Rodent Transplant Medicine

Description

This book introduces transplantation in rodents as useful tools used in studying transplant immunobiology. Several solid organs (kidney, heart, liver) transplant models in rodents are described in this book. It can help surgical quality and save surgical time. The first part of the book provides a review of rodent transplant tolerance induction, the role of gender and body-weight in rodent transplantation, surgical instruments and organ preservation solutions. In the second part of the book, various organ-transplantation techniques in rodents are discussed in individual chapters. This book presents uniform surgical procedures in mouse and rats, which produce comparable data, efficiently enhancing the translational research from bench to non-human primates and beyond. It will be of great value to transplant researchers, research fellows and clinicians in many surgical specialties. Foreword Acknowledgments Contents Abbreviations Chapter 1: Rodent Transplantation Medicine 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Advantages of Microsurgical Training in the Laboratory 1.3 Availability of Knockout Rat for Transplant Research 1.4 Tolerability of Different Transplant Organs 1.5 Vascularized Versus Nonvascularized Grafts 1.6 Comparison Between Mouse and Rat Transplant Models 1.7 Different Combinations of Rodents for Transplant Models References Chapter 2: T-Cell Costimulatory Molecules 2.1 The Ig Superfamily Costimulatory Molecules 2.1.1 CD28/CTLA-4/B7 Pathways 2.1.2 ICOS/B7h Pathway 2.1.3 PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 Pathways 2.1.4 BTLA and CD160 Pathways 2.1.4.1 The TNF-TNFR Superfamily Costimulatory Molecules 2.1.5 CD40/CD154 Pathway 2.1.6 OX40/OX40L Pathway 2.1.6.1 4-1BB/4-1BBL Pathway 2.1.7 CD27/CD70 Pathway 2.1.8 CD30/CD30L Pathway 2.1.9 GITR/GITRL Pathway 2.1.10 HVEM/LIGHT Pathway 2.2 The TIM Family Costimulatory Molecules 2.3 Costimulatory Control of T Regulatory Cells 2.4 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Age in Rodent Organ Transplantation 3.1 Introduction of Clinical Observation on the Role of Age in Transplantation 3.2 Experimental Studies for Underlying Mechanism 3.3 Relationship Between Age and Alloimmune Responses 3.4 Role of Senescence of Graft 3.5 Synergistic Effect of Donor Age and Prolonged Cold/Warm Ischemia Time 3.6 Conclusive Remarks References Chapter 4: Role of Gender in Animal Transplantation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Underlying Mechanism of the Effect of Gender Impairing on Transplant Rejection 4.3 Conclusive Remarks References Chapter 5: Role of Body Weight/Functioning Mass of Graft in Rodent Transplantation 5.1 The Difference of Growth Curves Between Rat and Mouse 5.2 Clinical Observation of a Significance of Body Mass Index (BMI) 5.3 Experimental Findings on the Role of Donor Organ Weight or Body Weight 5.4 Underlying Mechanisms for the Effect of Body Weight/Functioning Mass of Graft References Chapter 6: Illustration of Laboratory Facilities and Microsurgical Instruments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Animal Training Program 6.3 Certificate of Animal Training Program 6.4 Anesthetics 6.5 Microsurgical Instruments 6.5.1 Operating Microscope 6.5.2 Bipolar Coagulator 6.5.3 Low-Temperature Cautery 6.5.4 Rodent Operating Board 6.5.5 Dual Clasping Stainless Steel Sterilization Container 6.5.6 Angiocatheter and Bent 30-Gauge Needle 6.5.7 Retractors 6.5.8 Microvascular Clamps 6.5.9 Curved Needle Holder 6.5.10 Microclip Vessel Applier with Lock 6.5.11 Sterile Swab (Cotton Fioc) and Gauze 6.5.12 Microsurgical Scissor and Microdissecting Forceps Fine Point 6.5.13 Needle and Sutures 6.5.14 6-0 Silk 6.5.15 Surgifoam 6.5.16 Autoclip Wound Clip Applier (9 mm) 6.5.17 Circulating Water Heating Pad and Pump 6.5.18 Metabolic Cage References Chapter 7: Organ Preservation 7.1 Rat Kidney Transplantation 7.2 Rat Liver Transplantation 7.3 Mouse Heart Transplantation 7.4 Mouse Kidney Transplantation 7.5 Mouse Liver Transplantation References Chapter 8: Rat Kidney Transplantation 8.1 Rat Kidney Transplant Models 8.2 Animals 8.3 Anesthesia 8.4 Donor Surgery 8.5 Recipient Surgery 8.6 Vascular Anastomosis 8.7 Reperfusion 8.8 Ureter Anastomosis 8.9 Postoperative Care 8.10 Graft Assessment 8.11 Discussion References Chapter 9: Rat Orthotopic Liver Transplantation 9.1 Animal 9.2 Anesthetization 9.3 Donor Procedure 9.4 Donor Back Table Procedure 9.5 Recipient Procedure 9.6 Discussion 9.7 Selection for Recipient and Donor 9.8 Narcotic Control and Choice 9.9 Donor Liver Surgery and Back Table Procedure 9.10 Receptors Surgery References Chapter 10: Mouse Skin Transplantation 10.1 Special Surgical Tool 10.1.1 Preservation Solution 10.2 Surgical Procedure 10.2.1 Donor Surgery 10.2.1.1 Trunk Skin Surgery 10.2.1.2 Tail Skin Procurement 10.2.1.3 Ear Skin Surgery 10.2.2 Recipient Surgery 10.2.2.1 Suture Technique 10.2.2.2 Tissue Adhesive Technique (TAT) 10.3 Dressing After Surgery 10.4 Disbandagement 10.5 Observation of Graft Survival 10.6 Histological Evaluation of Skin Graft 10.7 Analgesic 10.8 Admission of Graft for Analysis 10.9 Discussion References Chapter 11: Mouse Heterotopic Abdominal Heart Transplant Model 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Mice 11.3 Surgical Instruments 11.4 Anesthetic 11.5 Storage Solution for Donor Organ 11.6 Mouse Abdominal Heart Transplant Model 11.6.1 Donor Heart Preparation 11.7 Recipient Surgery 11.8 Arteriotomy and Venotomy 11.9 Vascular Reconstruction 11.10 Postoperative Care 11.11 Postoperative Analgesia 11.12 Graft Assessment 11.13 Admission Standard of Transplanted Recipients 11.14 Discussion References Chapter 12: Mouse Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplant Model 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Donor Surgery 12.3 Recipient Operation 12.4 Discussion 12.5 Mouse Cervical Heart Transplant Model with Cuff Technique 12.5.1 Materials and Methods 12.5.1.1 Animal 12.5.1.2 Donor Procedure 12.5.1.3 Recipient Procedure 12.5.2 Discussion References Chapter 13: Mouse Kidney Transplantation 13.1 Animals 13.2 Special Surgical Instruments 13.3 Preparation of the Surgeon 13.4 Anesthesia 13.5 Donor Surgery 13.5.1 Cold Ischemia 13.5.2 Warm Ischemia 13.6 Recipient Surgery 13.6.1 Urethral Reconstruction 13.7 Postoperative Care 13.7.1 Body Temperature 13.7.2 Antibiotics 13.7.3 Analgesic 13.8 Nephrectomy for the Recipient’s Native Kidney 13.9 Admission Standard of Transplanted Recipients 13.10 Graft Assessment 13.11 Histological Analysis 13.12 Discussion References Chapter 14: Mouse Liver Transplantation 14.1 Surgical Procedure 14.2 Donor 14.3 Back Table 14.4 Recipient 14.5 Tips and Pitfalls 14.6 Complications and Rejection 14.7 Arterialization References Chapter 15: Retinal Stem Cell Transplantation for Rat 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Animal 15.3 Methods References Chapter 16: Islet Transplantation in Mice 16.1 Establishment of Mice Models of Diabetes Mellitus 16.1.1 Main Reagents and Preparation Methods 16.1.2 Establishment of Mice Models 16.2 Isolation of Mouse Islets 16.2.1 Main Reagents and Preparation Methods 16.2.2 Isolation of Mouse Islets 16.2.3 Purification of Mouse Islets 16.2.4 Identification of Islet Cells 16.2.5 Functional Testing of Islet Cells 16.3 Allogeneic Islet Cell Transplantation in Mice 16.3.1 Transplantation of Islet Cells Under the Renal Capsule in Mice 16.3.2 Blood Glucose Monitoring After Islet Transplantation 16.3.3 Statistical Analysis 16.4 Results 16.5 Discussions References Chapter 17: Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 17.1 Recipients and Donors 17.1.1 Recipient Mice 17.1.2 Donors 17.2 Conditioning Recipient Mice 17.2.1 Conditioning with TBI 17.2.2 Conditioning with Non-TBI Regimen 17.3 Harvesting HSCs from Donors 17.3.1 Harvesting HSCs from Adult Mice 17.3.2 Harvesting HSCs from Embryonic Mice 17.3.3 Harvesting HSCs from the Human Body 17.4 Route for HSC Transplantation 17.5 Assessment After HSC Transplantation References Appendix Record of Experiments Treatment Animal Surgical Record Daily Clinic Observation Daily Clinic Observation Daily Clinic Observation Euthanasia Record Index