community Involvement in Air Permit Renewals and/or Modifications 24 Community Complaints Resulted in Ignited Waste Stream Data Made Publicly Available 25 DuPont Pontchartrain Facility/Denka Performance Elastomer 26 Biomonitoring - Mossville, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana 27 Toxic/Hazardous Air Pollutants Released into the Air by Industrial Sector Facilities 28 Toxic/Hazardous Chemicals Permitted to be Released by the Majority of Industrial Sectors 29 Toxic/Hazardous Air Pollutant Chemicals Permitted to be Released by Chemical Manufacturing Facilities 30 Toxic/Hazardous Air Pollutant Chemicals Permitted to be Released by Petroleum Refineries 31 Toxic/Hazardous Air Pollutant Chemicals Permitted to be Released by Plastic Facilities 32 Toxic/Hazardous Air Pollutant Chemicals Permitted to be Released by Rubber Facilities 33 Toxic/Hazardous Air Pollutant Chemicals Permitted to be Released by Primary Metals Facilities 34 Toxic/Hazardous Air Pollutant Chemicals Permitted to be Released by Paper Mills 35 Toxic/Hazardous Air Pollutant Chemicals Permitted to be released by Wood Products Facilities 36 Toxic/Hazardous Air Pollutant Chemicals Permitted to be Released by Fertilizer Manufacturing Facilities 37 Toxic/Hazardous Air Pollutant Chemicals Permitted to be Released by Electric Utilities 38 Summary References 41 Water Pollution 1 Introduction 2 Sources and Management of Water Pollution 2.1 Ponds and Lagoons 2.2 Sewage and Stormwater Overflows 2.3 Eutrophication and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) 2.4 Pesticides and Herbicides 2.5 Solid Waste 2.6 Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkylated Substances 2.7 Energy Sectors 2.8 Legacy Contaminants 2.9 Emerging Contaminants 3 Solutions, Accountability, and Monitoring 4 Summary 5 Cross-References References 42 Nutrient Pollution 1 Introduction 2 Biogeochemical Cycles 2.1 Nitrogen Cycle 2.2 Phosphorus Cycle 3 Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrogen and Phosphorus 4 Sediments and Nutrient Pollution 5 Consequences of Nutrient Pollution 6 Climate Change and Nutrient Pollution 7 Nutrient Pollution Management 7.1 Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants 7.2 Agricultural Runoff 7.3 Mitigating Eutrophication 7.4 Integrated Management 8 Summary References Part VII: Sustainability and Equity 43 Defining the Social Equity Issues in Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Social Equity Issues 2.1 Socioeconomic Status 2.2 Education 2.3 Public Transportation 2.4 Health Care 2.5 Environmental Threats 3 Key Challenges of Defining the Social Equity Issues in Sustainability 3.1 Financial Challenges Related to Underfinancing of Sustainable Development 3.2 Uneven Progress of Achieving SDG Targets 3.2.1 Different Income Level 3.2.2 Disruption by Pandemic and War 3.3 Preexisting Socioeconomic Inequities 3.4 The Need for Equitable Access to Natural Resources 4 Moving Forward 5 Summary References Part VIII: Sustainability in the Developing World 44 The State of Sustainability in Developing Countries 1 Introduction 2 Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Development in Developing Countries 2.1 Financial Challenges 2.2 Greed for Immediate Profit and Investment 2.3 Natural Calamities 2.4 Challenges Faced in War-Torn Countries 2.5 Recurrence of Financial Crisis 3 National/Local Challenges 3.1 Corruption 3.2 Lack of Efforts at Municipal Level 3.3 Social Inequalities 3.4 Rapid Urbanization 3.5 Different Energy Needs 3.6 Subnational Conflicts 4 Global Challenges 4.1 Climate Change 4.2 Skepticism About Globalization 4.3 Fragile State of Economics in Developing Markets 5 Emerging Challenges 5.1 Relationship Between Development and Sustainable Environment 5.2 Cultural Changes and Sustainability Challenges 5.3 Conflicts and Clash of Views Among Major Players 6 State of Sustainability of Natural Resources in Developing Countries 6.1 Oil and Gas 6.2 Air 6.3 Water 6.4 Land, Forest, and Biodiversity 7 State of Sustainability in Various Sectors in Developing Countries 7.1 Tourism and Hospitality 7.2 Agriculture 7.3 Healthcare 7.4 Construction 7.5 Energy 7.6 Mines 7.7 Commerce and Industry 7.8 Science and Technology 8 Case Study of Sustainable Development in Developing Countries 8.1 India 8.2 Nepal 9 COVID-19 and Its Impact on SDGs in Developing Countries 10 Role of Sustainable Education in Developing Countries 11 Role of Adaptive Transition to Achieve Sustainability in Developing Countries 12 Summary References 45 ``Business and Human Rights´´ and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Complementary or Conflicting Agendas 1 Introduction 2 BHR and the Implementation of the UNGPs: Moving from Soft to Hard Accountability 3 The Agenda 2030 and the SDGs: The Role of the Business Sector 4 The Agenda 2030 and the SDGs: Promoting ``CSR Mentality´´ Over Accountability? 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 46 The Global South and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Sustainability Revisited 3 The Global South Explored 4 Africa 5 Asia 6 Latin America 7 Issues and Constraints in the Global South Sustainability 8 Sustainable Development Goals: Efforts and Direction in the Global South 9 Discussion 10 Conclusion and Options for Development 11 Summary 12 Cross-References References 47 Islands and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Structural Disadvantages and Global Islands 3 Politics, Policy, and Wisdom 4 Tourism Not Necessarily Triumphant? 5 Evanescent Island Sustainability? Consensus Denied References 48 Building More Sustainable and Resilient Urban Energy Infrastructures in Southern Africa 1 Highlights 2 Introduction 3 The Conceptual Framework 4 Literature Review 5 Research Methodology 6 Results 6.1 The Southern African Energy Issues 6.1.1 Urbanization and Economic Growth 6.1.2 Regional Integration 6.1.3 Conventional Energy Infrastructures 6.1.4 Sustainable Energy Infrastructures 6.2 Case Study Findings 6.2.1 Maputo 6.2.2 Harare 6.2.3 Cape Town 7 Discussion 8 Conclusion and Recommendations 9 Summary 10 Cross-References References Part IX: Environmental Justice and Racism 49 Background on Environmental Justice and Racism 1 Situating Environmental Justice 2 Genesis of the Environmental Justice Movement 3 Global Diffusion of Environmental Justice Framing 4 Principles of Environmental Justice 4.1 Distributive Justice 4.2 Participatory Justice 4.3 Recognition Justice 4.4 Corrective Justice 4.5 Social Justice 5 Summary References 50 Social Equity 1 Definitions 2 Prejudice, Disparity, and Inequity 3 Equity, Social Equity, and Equality 4 Justice, Social Justice, and Liberation 5 Understanding Social Equity: Considerations from Public Administration 6 Gooden´s First Three Questions 7 Gooden´s Fourth Question 8 Gooden´s Fifth Question 9 Conclusion: From Social Equity to Liberation 10 Summary 11 Cross-References References 51 Indigenous Sustainable Development: Shaping Our Future 1 Introduction 2 The State of the World: An Indigenous Diagnosis 3 Indigenous Conceptions of Sustainable Development 4 Colonialism and Capitalism: Heads in the Sand 5 UNDRIP and Indigenous Sustainable Development 6 Indigenous Sustainable Development 7 Summary 8 Cross-References References 52 Negotiated Gender Subjectivity of Muslim Women and Sustainability in Pakistan 1 Introduction 2 Gender and Sustainability: From the Global to the Local 3 Cases 4 Education and Mobility as Empowering Enough for Women to Practice Sustainability? 5 Summary References 53 Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice in North America 1 Defining Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice 2 The Contour of Environmental Injustice 2.1 Land Appropriation 2.2 Residential Segregation 2.3 Hazardous Workplace Conditions 2.4 Use of Indigenous Lands for Nuclear Weapon Affairs 2.5 Toxic Landfills 2.6 Hazardous Industrial Facilities 2.7 Energy Injustice 2.8 Climate Injustice 2.9 Water Injustice 3 Environmental Justice Advocacy and Movement 4 Environmental Justice Policy 5 Environmental Justice Research 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 54 Environmental Justice in Europe 1 The Concept of Environmental (In)Justice 2 Environmental and Climate Justice 3 Environmental Justice and Environmental Democracy in the European Context: From Environmental Democracy to Climate Emergency 4 Environmental Justice: Bias on the European Periphery 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 55 Environmental Justice in Asia 1 Introduction 2 Environmental Justice in Asia: A Regional Overview 3 Japan 4 China 5 India 6 Mongolia 7 Summary References 56 Environmental Justice in Latin America and the Caribbean 1 Introduction 2 Interactions Between Environmental Justice and the Protection of Human Rights 3 Decolonizing Environmental Justice in LAC 4 Environmental Justice in the Inter-American System: The Relationship Between the Protection of the Environment and the Safeg... 5 Environmental Justice in Latin America and the Caribbean in Light of the Evolution of International Environmental Law in the... 5.1 The Duty of Due Diligence as a General Duty of the State 5.2 Preventive and Precautionary Principles in the Framework of Environmental Justice 6 The Obligation to Carry Out an Environmental Impact Assessment on Projects with a Transboundary Impact 7 Harnessing Environmental Protection Through Environmental Access Rights 7.1 The Advisory Opinion of the IACtHR and Environmental Justice 7.2 The Contribution of the Escazú Agreement to the Quest for Environmental Justice in Latin America and the Caribbean 8 Conclusions References 57 Stakeholder Engagement for Sustainable Communities 1 Introduction 2 Engagement Through Capacity Building 3 Engagement Through Participatory Involvement 4 Summary 5 Cross-References References Part X: Education and Sustainability 58 Environmental Education 1 Introduction 2 Why Engage People in Environmental Education? 3 What Makes Environmental Education Engaging, Relevant, and Motivational? 4 What Environmental Education Messages of Sustainability Do People Respond Most Strongly To? 4.1 A Focus on Flagships 4.2 Looking Locally 4.3 The Attraction of Action 4.4 Learning Leads to Loving 5 What Environmental Education Messages Do People Respond Least Strongly To? 6 How Can Environmental Educators Successfully Transform Engagement into Transformative Action? 6.1 Putting Learning into Local Action 6.2 Creating Eco-citizens 7 Summary 8 Cross-References 58.8 Appendix 1 58.8 Appendix 2 References 59 Children and Sustainability 1 Introduction: Childhood Engagement with Sustainability: Omission to Protect the Present or Inclusion to Safeguard Future Gen... 2 Beyond Education for Sustainable Development 3 Ecopedagogy: Encouraging Systems Thinking for Sustainability 4 Childhood Realities: Child-Led Participation in Sustainability Conversations 5 Childhoods and Joy: Experiential Learning in Informal Contexts 6 Conclusions: Reflecting on Causes and Consequences in the Anthropocene 7 Summary References 60 K-8 Sustainability Education 1 Introduction to the State of K-8 Sustainability Education 2 Sustainability Education in K-8 Learning Standards 3 Sustainability Education in Teaching and Learning Resources 4 Sustainability Education in Teacher Preparation and Professional Development 5 Summary References 61 Sustainability Curriculum in Secondary Education: Two Case Studies Assess Progress 1 Introduction 2 Case Studies 2.1 NYC DOE High School, United States 2.2 The Island School, Bahamas 3 Discussion 4 Summary 5 Cross-References References 62 Sustainability Education: A Review Toward Developing Higher Education for Sustainable Development 1 Introduction 2 Higher Education for Sustainable Development: Understanding the Concept, Roots, and Characteristics 3 Higher Education for Sustainable Development: Objectives into Actions 4 Higher Education for Sustainable Development: A Benchmark to be Monitored 5 Basic Indicators for a Sustainable Higher Education Institution 6 Higher Education for Sustainable Development: The Challenges to be Overcome 7 Summary 8 Cross-References References 63 Sustainability at Universities and Colleges 1 Case Study Example 1.1 Campus Sustainability Tours 1.2 Mobile Learning 1.3 Addressing Food Insecurity 1.4 Sustainability Benchmarking 2 Summary 3 Cross-References References Part XI: International Benchmarking and National Sustainability Planning 64 The Sustainable Development Goals 1 Introduction (from MDG to SDGs) 2 UN Agenda 2030 - Sustainable Development Goals and Targets 2.1 No Poverty 2.2 Zero Hunger 2.3 Good Health and Well-Being 2.4 Quality Education 2.5 Gender Equality 2.6 Clean Water and Sanitation 2.7 Affordable and Clean Energy 2.8 Decent Work and Economic Growth 2.9 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure 2.10 Reduced Inequalities 2.11 Sustainable Cities and Communities 2.12 Responsible Consumption and Production 2.13 Climate Action 2.14 Life Below Water 2.15 Life on Land 2.16 Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions 2.17 Partnerships for the Goals 3 Summary References 65 International Organization for Standards ISO 26000 1 Introduction 2 Conditions Requiring Requisite Holism, Ethics of Interdependence, and Social Responsibility in Contemporary Society and Econ... 3 Some Selected Viewpoints of Social Responsibility 4 European Union and Social Responsibility Perspectives 5 Corporate Social Responsibility and Responsible Business Conduct 6 Why Is CSR Important? 7 European Commission Strategy on CSR 8 Responsible Business Conduct 9 Business and Human Rights 10 Corporate Social Responsibility and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises 11 Key Documents for CSR/RBC Policy 12 Standardization and the ISO 26000 13 Proposal for a Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive 14 EU Sustainability Reporting Standards 15 Useful Links 16 ISO 26000, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Sustainable Development Goals 17 Sustainable Development Can Be Defined as a Form of Development that Meets the Needs of the Present Without Compromising th... 18 Concluding Remarks References Online References 66 Human Development Index 1 Introduction 2 Human Development Index 2.1 The Dimensions of the HDI 2.2 The Calculation of the HDI 2.3 Advantages and Limitations 2.4 Opposite Opinions 2.4.1 Index H 2.4.2 Limitations of the HDI: Toward the SDI, NSDI, and Adjustment for Wealth 3 The HDI in Light of the UNDP´s Sustainable Development Goals 4 Summary 5 Cross-References References 67 National Sustainability Planning: Australian National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development 1 Introduction 2 The Rise of the Idea 3 The Emergence of the Strategy 4 The Content of the Strategy 5 Implementation 6 Effectiveness 7 What Went Wrong? 8 Summary 9 Cross-References References 68 National Sustainability Planning in Malaysia 1 Introduction 2 The 2030 Agenda 3 Malaysia National Plan 4 Malaysia 11th National Planning Transitions to 12th National Planning 5 SDG Adaptation into Malaysia National Planning 6 The Alignment of SDG in Malaysia´s National Development Plan 7 Malaysia National Steering Committee (NSC) 8 Assessment of SDG Indicators Baseline for Malaysia 2020 9 Malaysia´s Voluntary National Review (VNR) 10 Malaysia´s Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2017 11 Malaysia´s Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2021 12 Issues and Challenges in Executing Malaysia´ Sustainable National Planning 13 Summary References 69 National Sustainability Planning: China´s Experiences and Lessons 1 Introduction 2 Needs for Sustainable Development in China 2.1 Socioeconomic and Environmental Challenges 2.2 Critical Environmental Events 2.3 Evolving Policy Agenda 3 Institutional Development for Sustainability Planning 3.1 Laws and Regulations 3.2 Institutionalization 4 National Sustainability Planning 4.1 Sustainability Planning: The Concept 4.2 Sustainable Development in the Five-Year Plans 5 Implementing the Plan 5.1 Policy Design at the National Level 5.2 Policy Implementation at the Local Level 5.3 The Environmental Performance-Based Assessment (EPBA) System 5.4 The Central Environmental Protection Inspection (CEPI) System 5.5 The Third-Party Environmental Monitoring (TEM) System 5.6 The Environmental Vertical Management (EVM) Reform 6 Summary References Part XII: Urban and Regional Planning and Sustainability 70 Background on Urban and Regional Planning 1 Introduction 2 Urban and Regional Planning Practice 3 Sustainable Development and Urban and Regional Planning Research and Practice 4 The Pandemic Crisis and Sustainable Development 5 Inspiration from Planning Theory 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 71 Urban Approaches to Sustainability: Transportation 1 Introduction 2 Triple Bottom Line and Transportation 3 Multimodal Planning and Design 3.1 Nonmotorized Modes 3.2 Transit-Oriented Development 3.3 Complete Streets 4 Transportation Technology 4.1 Intelligent Transportation Systems 4.2 Autonomous Vehicles 4.3 Smart Cities 5 Policy and Programs 5.1 Sustainable Transportation Rating Systems 5.2 Safe Routes Programs 5.3 Vision Zero 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 72 Urban Approaches to Sustainability: Transportation and Walkability 1 Introduction 2 Cycling 3 Walking 4 Public Transportation 5 First- and Last-Mile 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 73 Urban Approaches to Sustainability: Food 1 Introduction 2 The State of Urban Food Security 3 Defining Urban Food Systems 4 Cities Adopting an Urban Food System Approach 5 What Sustainable Urban Food Means? 6 How to Increase the Sustainability of Urban Food? 7 Summary 8 Cross-References References 74 Urban Approaches to Sustainability: Zoning 1 Introduction 2 How Does Zoning Work? 3 Zoning Is Local 4 Zoning Is Impermanent 5 Zoning Is Regulatory 6 Conclusion References 75 Urban Approaches to Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 The Green, Green Grass of Sustainability 2.2 Searching for the Social in Sustainability 3 The Right to the City and the Urban Commons 4 Environmental Justice 5 Urban Climate Justice 6 Interspecies Justice in an Urbanizing World 7 Summary 8 Cross-References References 76 Resiliency 1 Introduction: The Rise of Resilience 2 Why Now? 3 Defining Resilience 4 Where Does Resilience Come From? 5 Socio-ecological Resilience 6 Issues When Conceptualizing Resilience 7 Critique 8 Place-Based or Territorial Resilience 9 Designing Policy for Resilience 10 Summary References 77 Green Building 1 Introduction 2 Benefits and Challenges of Green Buildings 2.1 Benefits of Green Buildings 2.1.1 Environment 2.1.2 Society 2.1.3 Economy 2.2 Challenges to Green Buildings 3 Green Building Codes and Rating Systems 3.1 Green Building Codes 3.2 International Green Construction Code (IgCC) 3.3 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 3.4 Zero Code 3.5 Green Building Rating Systems 4 Advanced Technologies/Techniques in Green Buildings 4.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 4.2 Building Information Modeling (BIM) 4.3 Design for Disassembly (DfD) 4.4 Offsite Construction (OSC) 5 Summary References 78 Green Infrastructure 1 Introduction 2 What Is Green Infrastructure 3 Principles 4 Variability in Terminology and Form 5 Scale, Connectivity, and Networks 6 Political Complexity and GI 7 Funding and Long-Term Support 8 Conclusion Bibliography 79 Regional Planning 1 Introduction 2 Defining Regions 3 Regional Planning as a Policy Field 4 Regional Planning and Sustainability 4.1 Ecological Sustainability 4.2 Social Sustainability 4.3 Economic Sustainability 5 Summary: Sustainable Regions? 6 Cross-References References 80 Tiny Homes, Co-housing, and Community Land Trusts 1 Introduction 2 Small Is Beautiful: Tiny Homes and Microapartments 3 Intentional Communities: Co-housing 4 Alternative Means of Controlling Land and Its Development: Community Land Trusts 5 Summary References 81 Proximity-Based Planning and the ``15-Minute City´´: A Sustainable Model for the City of the Future 1 Introduction 2 Urban Sustainability and the COVID-19 Pandemic 3 The 15-Minute City 4 The Proximity Dimension 5 The Density Dimension 6 Diversity 7 Ubiquity (Digitalization) 8 The 15-Minute City and the New Urban Rhythm 9 A Roadmap to Retrofiting Existing Cities into 15-Minute Cities 10 Summary References 82 Individual Carbon and Environmental Footprints 1 Introduction 2 What Is a Carbon Footprint and How Is It Calculated? 3 CoolClimate Initiative 3.1 The Urban Environment 3.2 Transportation 3.3 Housing 4 Food Production, Consumption, and Waste 5 Improving the Environmental Footprint Through Retrofitting 6 Oakland EcoBlock: A Zero Net Energy, Low Water-Use Urban Retrofit Neighborhood 7 Bassett-Avocado Advanced Energy Community (BAAEC) 8 Conclusion 9 Cross-References References 83 Low-Consumption Lifestyles and Well-Being 1 Introduction 2 Defining Well-Being 3 Low-Consumption Lifestyles and Well-Being 3.1 Voluntary Simplicity 3.2 Minimalism 3.3 Thrift 3.4 Proecological Behaviors 4 How Might Low-Consumption Lifestyles Enhance Well-Being? 4.1 Psychological Needs Fulfillment 4.2 Rejection of Materialism and Consumerism 4.3 Orientation Toward Intrinsic Values 5 Self-Limiting Choice 6 Proliferation of Positive Emotions and Mental Space 7 Summary References 84 Intentional Communities 1 Defining and Classifying Intentional Communities 2 The Community Dimension of Intentional Communities: A Reflection on the Commons 3 The Intentional Dimension of Intentional Communities: Idealization and the Potential for ICs to Trigger Social Change and a ... 4 Summary References Part XIII: Economics and Sustainability 85 Introduction to Economics and Sustainability 1 Introduction: Sustainability of What? 2 The Moral and Financial Sustainability of the Household 3 Macroeconomic Sustainability 4 Biospheric Sustainability: Toward a ``Just Transition´´ 5 Conclusion: Sustainable Economics in the Twenty-First Century References Part XIV: Business and Sustainability 86 Sustainable Business Management 1 Introduction 2 Corporate Sustainability 3 Sustainable Management 4 Strategic Management and Sustainable Management 5 Strategic Posture and Sustainability 5.1 Values 5.2 Mission 5.3 Vision 5.4 Objectives 6 Sustainable Management Tools and Models 7 Sustainable Management in Small and Large Firms 8 Sustainable Business Model 9 A Final Consideration About Sustainable Business Management 10 Summary 11 Introduction 12 Cross-References References 87 The Circular Economy and Planned Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Antecedents of the Circular Economy 3 Defining the Circular Economy 4 Policies for the Circular Economy in the European Union and China 4.1 European Union 4.2 China 5 Critiques of the Circular Economy 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 88 Supply Chain Management and Procurement 1 Introduction 2 Supply Chain Management and Procurement Definition and Evolution 2.1 Supply Chain Management Definition and Evolution 2.2 Procurement Definition and Evolution 3 Sustainable Supply Chain Management and Sustainable Procurement 3.1 Sustainable Supply Chain Management 3.2 Sustainable Procurement 4 Sustainable SCM and Procurement Case Studies 4.1 The Textile and Apparel Supply Chains 4.2 The Food Supply Chain 4.3 The Semiconductors SC 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 89 Green Fashion 1 Introduction 2 Ecolabelling 2.1 European Union Ecolabel 2.2 Oeko-Tex Standard 100 2.3 Made in Green 2.4 Bluesign 2.5 Organic Certification 2.5.1 GOTS 2.5.2 Organic Content Standard 2.6 Fairtrade 2.7 Labels from Retailer Chains 2.7.1 Clear to Wear 2.8 Other Labels and Certification Systems 3 Slow Fashion 4 Repairing, Reuse, and Recycling of Textiles: Circular Textiles 5 Conclusion References 90 Green Investing and Financial Services: ESG Investing for a Sustainable World 1 Introduction 2 Multiple Stakeholders as Advocates for Sustainable Finance and Investments 3 Emerging Global Governance Architecture for Developing Green Financial Products and Services 4 Green Financial Instruments 4.1 Green Bond, Loan, and ESG Equities 4.1.1 Green Bonds and Loans 4.1.2 Green IPOs and ESG Equities 4.2 Other Green-Derived Financial Products and Services 5 Summary References 91 Green Information and Communications 1 Introduction 2 Key Concepts and Literature Review 2.1 Green Networking 2.2 Future Internet 2.3 Approaches, Research Trends, and Major Challenges in Future Green Networking 3 Cross-Layer Adaptive Green Future Network Architecture 3.1 System Model and Assumptions 3.2 Cross-Layer Probabilistic Rate Adaptive Mechanism for Green Networking 3.2.1 Theoretical vs Practical Future Green Networking Design 4 The Enhanced Green Network Design for Energy Internet 4.1 EE Caching Scheme 4.2 Optimal Operating Modes for Content Providers 4.3 Energy Models for EE Analysis 5 Performance Assessment and Discussion 5.1 Environmental Setup 5.2 Results and Discussion 6 Summary and Conclusion 7 Cross-References References 92 Just-in-Time Production and Eco-efficiency 1 Introduction 2 Just-in-Time 3 Eco-efficiency 4 Lean and Green 5 Rationale for Full Life Cycles Thinking References 93 Zero-Emission Delivery for Logistics and Transportation 1 Introduction 2 Zero-Emission Delivery Options 3 Electric Vehicles 4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 5 Fuel-Cell Powered Vehicles 6 Challenges and Research Issues 7 Opportunities 8 Summary References 94 Greenwashing 1 Introduction 2 Fostering a Positive Environmental Communication 3 Falling into the Misleading Realm 4 The Key Role of External Needs and Pressures 5 That´s Greenwashing, Isn´t It? 6 Detecting or Preventing the Misleading Communication Strategy 7 New Frontiers of Windowdressing 8 Summary 9 Cross-References References 95 Business Ethics 1 Introduction 2 Ethical Thinkers 3 Sources of Business Ethics 4 Experience 5 Liberty 6 Profession 7 Policy 8 Knowledge and Belief 9 Law and Philosophy 10 Culture 11 Religion 12 Ethical Factors 12.1 Work Ethics 12.2 Decision-Making 12.3 Ethical Behavior 12.4 Sustainability 13 Summary References Part XV: Economic Development and Sustainability 96 Background on Economic Development 1 Introduction 2 Economic Development and the Industries of Governance 3 The Horizontal Boundaries of Public Organizations: Sustainable Development as Competitive Advantage 4 The Vertical Boundaries of Organizations: Integration of Sustainable Development Capabilities 5 Summary References 97 The Meaning of Place and Space in Research & Development for Sustainability: A Case Study of Special Economic Zones in Zimb... 1 Introduction 2 Background of Special Economic Zones 3 Theoretical and Conceptual Underpinnings 4 Concept of Place, Space, and Spatial Interactions 5 Human Landscape Concept 6 Literature Review: Connecting People and Place for Successful SEZs 7 Research Methodology 8 Results and Analysis 9 Legal Space and SEZs in Zimbabwe 10 Spatial Interactions and Comparative Advantage of SEZs 11 Conclusion 12 Cross-References References 98 Economic Development and Equity 1 Introduction 2 A New Vision for Philosophy of Management and Leadership Practice 3 Critical Assessment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4 Consequences for Research on Economic Equity, Management, and Leadership of Sustainability 5 Conclusion 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 99 Green Entrepreneurship 1 Introduction 2 Definition of Green Entrepreneurship 3 Characteristics of Green Entrepreneurs 4 Role of Green Entrepreneurship 5 Drivers of Green Entrepreneurship 6 Factors that Influence Green Entrepreneurship 7 Summary 8 Cross-References References 100 Global Sustainability in the Presence of Green Technology Transfer 1 Introduction 2 Green Technology Transfer and Global Sustainability 3 The Broken Link in Environmental Sustainability 4 Summary References 101 Green Economic Incentives 1 Introduction 2 The Context of the Current State of Environmental Economics Affairs 3 Green Economic Incentives: Statist Perspective 3.1 Market Creation: Pricing Greenhouse Gases 3.2 Green Bonds: Between Economic Incentives and Eco-change 4 Green Incentives and Nudges from the Private Sector Perspective 5 Summary References 102 Microcredit 1 Introduction 2 MSMEs and the Growth of Economies 3 Microcredit 4 Sustainability and Microcredit 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References Part XVI: Regulations 103 A Proposal for the Crypto-Funding of Climate Change Mitigation and Conservation Efforts 1 Introduction 2 Pricing Nature: Ecological Modeling and Accounting Systems 3 Cryptocurrencies as a Fund-Raising Tool 4 A Global Blockchain Adoption 5 Addressing Environmental Concerns 6 Discussing the Proposed Crypto-Model for Funding Climate Change Mitigation and Conservation Efforts 7 Summary References 104 Introduction to Environmental Regulation 1 Introduction 2 Philosophy of Environmental Regulation 3 History of Environmental Regulation 4 Types of Environmental Regulations 5 Environmental Regulation and Political Feasibility 6 Summary 7 Future Considerations References 105 The EPA and Its Regulations 1 Introduction 2 Regulating Air Pollution 3 Regulating Water Pollution 4 Regulating Hazardous and Nonhazardous Solid Waste and Toxic Substances 5 Multimedia Regulation: The Cluster Rule 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 106 Environmental Regulation in Asia 1 Introduction 2 Types of Environmental Regulations 2.1 Tools for Evaluating Environmental Regulation 2.2 Command-and-Control Approach 2.3 Market-Based Approach 2.4 Voluntary Approach 3 Environmental Regulation in Asia 3.1 China 3.2 Japan 3.3 Korea 4 Conclusion References 107 Environmental Injustice and Disposal of Hazardous Waste in Africa 1 Introduction 2 Transboundary Dumping of Hazardous Wastes 3 The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and Its Environmental Impacts in Somalia 4 Electrical and Electronic Waste (E-Waste) in Africa 5 What Should Be Done to Ban Hazardous Waste Imports into Africa? 6 Summary References 108 Protecting Water and Wetlands 1 Introduction 2 Understanding the Importance of Wetlands 2.1 What Are Wetlands? 2.2 The Functions and Values of Wetlands 2.3 Wetland Value Beyond the Human Gaze: Rights of Wetlands 2.4 Wetlands in Decline 3 Protecting Wetlands 3.1 The Ramsar Convention 3.2 The Concept of ``Wise Use´´ 3.3 Wetlands, Aichi Targets, and Sustainable Development Goals 3.4 Montreux Record 4 Ensuring Water for Wetlands: A Case Study of the Murray-Darling Basin 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References Part XVII: Culture, Travel, Tourism, and Recreation and Sustainability 109 Culture and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Culture as Problem/Culture as Solution 3 Linking Culture and Sustainability 4 Cultural Transitions to Sustainability 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 110 Ecotourism 1 History and Definition 2 Ecotourism Versus Mass Tourism 3 Who Are Ecotourists? 4 Adventure Tourism, Cultural Tourism, and Ecotourism (ACE) 5 Wildlife-Based Tourism 6 Conservationism, Sustainable Tourism, and Ecotourism 7 Slow Tourism 8 Ethics and Learning in Ecotourism 9 The Ecotourism Predisposition Scale 10 Government Tourism Policies and Their Impact on Ecotourism 11 Summary 12 Cross-References References 111 Green Conventions and Events 1 Introduction 2 Concepts and Operational Definitions 2.1 Place Attachment 2.2 Green Convention Attachment 2.3 Experiential Relationship Quality 2.4 Green Experiential Relationship Quality 2.5 Green Supportive Intentions 3 A Proposed Conceptual Model 4 Summary and Implications 5 Cross-References References 112 Green Restaurants 1 Introduction 2 Restaurants and the Production Process 3 Concepts and Methodologies Used in Sustainability in Meal Production 3.1 Life Cycle 3.2 Eco-Efficiency in Food Services 3.3 Supply Chain 3.4 Socio-Biodiversity 3.5 Environmental Footprints 3.6 The Three Rs of Sustainability 4 Sustainable Actions in Restaurants 5 Restaurant Sustainability Programs and Certifications 6 Summary References 113 Cruise Ships and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 The Environmental Sustainability of Cruise Ships 3 The Economic Sustainability of Cruise Ships 4 The Social Side Effects of Cruise Tourism 5 Cruise Ship Sustainability Ahoy? References 114 Sport Ecology and the Environmental Sport Movement 1 Introduction 2 Sport and the Natural Environment: A Bidirectional Relationship 2.1 Sport Impacts the Natural Environment 2.2 The Natural Environment Impacts Sport 3 Future Directions References 115 Green Media 1 Indonesia and Green Issue 2 Media Talks About Green 3 Proklim: The Climate Village Program 4 Proklim in Media Framing 5 Green Media and Sustainable Adaptation Efforts 6 Summary References Part XVIII: Consumerism 116 Impacts of Consumption and the Role of Business 1 Introduction 2 Impacts of Consumption 3 The Role of Business in Driving Sustainable Consumption 4 Pathways for the Future: Gaps and Future Steps 4.1 Food Strategies 4.2 Housing Strategies 4.3 Electrical Appliances Strategies 4.4 Transport Strategies 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 117 Critical Reflection on Discourses of Sustainable Development 1 Introduction 2 Conceptualizing the Contest Concept of Sustainable Development 3 Examples of Specific Tensions in the Sustainable Development Discourse 3.1 Influences from Environmental Discourses on Sustainable Development Conceptualizations 3.1.1 Conservation 3.1.2 Management of the Natural World 3.2 Influences of Economic Discourses on Sustainable Development Conceptualizations 3.2.1 The Role of Economics in Sustainable Development 3.2.2 Industrialization and Capitalism 3.2.3 Commodification of the Social and the Environmental 3.3 Influences of Social Discourses on Sustainable Development Conceptualizations 4 Conclusion 5 Cross-References References Part XIX: Tools in Sustainability 118 A Right to an Age-Friendly Environment with a Focus on the Rural Nordic Arctic 1 Introduction 2 Conceptualizing Age-Friendly Environment 3 On the Link Between an AFE and Human Rights Framework 4 Exploring the Nordic Rural Arctic Region from the Viewpoint of an AFE 5 Discussions and Conclusion: Evaluation of an AFE in Light of Human Rights Norms References 119 Community Engagement 1 Introduction 2 Core Principles of Public Participation and Engagement 3 Citizen Engagement in Local Sustainability 4 Summary 5 Cross-References References Part XX: Human History and Sustainability 120 History of the Environmental Movement 1 Summary 2 Cross-References References 121 Prehistoric Human Development and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 What Do We Mean When We Say ``Development´´? 3 How Can We Study ``Development´´ and Sustainability in the Past? 3.1 Paleoclimatology 3.2 Paleoecology, Archaeobotany, and Zooarchaeology 3.3 Archaeology and Ethnohistory 3.4 Sustainability Science 4 A ``Prehistory of Sustainability´´: The Current State of Knowledge 4.1 Hunting and Gathering 4.2 Food Production 4.3 Urbanism 4.4 The European Colonial Period 5 Outlook and Future Directions 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 122 The Archaeology of Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 How Archaeology Has Addressed Issues of Sustainability 3 Case Study: Indigenous Fishing Practices 4 Case Study: A University Campus 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 123 Sustainability in the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Through the Lens of Archaeobotany 1 Introduction 1.1 Why the Mediterranean Basin? 1.2 Why Archaeobotany and Palynology? 2 Sustainability in Prehistory Through the Lens of Botanists 3 Sustainability in the Bronze Age 4 Conclusive Remarks References 124 Sustainability and the Industrial Revolution 1 Introduction 2 Manufacturing Process 3 Industrial Energy Utilization and Economic Aspects 4 Industrial Policies and Sustainability 5 Conclusion 6 Summary References Part XXI: Great Figures of the Sustainability Field 125 Carl Sauer´s Contributions to Historical Geography and Human Ecology 1 Sauer´s Biography and Contributions 2 Cross-References References 126 Henry David Thoreau and Modern Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Biography 3 Legacy 4 ``Economy´´ 5 The ``New´´ Thoreau 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 127 Marjory Stoneman Douglas and an Everglades Environmentalism 1 Introduction 2 Miami Conservation Politics in the Roaring Twenties and Beyond 3 ``There Are No Other Everglades in the World´´: The Quiet Activisms in/of Douglas´s 1947 The Everglades: River of Grass 4 Enter Friends of the Everglades 5 The Everglades Restoration Problem 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 128 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1 Introduction 2 Female Political Leaders 3 Norway, a Short Introduction 4 The Road to Power 5 Prime Minister 6 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) 7 Ideal and Reality 8 Aftermath 9 Summary 10 Cross-References References 129 Michael Mann 1 Introduction 2 Research 2.1 Early Work 2.2 Elongating the Temperature Record with Proxy Data Analyses 2.3 The Hockey Stick Gains Notoriety 2.4 A Shift to Climate Change Advocacy 2.5 If You See Something Say Something 2.6 The Serengeti Strategy 2.7 More Awards for Mann References 130 Al Gore: Unpacking the Inconvenient Truths of Gore´s Celebrity Activism 1 Introduction 2 Vice-President ``Bore´´ 3 Un Geste Suffit 4 Celebrity Environmentalism 5 The Personafication of Al Gore 6 The Affects of Al Gore´s Climate Change Warrior Persona 7 Summary - Coda: An Inconvenient Sequel (2017) References 131 Speculating Sustainability: Framing Octavia E. Butler´s Science Fiction Writing Within Sustainability Issues 1 Framing Octavia E. Butler Within Sustainability 2 About Octavia E. Butler 3 Octavia E. Butler´s Collection of Work Was Speculating Sustainability 4 Why Octavia E. Butler´s Work Is Important to Sustainability 5 Cross-References References 132 Bill McKibben´s Contributions to Organizing, Activism, and Environmental Thought 1 Introduction 2 Early Life 3 Writing 4 Organizing 5 Criticism 6 Summary 7 Cross-References References 133 Francia Mrquez´s Soul Mining: Recovering Ecology in Afro-Indigenous Activism 1 Introduction 2 Background on Mrquez´s Activist Leadership for Environmental Sustainability in the Context of Internationally Beset, Ethnic ... 3 Localized People Power, Pride, and Agency: Mrquez´s Symbolic Tools for Environmental Sustainability 4 Concluding Summary 5 Cross-References References 134 Vandana Shiva: Biodiversity Campaigner of the Global South 1 Introduction and Brief Biography 2 Research Work 3 Activism 4 Institution Building and Policy Outcomes 5 Summary References 135 Jan Gehl 1 Introduction 2 Street Activity Typologies 3 Planning on a Human Scale 4 Creating Space to Interact 5 Invitations to Move from the Home to Public Space 6 Reducing the Dominance of Vehicles on Public Space 7 Social Reinforcement and Activity 8 Integration, Scale, and Density 9 Conclusion 10 Summary References 136 Wangari Maathai 1 The Natural World and Indigenous Knowledge 2 Woman of the Firsts: Breaking Gender Glass Ceiling and Fighting Gender Inequality 3 A Holistic, Practical Approach to Sustainability Problems 4 The Green Belt Movement and Citizen Empowerment 5 Fight for Human Rights and Democracy 6 Protection of Kenya´s Natural Resources 7 Global Mind, Locally Grounded Identity 8 Summary 9 Cross-References References 137 Paul Watson of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society from Activist to Iconoclast 1 Leaving Greenpeace 2 Creating the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 3 Philosophy of the SSCS 4 Organizational Structure of the SSCS 5 Paul Watson´s Attitudes to Violence 6 The Arrest of Paul Watson 7 Injunction Levied on Paul Watson and the SSCS 8 Summary 9 Cross-References References 138 Jane Goodall´s Work for Animals, Nature, and the Human Environment 1 Summary 2 Cross-References References 139 Dr. Robert D. Bullard 1 Introduction 2 A Lifetime of Exposing Environmental Racism and Articulating Environmental Justice 3 Summary 4 Cross-References References 140 Edward Abbey´s Misanthropic Vision of Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Early Career 2.1 Desert Solitaire 3 Monkeywrenching 4 Controversy 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 141 Ray Anderson 1 Introduction 2 Sustainability at Interface Carpet 3 Ray Not Only Took on Interface, He Took on the System 4 Anderson the Influencer 5 Anderson and the New Corporation 6 Anderson the Legacy 7 Conclusion References 142 Agnes Denes 1 Introduction 2 Sustainable Development Versus Sustainability 3 Environmental Art History: Eco Art Versus Land Art 4 Cultural Sustainability in Environmental Art History 5 Agnes Denes´s Artistic Expressions of Sustainability 6 Sustainability in the Writing of Agnes Denes 7 Agnes Denes´s Environmental Sculptures 8 Agnes Denes´s Pyramids of Consciousness (2005) 9 Summary References 143 Greta Thunberg 1 Introduction 2 ``The Greta Effect´´ 3 The Teenage Rhetor 4 Conservative Reaction 5 Greta´s Place in an International Mediascape 6 Conclusion References Cited Part XXII: International Organizations 144 Contribution of United Nations in Fostering Global Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 United Nations as ``Global Custodian´´ 3 United Nations and Sustainability 4 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Sustainable Development Goals 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 145 The Emergence of Greenpeace as a Global Eco-Advocate 1 Introduction 2 History and Background of the Greenpeace 3 Organizational Structure of Greenpeace 4 The Political Communication of Greenpeace 4.1 Campaign Strategies 4.2 Direct Action, Public Showdown, and Public Awareness 4.3 Lobbying 5 Summary References 146 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) 1 Introduction 2 The Force of Law and Litigation 3 Environmental Justice and Community Engagement 4 Climate Compromises 5 Global Strategy 6 Summary References 147 Good, Fair and Clean Food for All 1 Main Text 1.1 Overview 1.2 The Origins 1.3 The Philosophy and Its Initiatives 2 Conclusions 3 Summary 4 Cross-References References Part XXIII: National, Regional, or Local Organizations 148 Passive House Institute and US Green Building Council 1 Introduction 2 Passive House Institute 3 Passivhaus Design Principles 4 US Green Building Council 4.1 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Rating Systems 5 Summary 6 Cross-References References 149 Philanthropic Organisations and the Global Circulation of Urban Resilience Practices - The Case of 100 Resilient Cities 1 Contested, Fuzzy but Highly Mobile: The Globalization of the Urban Resilience Discourse 2 A Highly Designed Global Urban Governance Project: The Origins, Ambitions, and Demise of the 100 Resilient Cities Initiative 3 Moving the Global Urban Governance and Policy Mobilities Agenda Forward: Why Was the 100RC Important and the Need of Articul... References 150 Entrenching Nature-Oriented Sustainability in Africa: Lessons for Today and the Future from the Green Belt Movement of Wan... 1 Introduction 2 Background of the Study 3 Conceptual Framework 4 Literature Review 5 Research Methodology 6 Results 7 Discussion 8 Conclusion and Recommendations 9 Cross-References References 151 The Uniqueness of National Park Attributes as the Tourism Competitive Advantage: A Perspective from the Indonesia National... 1 Introduction 2 Competitive Advantage of a National Park 3 The Needs of Uniqueness 4 The Unique Characteristics That Provide Added Value 5 Superlatives as a Uniqueness Determiner 6 The Only as a Uniqueness Determiner 7 Examples from Indonesian National Park 8 Conclusion References 152 World Heritage Sites 1 Outstanding Universal Value? Establishing the World Heritage List 2 From Conservation to Sustainability 3 Criteria for Cultural, Natural, and Mixed Heritage 4 The World Heritage List´s ``Tourism-Inducing Effect´´ 5 From Red to Green? Listing World Heritage Sites in Danger 6 Case Study: Hoi An Cultural WH Site in Vietnam 7 Summary 8 Cross-References References Index