Facial Trauma Surgery: From Primary Repair to Reconstruction

Description

Offering authoritative guidance and a multitude of high-quality images, Facial Trauma Surgery: From Primary Repair to Reconstruction is the first comprehensive textbook of its kind on treating primary facial trauma and delayed reconstruction of both the soft tissues and craniofacial bony skeleton. This unique volume is a practical, complete reference for clinical presentation, fracture pattern, classification, and management of patients with traumatic facial injury, helping you provide the best possible outcomes for patients’ successful reintegration into work and society. Cover......Page 1 Facial Trauma Surgery: From Primary Repair to Reconstruction......Page 2 e1......Page 0 Patterns of Facial Trauma and Causes......Page 16 Adult and Primary Dentition and Nomenclature......Page 18 Classification......Page 19 Physical Examination......Page 21 Radiological Evaluation......Page 24 Exposure of Lower Midface (Le Fort I and Palate)......Page 25 Exposure of Lower Face (Mandible)......Page 26 References......Page 29 Panoramic Radiography......Page 31 Computed Tomography (CT)......Page 32 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)......Page 33 Radiation Dose......Page 34 Postoperative Imaging......Page 38 Acute and Long-Term Complications......Page 40 Traumatic Optic Neuropathy......Page 42 Mandible......Page 43 Vascular Injury......Page 44 References......Page 46 Indications for Intraoperative CBCT......Page 47 Intraoperative Real-Time Navigation......Page 48 Goals of Reconstruction......Page 50 Surgical Techniques......Page 51 Postoperative Course......Page 53 The Need for Quality Control......Page 55 DICOM Data and Quality Control......Page 56 References......Page 57 Surgical Anatomy......Page 59 Clinical Presentation......Page 60 Radiological Evaluation......Page 62 Lacerations......Page 63 Avulsive Injuries......Page 64 Scalp, Forehead, and Brow......Page 65 Eyelid and Lacrimal System......Page 66 Nasal Reconstruction......Page 67 Ear Reconstruction......Page 68 Lips......Page 69 Tongue......Page 70 References......Page 71 History and Physical Exam......Page 73 Extracranial Facial Nerve Injuries......Page 75 Acute Facial Paralysis......Page 78 Primary repair.......Page 79 Extracranial Subacute Facial Nerve Injuries......Page 80 Longstanding Facial Paralysis......Page 82 First stage – facial nerve donor selection.......Page 83 One-Stage Reanimation With Functional Muscle Transplant Coapted to the Masseter Nerve......Page 85 Lengthening Temporalis Myoplasty (LTM)......Page 87 Treatment of Lower Eyelid Inferior Malposition......Page 88 Supplementary Procedures to Achieve Aesthetic Outcomes......Page 89 Failure of Functional Muscle Flaps......Page 90 References......Page 91 History, Clinical, and Laboratory Assessment......Page 94 Nuclear Medicine (NM) Studies......Page 95 Nonoperative Management of CSF Leaks and Potential Controversies......Page 96 Surgical Technique(s)......Page 97 Early and Delayed Complications......Page 98 Conclusions......Page 99 References......Page 101 Lacerations......Page 103 Endonasal Sinusotomy......Page 104 Coronal Incision......Page 110 Coronal Incision......Page 111 Endonasal Sinusotomy......Page 112 Frontal Sinus Salvage......Page 113 Frontal Sinus Obliteration......Page 114 Frontal Sinus Cranialization......Page 115 Nasofrontal Recess......Page 117 Posterior Table Fractures......Page 118 References......Page 119 Surgical Anatomy......Page 121 Surgical Indications......Page 122 Transnasal Endoscopic Approach to Frontal Sinus Fractures......Page 123 Endoscopic Approaches to Repair of Orbital Floor Fractures......Page 124 Complications......Page 125 References......Page 126 Clinical Presentation......Page 128 Classification......Page 129 Surgical Techniques......Page 130 Postoperative Course......Page 132 Long-Term Complications......Page 134 References......Page 135 Radiological Evaluation......Page 137 Timing of Repair......Page 138 Closed Reduction (Figs. 1.10.3–1.10.7)......Page 139 Open Reduction......Page 140 Complications......Page 141 References......Page 142 Surgical Indications......Page 144 Surgical Techniques......Page 147 Postoperative Course......Page 148 Long-Term Complications......Page 149 References......Page 151 Clinical Presentation......Page 152 Surgical Indications......Page 154 Surgical Techniques......Page 155 Postoperative Course......Page 157 Acute Complications......Page 158 Conclusion......Page 160 References......Page 161 Midfacial Buttresses and Their Role in Craniofacial Reconstruction......Page 162 History......Page 163 Physical......Page 164 Le Fort I......Page 165 Classification......Page 166 Le Fort I......Page 168 Le Fort II and III......Page 174 Palatal Fractures......Page 176 Bleeding......Page 177 Blindness......Page 178 Nasolacrimal Injury......Page 179 References......Page 180 Epidemiology......Page 183 Surgical Anatomy......Page 184 Parasymphysis......Page 185 Clinical Presentation......Page 186 Physical Examination......Page 187 Indications for Soft Diet Only......Page 188 Indications for Open Reduction......Page 189 Technique......Page 190 Evidence-Based Medicine: Is One Technique Superior to the Other for Angles?......Page 191 Evidence-Based Medicine: Extraction or Retention of the Tooth in the Line of Fracture?......Page 193 Comminuted Fractures......Page 194 Postoperative IMF: Wire vs. Elastics......Page 195 Antibiotics......Page 196 Osteomyelitis......Page 197 Increased Facial Width......Page 198 References......Page 199 Terminology......Page 201 Classification of Condylar Process Fractures......Page 202 Level of the Fracture......Page 204 Deciding on Open or Closed Treatment......Page 205 Considerations for Open Reduction and Internal Fixation......Page 206 Method of Closed Treatment......Page 207 Method for Open Treatment......Page 208 Preauricular Approach......Page 209 Intraoral Approach......Page 210 What About the Articular Disk?......Page 212 Trauma-Derived Temporomandibular Disorders......Page 213 References......Page 214 Rigid Fixation......Page 216 Role of Antibiotics in Preventing Infective Complications......Page 225 Malunion......Page 226 Hardware Exposure......Page 231 Hardware Failure......Page 233 Conclusion......Page 235 References......Page 236 Radiological Evaluation......Page 238 Treatment......Page 240 Decompression......Page 241 Long-Term Complications......Page 242 Conclusion......Page 243 References......Page 245 Periodontal Anatomy......Page 246 Clinical Presentation......Page 247 Classification......Page 252 Management......Page 253 Injuries to the Dentition......Page 254 Displaced Dentition......Page 255 Alveolar Injuries......Page 259 Long-Term Complications......Page 260 References......Page 261 Step 1: Expose All Treatable Fractures......Page 263 Step 2: Establish Skullbase and Fronto-Orbital Bandeau References......Page 264 Step 5: Address the Nasomaxillary Region......Page 265 Step 6: Set the Vertical Facial Height......Page 267 Step 8: Establish and Maintain Centric Occlusion......Page 268 Step 11: Move Closer and Consider the Details......Page 269 Long-Term Complications......Page 270 Case Examples......Page 271 References......Page 274 Components of Ballistic Missiles......Page 276 The Principles of Velocity......Page 282 Characteristics of Ballistic Injuries......Page 284 Conclusion......Page 286 Bibliography......Page 287 Mandible Fractures......Page 288 Complications......Page 294 Maxillary Fractures......Page 295 Complications......Page 296 References......Page 299 Clinical Presentation......Page 300 Radiological Evaluation......Page 301 Case 3......Page 302 Case 4......Page 303 References......Page 304 Radiological Evaluation......Page 306 Frontal Bone Fractures......Page 307 Bone Graft vs. Mesh, Fixation Method (Including Resorbable vs. Permanent)......Page 308 References......Page 309 Classification......Page 311 Clinical Presentation......Page 312 Surgical Indications......Page 313 Surgical Technique......Page 315 Long-Term Complications......Page 316 References......Page 317 Surgical Anatomy......Page 319 Clinical Presentation......Page 321 Maxillomandibular Fixation......Page 323 Zygomatic Complex Fractures......Page 324 Postoperative Course......Page 332 Long-Term Complications......Page 333 References......Page 337 Embryology and Growth of the Mandible......Page 338 Stages of Dentition......Page 339 Evaluation......Page 340 Fractures of the Condyle/Subcondylar Region......Page 341 Fractures of the Mandibular Body/Symphysis......Page 342 Malunion/Malocclusion......Page 347 References......Page 349 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)......Page 351 Case 3......Page 352 Conclusions......Page 354 References......Page 359 Clinical Presentation......Page 361 Neuroimaging......Page 363 Growing Skull Fractures......Page 364 Autologous Reconstruction......Page 365 Temporal Hollowing......Page 367 References......Page 368 History and Physical Examination......Page 370 Sequence of Revision......Page 371 Fat Grafting......Page 372 Temporal Contour Deformity......Page 373 Cheek Ptosis......Page 374 Upper Lid Ptosis......Page 375 Nasal Deformities......Page 376 Scar Revision......Page 377 Tissue Expansion......Page 378 References......Page 380 Lacrimal System Anatomy......Page 382 Entropion......Page 383 Surgical Indications......Page 384 Wedge Excision......Page 385 Lateral Tarsal Strip......Page 386 Dacryocystorhinostomy......Page 387 Postoperative Considerations......Page 389 Long-Term Complications......Page 392 References......Page 393 Medial Canthal Tendon and Central Bone Fragment (Fig. 3.5.5)......Page 394 Patient History......Page 395 Radiological Evaluation......Page 396 Virtual Surgical Planning......Page 398 Surgical Techniques (Fig. 3.5.11)......Page 399 References......Page 408 Saddle Nose......Page 410 Physical Examination......Page 411 Photographic Documentation......Page 412 Approach......Page 413 Graft Material......Page 416 Osteotomies.......Page 417 Septoplasty.......Page 418 Caudal septal deformity.......Page 419 Saddle Nose......Page 421 Case 1......Page 422 Case 2......Page 423 Antibiotic Prophylaxis......Page 429 Long-Term Complications......Page 430 References......Page 431 Surgical Indications......Page 432 Complications......Page 433 References......Page 436 Medial Canthal Correction......Page 437 Zygoma Fractures Secondary Deformity......Page 439 ZMC Secondary Correction......Page 440 ZMC Osteotomy......Page 441 Le Fort Fractures Secondary Deformity......Page 443 Secondary Correction of Le Fort Fractures......Page 445 Conclusions......Page 446 References......Page 449 Case 1......Page 450 Case 2......Page 451 Case 5......Page 453 Case 6......Page 456 Conclusions......Page 457 References......Page 459 Posttraumatic Indications for TMJ Reconstruction......Page 460 Degenerative Joint Disease......Page 461 Alloplastic Joint Reconstruction Failure......Page 462 Imaging of the TMJ......Page 463 Vascularized Fibula Free Flap......Page 464 Alloplastic TMJ Reconstruction......Page 465 Surgical Technique (Stock Prosthesis)......Page 467 Complications......Page 469 Other Complications......Page 470 References......Page 471 Oral and Dental Anatomy Evaluation......Page 473 Intraoral Prosthetic Rehabilitation......Page 474 Extraoral Evaluation......Page 475 Conclusion......Page 476 References......Page 477 CAD/CAM Facial Implants......Page 478 Mandible......Page 479 Long-Term Complications......Page 481 References......Page 485 Groin Flap......Page 486 Surgical Indications......Page 487 Postoperative Course......Page 488 Case 5......Page 489 References......Page 496 Secondary Reconstruction......Page 498 Orbit......Page 500 Rapid Prototyping......Page 502 References......Page 507 History......Page 508 Surgical Treatment of A Painful Neuroma (Box 3.15.2)......Page 509 Supraorbital, Supratrochlear and Infratrochlear Nerves......Page 513 Zygomaticotemporal Nerve......Page 514 Infraorbital Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve (V2)......Page 516 Inferior Alveolar Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve (V3)......Page 518 Cervical Plexus Injury and Facial Pain......Page 519 Occipital Nerves and Facial Pain......Page 521 References......Page 527 Peripheral Nerve Injury and Histopathology......Page 529 History and Physical Exam......Page 530 Surgical Indications......Page 531 Surgical Algorithms......Page 532 Approaches for the Lingual Nerve......Page 533 Postoperative Care......Page 535 References......Page 536 Classification......Page 537 Recipient Procedure......Page 538 Immunosuppressive Regimen......Page 539 Monitoring of Rejection......Page 540 Infections......Page 541 References......Page 542 What Are the Parameters of Our Evidence Search?......Page 544 Comparator:......Page 545 Mandibular fractures......Page 546 What Does the Evidence Conclude?......Page 547 Comparator:......Page 548 Comparator:......Page 549 Upper facial trauma......Page 550 References......Page 551 What Are the Parameters of Our Evidence Search?......Page 552 Results......Page 553 What Does the Evidence Conclude?......Page 554 Comparator:......Page 555 References......Page 556 What Does the Evidence Conclude?......Page 557 Comparator:......Page 558 Comparator:......Page 559 Results......Page 560 References......Page 561 Comparator:......Page 563 Comparator:......Page 564 Limitations......Page 565 Comparator:......Page 566 References......Page 567 Intervention:......Page 568 Comparator:......Page 569 Author Recommendation:......Page 570 Comparator:......Page 571 Conclusions......Page 572 References......Page 573 Comparator:......Page 575 Comparator:......Page 577 Results......Page 578 Clinical Question:......Page 579 Comparator:......Page 580 Comparator:......Page 581 Results......Page 583 References:......Page 584