Police Intelligence: Totality of Circumstances

Description

Police Intelligence: Totality of Circumstances is an essential resource and is designed for any individual who may encounter the field of criminal justice, whether the person is a police chief who oversees the department’s standard operating procedures, a police officer who enforces the law, a civilian who is expected to follow the law, a lawyer who may challenge an action in court, or a judge who will interpret the law. This book, in part, applies math and logic to laws and policies to objectively assess them. Laws and policies are written as English logical statements. English logical statements can be converted into mathematical logical statements, which can be objectively assessed via Boolean algebra. Specifically, truth tables, Venn diagrams, flowcharts, logic gates, and logic circuits can all be used to assess laws, policies, and proper police actions. For example, mathematically it is not a glass, blue, marble means almost the exact opposite of it is not glass, not blue, and not marble. In addition, one must consider existential and universal quantifiers, conditional statements, and subsets to correctly interpret laws and policies. Thus, it is important for individuals to understand how to mathematically assess English logical statements (e.g., the law) because if they do not, opponents in court may do it for them. This book is important because collecting and understanding information and effectively communicating are vital skills in law enforcement. It discusses different reference points for assessing good behavior, different lenses of truth, limitations of information, and assumptions. Furthermore, it examines a variety of ways to collect and assess information, which include interrogation techniques, interviewing techniques, an interrogatory and a deposition, ciphering and deciphering messages, body language, handwriting analysis, job interview questions, and crime scene search patterns. The chapters present a methodological reasoning process that is sorely lacking among police agencies― and one that is essential for developing critical thinking skills and carrying out orders within legal confines. Police Intelligence: Totality of Circumstances is an indispensable resource for helping students and officers to collect and assess information. Whether it is verbal or nonverbal information, ciphered messages, or using different bases for numeric communication, individuals in criminal justice should learn to think outside the box to collect and understand available information. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface About the Authors Chapter 1 U.S. Constitutional Law Learning Objectives Introduction U.S. Constitutional Law Chapter Problems U.S. Constitutional Law True or False (Circle Best Answer) References Chapter 2 Grammar, Math, Theories, and Persuasion Learning Objectives Introduction Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers Conditional Statements Subsets Quantifiers Not True Does Not Necessarily Mean False Entrapment Example Not Cloudy All Day . Sunny All Day Witness Statement for Vehicle Crash Validity of Question Practical Application Correlation ≠ Causation Practical Application Quantitative Studies vs. Qualitative Studies Falsification Assumptions Consequence of Wrong Assumptions Why Theory Is Important Police Officers Are Communicators Hearsay Information Descriptive Statistics ≠ Inferential Statistics Example of Misusing Descriptive Statistics History of Communication and Persuasion Theories Modes of Persuasion Communication and Persuasion Communication Theory Verbal Persuasion Nonverbal Persuasion Implementing Communication Theories Within the Courtroom Chapter Problems References Chapter 3 Intelligences, Reasoning, and Flowcharting Learning Objectives Introduction Multiple Intelligences Critical Thinking and Police Action Reasoning Totality of Circumstances Totality of Circumstances: Police Officer Performance Review Regulations, Procedures, and Laws Flowcharts Flowcharting: Following Directions Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Investigation Rules Initial Contact Team (ICT) Field Sobriety Test Team (FSTT) Law – Sexual Violation Law Between a Man and a Woman Solution: Law – Sexual Violation Law Between a Man and a Woman Chapter Problems References Chapter 4 The Law, Truth Tables, and Venn Diagrams Learning Objectives Introduction Boolean Algebra Truth Tables Example 1: Truth Table Example 2: Truth Table Example 3: Truth Table Making a Truth Table Order of Operations Example 1. Generate the Headings for a Truth Table for the Following Violation of Law Example 2. Generate the Headings for a Truth Table for the Following Law Filling in the Truth Table With Values Equivalency Determining Equivalency Example 1. Interpret the Law Example 2. Interpret the Law Example 3. Interpret the Law Example 4. Interpret the Law Example 1. Check the Answer: Convert the Mathematical Logical Statement Into an English Logical Statement (I.e., the Law). Example 2. Convert the Mathematical Logical Statement Into an English Logical Statement (I.e., the Law) Example 3. Convert the Mathematical Logical Statement Into an English Logical Statement (I.e., the Rule). Example 4. Convert the Mathematical Logical Statement Into an English Logical Statement (I.e., the Law). Example 5. Convert the Mathematical Logical Statement Into an English Logical Statement (I.e., the Rule) Solution Exercise: Identify the Correct Combination of Input Variables Venn Diagrams Venn Diagram Examples: Deck of Playing Cards Problem 1: Use a Regular Deck of Playing Cards (No Jokers) Solution Problem 2: Use a Regular Deck of Playing Cards (No Jokers) Problem 3: Use a Regular Deck of Playing Cards (No Jokers) Problem 4: Use a Regular Deck of Playing Cards (No Jokers). Venn Diagrams: Age, Sex, Hair Color Chapter Problems References Chapter 5 The Law, Logic Gates, and Logic Circuits Learning Objectives Introduction Logic Gates Boolean Algebra Laws and Theorems Laws and Theorems of Boolean Algebra (1 = True; 0 = False) Idempotent Laws: A · A = A; B + B = B Commutative Laws Associative Laws Distributive Laws Logic Gate Designs Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Example 9 Logic Circuits Example 1: Given the Following Logic Circuit, What Is the Equation for the Law Violation? Example 2: Given the Logic Circuit, Indicate the Equation for the Law Example 3: Given the Logic Circuit, Indicate the Equation for the Law. Example 1: Given the Rule Violation Below, Create a Logic Circuit to reflect It Example 2: Given the Rule Violation Below, Create a Logic Circuit to reflect It. Logic Gate Design Exercise 1: Create a Logic Gate and Logic Circuit Design to Represent the Following Law. Exercise 2: Create a Logic Gate and Logic Circuit Design to Represent the Following Law Exercise 3: Create a Logic Gate and Logic Circuit Design to Represent the Following Law. Chapter Problems References Chapter 6 Probable Cause Affidavit, Information, Evidence, and Search Warrant Learning Objectives Introduction Collecting Information Police Reports Probable Cause Affidavit and Information Elements of the Crime: Probable Cause Affidavit and Information Police Property Record and Receipt Form Evidence Description for Lab (Quantity, Serial #, Color, Etc.) Chain of Custody Request for Police Laboratory Examination Evidence Description for Lab (Quantity, Serial #, Color, Etc.) Jail Intake Form Correctional Medical Survey Intake Screening and Triage DUI Investigation DUI Investigative Notes Field Sobriety Directions Walk-and-Turn One-leg Stand Horizontal Nystagmus Finger Count Backward Count Alphabet A–Z Alco-sensor Test Horizontal Nystagmus Tests to Detect Head Injuries (If “No” Is Checked, Then the Test Is Questionable) Walk-and-turn One-leg Stand Backward Count Alphabet A–Z Finger Count Implied Consent Warning DataMaster Evidence Ticket Affidavit for Probable Cause: Driving While Intoxicated Preliminary Observations Field Observations Field Sobriety Tests Chemical Test Previous Convictions Charging Form for Driving While Intoxicated Search Warrant Affidavit for Search Warrant Order for Search Warrant Search Warrant Chapter Problems References Chapter 7 Code Communication Learning Objectives Introduction Police Codes Numeric Bases Sport Codes Football Secret Codes for the Offense Marked Deck of Playing Cards Secret Codes Computer Translation Codes Computer Language Translations Techniques for Ciphering and Deciphering Messages Code Stick Reverse the Words Read Every Second Letter Numbers Stand for Letters Reverse the Alphabet Half-Reverse Alphabet Pigpen Rosicrucian Cipher Block Cipher Keyboard Cipher Date Shift Cipher Keyboard Date Shift Cipher Dot Code Key Dot Code Example Line Code Key Line Code Example Zig Zag Key Zig Zag Code Example Greek Square Cipher Rail Fence Cipher Page-Paragraph-line-word-letter Semaphore Cipher Braille Morse Code Moon’s Code Sebald Code Space Code Circle Code International Code of Signal Flags Word Grille Chapter Problems References Chapter 8 Meaning of Truth Learning Objectives Introduction Deviance What Is Truth? Personal Bias: Post-Positivists, Phenomenology, and Hermeneutics Post-positivists Ontology Axiology Epistemology Methodology Phenomenology Ontology Axiology Epistemology Methodology Hermeneutics Ontology Axiology Epistemology Methodology Ethical Systems Test of Ethics Ethical Dilemmas Ethical Systems: What Is Good Behavior? Deceiving Suspects: Is It Ethical for Police to Lie? Ethics in Action: Gratuities Cons of Police Officers Accepting Gratuities Pros of Police Officers Accepting Gratuities Theoretical Concepts and Research Rational Choice Theory The Looking-Glass Self Theory Behavioral Economics Theory Conclusion Police Department Orientations Rational Orientation System Orientation Crime Control Orientation vs. Due Process Orientation Politics Orientation (Right Wing vs. Left Wing) Growth Complex Orientation Social Constructionist Orientation Late Modernity Orientation Oppression Orientation Chapter Problems References Chapter 9 Interrogatory and Deposition Learning Objectives Introduction Interrogatory and Deposition Lawyer’s Trap Interrogatory Deposition Fictitious Case Report and Related Deposition Example Trooper Olga Hernandez, Indiana State Police Comments About the Deposition Chapter Problems References Chapter 10 Interviewing and Identifying Suspects Learning Objectives Introduction Police–Public Encounters (Del Carmen & Hemmens, 2017) Interviews Open-ended Questions Examples Closed-ended Questions Examples Exercise: Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Questions Presumptive Questions Examples Probing Questions Pushing Probe Information-gathering Probe Exercise Practical Exercise Group Exercise Neutral and Leading Questions Examples Out-of-class Exercise The Structure of the Interview Opening of the Interview Example Example Exercise Continuation of the Interview Examples Examples Closing of the Interview Closing Techniques Closing the Interview Non-Verbally Practical Exercise Complainant, Witness, Victim, Suspect, and Criminal Informant Police–Individual Encounters Voluntary Statement Interview Statement Miranda Warning Miranda Rights Waiver of Rights Legal Guardian of Juvenile Showups, Lineups, and Photographic Lineups In-field Showup Report Admonition of Victims and Witnesses Lineup Procedures Lineup Admonition of Victims and Witnesses Photographic Lineup Procedures Photographic Lineup Admonition of Victims and Witnesses Statement of Witness/victim Suspect Report, Field Interview Card, and Intelligence Report Suspect Report Field Interview Card Police Department: Intelligence Report Chapter Problems References Chapter 11 Body Language Learning Objectives Introduction The Human Face Body Language and Deception Assessing Truth and Body Language Chapter Problems References Chapter 12 Interrogation Techniques Learning Objective Introduction Interrogation False Confessions Suspect Is a Juvenile And/or Has a Mental Or Psychological Impairment Suspect Was Coerced Or Interrogated for an Inordinate Amount of Time Credibility of Confession Table 12.8 Interrogation Techniques Setting the Atmosphere Americans and Personal Space Chapter Problems References Chapter 13 Individuals With Disabilities Learning Objectives Introduction General Practices for Interviewing People With Disabilities Interviewing People With Intellectual Disabilities Interviewing Individuals With Autism Disorders Interviewing Individuals With Mental Illness Interviewing Individuals With Visual Impairment Interviewing Individuals With Hearing Impairments 72-Hour Medical Detention Application for 72-Hour Medical Detention Chapter Problems Reference Chapter 14 Science and Truth Learning Objectives Introduction Polygraph Tests Voice Stress Analysis Brain Scan Brain Fingerprinting DNA Handwriting Analysis Graphology Chapter Problems Handwriting Assessment Form Handwriting Assessment Form References Chapter 15 Media, Cybercrime, Technology, and Special Situations Learning Objectives Introduction Mass Media and Police Mass Media and the Public Mass Media: The Elite Controlling Minorities Media of the Less Powerful Small-town Media Freedom of Information Act Terrorism Cyberspace Crime: Internet Dangers Cyberspace and Electronic Information Technology and Public Service Barriers to Technology Overcoming Barriers Factors for Success Interviewing a Sex-Abused Child Sex Offender Registries Crimes Against Children (Hess & Orthmann, 2010) Hostage Negotiations Steps for Controlling the Situation Bombs Dirty Bomb Bomb Threat Procedures Background Sounds (Indiana University, 2021). Characteristics of the Caller’s Voice (Indiana University, 2021). Language of the Caller During the Threat (Indiana University, 2021). Bomb Threat Call Checklist for Dispatcher (Indiana University, 2021) Incident Command and Control Zones Control Zones Safety Perception Death Notifications Traffic Stops (Miller, Schultz, & Hunt, 2011) Felony Stop (Miller, Schultz, & Hunt, 2011) Chapter Problems References Chapter 16 Qualitative Information Learning Objectives Introduction Assessing Qualitative Information Relative Value of Information Conclusion Voice Inflection Academic Research: Nomothetic and Idiographic Causal Relationships Qualitative Information Qualitative Study Research Designs General Practices for Qualitative Research Specific Practices for Qualitative Research Qualitative Theme Analysis Example 1: The Message of Music Example 1. Assessing Information in Love Songs Example 2: Ethnography—Assessing Information in a Natural Setting Sense of Vision Sense of Smell Sense of Hearing Summary Example 3: Artifact Data—Assessing Information in Cemeteries Artifact Greenwood Cemetery (Lagrange, Indiana) Headstones From 200 Years Ago Headstones From 100 Years Ago Headstones From About 30 Years Ago Headstones From About 20 Years Ago Eastbaren Cemetery (Shipshewana, Indiana) Example 4: Focus Group Study Focus Group Instrument Research Question: What Is Your Perception of Police Officers and Your Respect for Police? Additional Probing Questions Research Question: What Is Your Perception of Police Officers and Your Respect for Police? Probe Question: Why You Perceive That the Police, Through Their Behaviors, Have Not Earned Your Respect? Probe Question: What Is Your Perception of the Relationship Between the Police and Minorities? Probe Question: What Is Your Perception of the Relationship Between Minorities and Whites? Probe Question: What Is Your Experience With Police Profiling Or Racial Discrimination? Probe Question: What Do You Feel Is the Goal of the Local Police Department and Why? Chapter Problems References Chapter 17 Résumé, Job Interview, and Oral Presentations Learning Objectives Introduction Résumé Step 1 Step 2 Reverse Chronological Résumé Work Experience Education Additional Training/Certifications Technical Skills Important Writings Awards/Honors Functional Résumé Summary of Qualifications Skills and Accomplishments Management Sales Customer Service/Call Center Human Resources Accounting and Finance Technical Skills Employment History February 2002–Present Education Job Interview Prior to the Job Interview At the Job Interview Commonly Asked Questions at Police Job Interviews Appropriate Answers for Job Interview Questions Oral Presentations Example 1: Outline for Speech—Fireworks Speech Example 2: Outline for Subpoint Speech Example 3. Outline for Persuasion Speech Example 4: Outline for Courtroom Testimony Speech Introduction Body Conclusion Impromptu Speech Chapter Problems References Chapter 18 Crime Scene Investigations Learning Objectives Introduction Crime Scene Investigation Crime Scene Supplies Techniques for Searching the Crime Scene Line Search Pattern Strip Search Pattern Grid Search Pattern Lane Search Pattern Circle Search Pattern Spiral Search Pattern Quadrant Or Zone Search Pattern Ray Or Wheel Search Pattern Crime Scene Investigations Crime Scene Entry Log Sheet Photography Log Sheet Steps for Grassy Area: Abandoned Vehicle Search Steps for Outdoor Crime Scene: No Suspects at Scene Steps for Crime Scene: Inside a Room Steps for Vehicle Search: Traffic Stop Steps for Search of Person Steps for Collecting Blood Evidence Dry Blood Wet Blood Steps for Castings: Overview Footprint Casting Forensic Casting – Chisel Mark Communicating With Nature Forgeries and Fakes Chapter Problems References Glossary Index