India Migration Report 2021: Migrants and Health

Description

India Migration Report 2021 presents a detailed study on the health of migrants. It highlights major healthcare challenges faced by migrant labourers, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has forced authorities, policymakers and many other stakeholders to turn their attention to healthcare delivery unlike ever before. Bringing to the fore the health status of the migrant population both before the pandemic and during the pandemic, the essays in this volume discuss • the ease of access of migrant labourers to primary healthcare services; • the safety challenges faced by migrant workers at their workplaces, their exposure to various physical and psychological health vulnerabilities, and prevalence of potentially malignant health disorders and mental health issues among migrant labourers; • gendered access to healthcare, gender-based violence at workplaces and the gender-related perceptions on topics such as employment, decision-making and general attitude; • the role of decentralization and local self-government institutions in enabling health systems to address health problems of migrants, government policies and programs aimed at providing welfare for return emigrants from the Gulf; • the vulnerabilities migrant workers have encountered across the Indian states during the pandemic, with regards to food insecurity and psychological distress, and the type of support they received from various stakeholders. The volume will be of interest to scholars and researchers of development studies, economics, demography, sociology and social anthropology, and migration and diaspora studies. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of figures List of tables List of boxes List of contributors Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Migration and health: Charting questions for future research 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Occupational safety and health 1.3 Infectious diseases 1.4 Maternal and child health 1.5 Access to healthcare services 1.6 Post-Script References Chapter 2: Internal migrants’ health in India: The need for inclusive policies and implementation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Health status of the migrants 2.3 Healthcare access to the migrants 2.4 COVID-19 and migrants 2.5 Existing policy safeguards for migrants in India 2.6 Need for inclusive and migrant-sensitive policies and their implementation References Chapter 3: Rethinking health of migrant workers 3.1 Internal migration in India and policy environment 3.2 Migrant’s health issues and challenges 3.3 Gaps in programs and policies 3.4 Way forward Notes References Chapter 4: Gender and the Migrant Experience of Seeking Healthcare: An Exploration using Narrative Analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Methodology 4.2.1 Objectives and Study Location 4.2.2 Situating the Self and Others 4.3 The Healthcare Experience – A Narrative 4.3.1 Immunisation in Public Sector – First Failure in 1994 4.3.2 Immunisation in Public Sector – Second Time Lucky in 1995 4.3.3 2012–2013: Years After – Immunisation Revisited for Hepatitis B 4.4 Narrative Analysis 4.4.1 Gendered Socialisation Processes 4.4.2 Gendered Roles and Specific Anxieties 4.4.3 Gendered Access to Healthcare 4.4.4 Migrant Inclusive Healthcare Systems 4.5 Concluding Remarks Note References Chapter 5: Migrants and health: A study of low-income migrants in Punjab and Assam References Chapter 6: Return migrants and the first wave of COVID-19: Results from the Vande Bharat returnees in Kerala 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Data 6.3 Descriptive Statistics 6.3.1 Characteristics of the emigrants and their household 6.3.2 Complete scenario on the return journey of the emigrants to Kerala 6.4 Findings 6.5 Conclusion Notes References Chapter 7: Primary healthcare for labour migrants in India: The need for an inclusive policy 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methodology 7.2.1 Study area 7.2.2 Study participants 7.2.3 Data 7.3 Analysis 7.4 Discussion and conclusions References Chapter 8: Broken bricks: Health status of the seasonal migrant workers 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Background complexities of brick kiln industry 8.3 Factors affecting health 8.3.1 Living conditions 8.3.2 Working conditions 8.4 Health seeking behaviour 8.4.1 Financial aspects 8.4.2 Gender aspect 8.5 Necessary measures 8.6 Conclusion Notes References Chapter 9: Burden of occupational morbidities among migrant auto-rickshaw drivers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Objective of the study 9.3 Data and methods 9.4 Findings 9.5 Discussion 9.6 Conclusion 9.7 Limitation of the study Acknowledgment References Chapter 10: Prevalence of potentially malignant oral disorders among migrant labourers 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methodology 10.3 Results 10.3.1 Self-reported health issues, oral health characteristics and awareness among the study population. 10.3.2 Oral intervention urgency for subjects 10.3.3 Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) 10.3.4 Correlates of OPMDs 10.3.5 Multivariate analysis of whole study subjects and its different correlates of OPMD 10.3.6 Predictors of oral health care seeking 10.3.7 Subgroup analysis of factors affecting oral care seeking in migrants 10.4 Discussion 10.4.1 Differences in vulnerabilities related to socio-demographic characteristics 10.4.2 Differences in vulnerabilities due to habits 10.4.3 Differences in general and oral health problems, particularly OPMDs 10.4.4 Differences in oral health care utilization 10.5 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Assessment of mental health disorders among migrant brick kiln workers of western Odisha 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Data and methods 11.3 Results 11.4 Discussion 11.5 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Building better migrant worker-health system interfaces: Noteworthy interventions from local self-government institutions in Kerala 12.1 Background 12.2 Methods 12.2.1 Data collection 12.2.2 Analysis 12.2.3 Ethical considerations 12.3 Findings 12.3.1 Findings from key informant interviews 12.3.2 Arbitrariness in the approach to migrants’ health projects in the past 12.3.3 Changing focus of health interventions for migrants 12.3.4 Challenges due to the unique social dynamics of migrant life 12.3.5 Experiences from three LSGI migrant health projects 12.3.5.1 Hamara Mehman 12.3.5.2 Garima 12.3.5.3 Adwaitham 12.4 Discussion 12.4.1 Thinking beyond interventions that compartmentalize 12.4.2 From disease surveillance to medical camps to identity cards 12.4.3 Of names and labels 12.4.4 Significance of our findings and further work 12.5 Conclusion References Chapter 13: COVID-19 pandemic and interstate migrants: Documenting the response of health system and civil society 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Framework 13.2.1 COVID-19 and the inequality pandemic 13.2.2 Public health approach to pandemic response 13.3 Underlying vulnerability of the migrants and the policy implementation gap 13.4 Impact of lockdown and pandemic strategy on migrants 13.5 Civil society action on migrants 13.5.1 Hyderabad 13.5.2 Chennai 13.5.3 Delhi 13.5.4 Maharashtra 13.6 Conclusion References Chapter 14: What next for the COVID-19 return emigrants?: Findings from the Kerala return emigrant survey 2021 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Analysis 14.2.1 Who are the COVID-19 return emigrants? 14.3 The COVID-19 REM survey 2020–2021 14.3.1 Determinants of return migration during COVID-19: categorising the REM 14.3.2 Characteristics of the REM 14.3.3 Future plans of REM: What next for Kerala's Return Emigrants 14.3.4 REM who wish to re-migrate 14.3.5 REM who wish to re-integrate 14.4 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Food Security and Psychological Distress of Migrants during COVID-19 Lockdown 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Informal Workers, Migrants, and Migrant Occupations 15.2.1 Pune District Migration Profile from Census,2011 15.3 Survey of Migrants in Pune 15.3.1 Profile of Migrant Workers 15.4 Distress of Migrants during COVID Lockdown 15.4.1 Loss of Employment 15.4.2 Lack of Savings 15.4.2.1 Expenditure Cutback 15.4.3 Food Security 15.4.3.1 Utilization of Ration Cards 15.4.3.1.1 Specific Cases from our Study 15.4.4 Psychological Distress of Migrants during COVID-19 Lockdown 15.4.4.1 Psychological Distress: Anxiety, Stress, Worthlessness, Perception of Lockdown 15.4.4.2 Perception of lockdown 15.4.4.2.1 Anxiety 15.4.4.2.2 Stress 15.4.4.2.3 Worthlessness 15.5 Recommendations for Migrant Workers’ Physical and Psychological Health 15.5.1 Addressing Food Security 15.5.1.1 Universalization of PDS and Voluntary Self-exclusion by Privileged Classes as Possible Solution 15.5.2 Addressing Psychological Distress 15.6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 16: Livelihood, Employment and Health of Migrant Workers in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Methods 16.3 Findings 16.3.1 Vulnerabilities, Risk Perceptions and Risk Behaviour 16.3.2 Impact of COVID-19 on Lives and Livelihood 16.3.3 Help from Government/Non-Governmental Organisations/Employer/Philanthropic Individuals 16.3.4 Health Care and Health-Seeking Behaviour 16.3.5 Measures to Reduce the Risk of Transmission 16.3.6 Measures to Reduce Risk of Spreading the Infection 16.3.7 Disinfection Measures Adopted 16.3.8 Lockdown Impact on Feelings and Behaviours 16.4 Discussion and Conclusions Note References Chapter 17: An Exploratory Analysis of Gender Attitudes in Tamil Nadu: New Evidence from Tamil Nadu Migration Survey 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Gender Attitudes and Economic Development 17.3 Gender Attitudes and Tamil Nadu 17.4 Data and Methods 17.5 Results 17.5.1 General Attitudes 17.5.2 Employment Attitudes 17.5.3 Attitudes Surrounding Decision-Making 17.5.4 Attitudes on Gender-Based Violence 17.6 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Migrants and Their Livelihoods in the Urban Informal Sector 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Rural-Urban Migration 18.3 Urban Informal Sector 18.4 Street Vendors 18.5 Train Mobile Vendors 18.6 Socio-Economic and Demographic Profile of the Mobile Vendors 18.7 Type of Products Sold by the Mobile Vendors 18.8 Average Earnings per Day 18.9 Determinants of Average Earnings of Mobile Vendors 18.10 Major Constraints Faced by Mobile Vendors 18.11 Conclusions and Recommendations 18.12 Recommendations Acknowledgement References Chapter 19: Nexus of Social Remittances and Social Change: An Ethnographic Study of Impact of Gulf Migration on Linguistic Pattern of Migrants in Uttar Pradesh 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Methodology: Sampling Strategy and Technique for Collection of Primary Data in Uttar Pradesh 19.2.1 Strategy for Selection of Sample Areas 19.2.2 Technique for Selection of Respondents 19.2.3 Technique for Collection of Primary Data 19.2.3.1 Observation Method 19.2.3.2 Informal Interview 19.3 Results and Discussion 19.3.1 The Impact of Social Remittances on the Socio-Economic Life of Migration-based Community 19.4 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation Notes References Chapter 20: International Migration of Indentured Labour from Northern India, 1881–1911 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Problem 20.3 The annual variations in emigration of indentured labour: The role of demand and supply factors 20.4 Conclusion Notes Index