Return to resistance. Breeding crops to reduce pesticide dependence

Description

Acknowledgments ................................ viii Introduction ...................................... ix Part One: Explanations 1. Genetics: Biometricians and Mendelians ............... 3 2. Plant Breeding: Pedigree Breeding and Population Crossing ............................ 11 3. Resistance: Vertical and Horizontal .................. 19 4. Infection: Allo-Infection and Auto-Infection ........... 27 5. Host-Parasite Interaction: Matching and Non-Matching ........................ 33 6. Epidemics: Discontinuous and Continuous ............ 39 7. Populations: Genetically Uniform and Genetically Diverse ............................ 49 8. Response to Selection Pressure: Genetic Flexibility and Inflexibility ................... 57 9. Damage: Frequency and Injury ...................... 63 10. Pathosystems: Wild Plants and Crops ................ 67 11. The Disadvantages of Vertical Resistance ............. 75 12. Horizontal Resistance Compared ................... 83 13. The Erosion of Horizontal Resistance ................ 95 14. Three Sources of Error ........................... 101 15. The Disadvantages of Crop Protection Chemicals ..... 113 16. So How Did Things Get So Out of Hand? ............ 119 17. Cultivar Cartels ................................. 123 Part Two: Examples 18. A Short History of Potato Parasites ................. 133 Introduction 133. Potato Blight 135. Forty Years of Blight Damage 140. Bordeaux Mixture 142. Forty Years of Bordeaux Mixture 145. Forty Years of Scientific Potato Breeding 147. Sex in the Blight Fungus 148. Tuber-Borne Diseases of Potato 151. Potato Breeding in Mexico 154. Potato Breeding in Scotland 158. Colorado Beetle 158. 19. Why Did the Green Revolution Run Out of Steam? ...161 Dwarf Varieties 163. International Research Centres 165. Secondary Problems in the Green Revolution 167. No New Green Revolutions 169. Genetic Conservation 171. 20. Maize in Tropical Africa .......................... 173 Lesson l: The bankruptcy of the pedigree breeders' resistance 175 Lesson 2: The vindication of the biometricians 176 Lesson 3: The erosion of horizontal resistance 177 Lesson 4: Genetic flexibility 178 Lesson 5: Population breeding 179 Lesson 6: The nature of the resistance 180 Lesson 7: Transgressive segregation 181 Lesson 8: On-site selection 182 Lesson 9: No source of resistance 183 Lesson 10: Selection pressures 184 Lesson 1 1: The number of screening generations 185 Lesson 12: The holistic approach 185 Lesson 13: Parasite interference 188 Lesson 14: Size of the screening population 188 Lesson 15: The range of levels of horizontal resistance 189 Lesson 16: Comprehensive horizontal resistance 191 Lesson 17: Selection pressures for other qualities 191 Lesson 18: Seed screening 192 Lesson 19: Demonstration of horizontal resistance 193 Lesson 20: Measurement of horizontal resistance 194 Lesson 21: Maize streak virus 194 Lesson 22: Hybrid maize 197 Lesson 23: Other things we did not learn from the maize in Africa 199 21. The Loss of Resistance in Coffee ................... 201 The Origins of Coffee 201. The World Distribution of Coffee 206. Coffee Berry Disease 211. Genetic Conservation 217. Vertical Resistance in an Evergreen Perennial 219. 22. Sugarcane ...................................... 223 A Very Ancient Crop 223. Re-Encounter Parasites 224. Sugarcane Breeding 226. 23. Ancient Clones .................................. 233 Aroids 237. Banana 238. Black Pepper 240. Citrus 241. Dates 241. Figs 243. Garlic 243. Ginger 244. Grapes 244. Hops 246. Horseradish 247. Olives 247. Pineapple 248. Saffron 248. Sisal 249. Turmeric 249. Vanilla 250. Yams 250. Part Three: Solutions 24. Plant Breeding Clubs ............................ 253 Introduction 253. A Typical Plant Breeding Club 255. Aims & Objectives 256. LISA 257. Plant Breeders' Rights 258. Allocation of Breeders' Royalties 260. Basic Organisation 261. Constitution 262. Size of Club 262. Categories of Membership 262. Qualifications for Membership 264. Obligations of Membership 266. Membership Fees 266. Breeding Strategy 266. Hands-on Experience 267. Prepare for Disappointments 268. Club Property 268. Ownership of Cultivars and Breeders' Rights 269. Complaints from Neighbours 269. Illegal Parasites 270. Newsletters 271. Associations of Clubs 271. Professional Societies 272. Specialist Advisors 272. Scientific Publication 272. Financial Audits 273. University Breeding Clubs 273. Mexico 274. Charitable Clubs 275. Tropical Farmer Participation Schemes 276. 25. Techniques ..................................... 277 Bees 277. Breeding Parents 278. Bulk Breeding 279. Catalogues 279. Categories of Parasite 279. Cereals, Selection Procedures 280. Clonal Multiplication 280. Club Jury 281. Commercial Contracts 282. Comprehensive Horizontal Resistance 282. Conflicts Between Local and Cosmopolitan Cultivars 282. Contamination of Members' Land 284. Crop Protection Chemicals 284. Cross-pollination 284. Cross-pollination of Cereals 286. Cross-pollination of Grain Legumes 286. Crossing Generation 287. Cultivar Characteristics 288. Cultivar Multiplication 288. Cyclone Separation 289. Dangers of Foreign Pollen 290. Designated Hosts 290. Designated Pathotypes 291. Designation 291. Early Selection 293. Early Selection Breeding Cycle 293. Emasculation 293. Emergency Reserve 294. Equipment 294. Extension Services 295. Family Selection 295. Farm Machinery 295. Farmer Selection of Seed 296. Field Screening 296. Field Trials 299. Grafting 300. Greenhouse Screening 300. Greenhouses 301. Grid Screening 304. Harvesting 305. Head to Row Selection 305. Head to Row Sowing Equipment 305. Horizontal Resistance, Demonstration of 305. Horizontal Resistance, Measurement of 306. Hybrid Varieties 307. Hydroponics 307. Inbreeding Cereals 308. Inoculation 309. Insect Culture 311. Inter-leaved Breeding Programs 312. International Agricultural Bureaux 312. Jury Selection 313. Laboratory 313. Laboratory Equipment 313. Laboratory Screening 316. Late Selection and Early Selection 318. Library 320. Lupins 320. Male Gametocides 320. Marker Genes 322. Mechanical Planters 322. Mist Propagators 323. Multiplication 324. Natural Cross-pollination 326. Negative Screening 326. Newsletters 327. Nitrogen-fixation 327. Numbers of Seedlings 329. Office Equipment 329. On-site Screening 329. One-pathotype Technique 330. Original Parents 331. Outbreeding Cereals 333. Ownership of Breeders' Rights 334. Parasite Gradients 334. Parasite Identification 335. Parasite Infested Soil 335. Patchy Distribution 336. Pedigree Breeding 337. Plant Pots 337. Popularity Screening 338. Potato Rapid Multiplication 338. Potato, True Seed Production 339. Potato, Seedling Inoculation 340. Potato, Tests of Yield 342. Potato, Tuber Screening 342. Potato Pollination 343. Potato Seed Parents 344. Potato Tuber Quality 345. Potential New Cultivars 345. Program Expansion 346. Pure Line Formation 346. Purification of Foundation Stock 347. Quality of Crop Product 349. Quantitative Vertical Resistance 350. Recurrent Mass Selection 350. Relative Measurements 35 1. Research 351. Rice, Special Aspects 353. Rotation 353. Screening 354. Screening for Rooting Quality 355. Screening Overkill 355. Seed Cleaning 356. Seed Counting 356. Seed Germination 356. Seed Sorting 358. Seed Sowing 358. Selection Coefficient 358. Single Seed Descent 358. Soil Inoculation 359. Soil Pasteurisation 360. Soil Processing 360. Specialised Help 361. Spreader Rows and Surrounds 361. Threshing 362. Trouble-shooting 363. Vertical Resistance, Avoidance During Breeding 365. Vertical Resistance, What Happens to It? 365. Weed Suppression 366. Widening the Genetic Base 366. 26. Screening Existing Populations .................... 367 Cocoa 368. Coconut 369. Coffee 370. Pasture species 371. Landraces 371. Rice 371. Rimpau 374. Rubber 375. Tea 376. 27. Tropical Farmer Participation Schemes ............. 379 Introduction 379. Cassava 379. Sweet Potato 382. 28. Crops Best Avoided by Breeding Clubs .............. 387 Banana 388. Citrus 388. Garlic 389. Ginger 389. Grapes 390. Olives 390. Pineapple 391. Turmeric 391. 29. The Future .....................................393 Glossary ....................................... 405 Appendices ..................................... 451 Appendix A 453. Appendix B 454. Appendix C 456. Appendix D: CABI 457. Bibliography 458. Index ..........................................459 Acknowledgments ................................ viii Introduction ...................................... ix Part One: Explanations 1. Genetics: Biometricians and Mendelians ............... 3 2. Plant Breeding: Pedigree Breeding and Population Crossing ............................ 11 3. Resistance: Vertical and Horizontal .................. 19 4. Infection: Allo-Infection and Auto-Infection ........... 27 5. Host-Parasite Interaction: Matching and Non-Matching ........................ 33 6. Epidemics: Discontinuous and Continuous ............ 39 7. Populations: Genetically Uniform and Genetically Diverse ............................ 49 8. Response to Selection Pressure: Genetic Flexibility and Inflexibility ................... 57 9. Damage: Frequency and Injury ...................... 63 10. Pathosystems: Wild Plants and Crops ................ 67 11. The Disadvantages of Vertical Resistance ............. 75 12. Horizontal Resistance Compared ................... 83 13. The Erosion of Horizontal Resistance ................ 95 14. Three Sources of Error ........................... 101 15. The Disadvantages of Crop Protection Chemicals ..... 113 16. So How Did Things Get So Out of Hand? ............ 119 17. Cultivar Cartels ................................. 123 Part Two: Examples 18. A Short History of Potato Parasites ................. 133 Introduction 133. Potato Blight 135. Forty Years of Blight Damage 140. Bordeaux Mixture 142. Forty Years of Bordeaux Mixture 145. Forty Years of Scientific Potato Breeding 147. Sex in the Blight Fungus 148. Tuber-Borne Diseases of Potato 151. Potato Breeding in Mexico 154. Potato Breeding in Scotland 158. Colorado Beetle 158. 19. Why Did the Green Revolution Run Out of Steam? ...161 Dwarf Varieties 163. International Research Centres 165. Secondary Problems in the Green Revolution 167. No New Green Revolutions 169. Genetic Conservation 171. 20. Maize in Tropical Africa .......................... 173 Lesson l: The bankruptcy of the pedigree breeders' resistance 175 Lesson 2: The vindication of the biometricians 176 Lesson 3: The erosion of horizontal resistance 177 Lesson 4: Genetic flexibility 178 Lesson 5: Population breeding 179 Lesson 6: The nature of the resistance 180 Lesson 7: Transgressive segregation 181 Lesson 8: On-site selection 182 Lesson 9: No source of resistance 183 Lesson 10: Selection pressures 184 Lesson 1 1: The number of screening generations 185 Lesson 12: The holistic approach 185 Lesson 13: Parasite interference 188 Lesson 14: Size of the screening population 188 Lesson 15: The range of levels of horizontal resistance 189 Lesson 16: Comprehensive horizontal resistance 191 Lesson 17: Selection pressures for other qualities 191 Lesson 18: Seed screening 192 Lesson 19: Demonstration of horizontal resistance 193 Lesson 20: Measurement of horizontal resistance 194 Lesson 21: Maize streak virus 194 Lesson 22: Hybrid maize 197 Lesson 23: Other things we did not learn from the maize in Africa 199 21. The Loss of Resistance in Coffee ................... 201 The Origins of Coffee 201. The World Distribution of Coffee 206. Coffee Berry Disease 211. Genetic Conservation 217. Vertical Resistance in an Evergreen Perennial 219. 22. Sugarcane ...................................... 223 A Very Ancient Crop 223. Re-Encounter Parasites 224. Sugarcane Breeding 226. 23. Ancient Clones .................................. 233 Aroids 237. Banana 238. Black Pepper 240. Citrus 241. Dates 241. Figs 243. Garlic 243. Ginger 244. Grapes 244. Hops 246. Horseradish 247. Olives 247. Pineapple 248. Saffron 248. Sisal 249. Turmeric 249. Vanilla 250. Yams 250. Part Three: Solutions 24. Plant Breeding Clubs ............................ 253 Introduction 253. A Typical Plant Breeding Club 255. Aims & Objectives 256. LISA 257. Plant Breeders' Rights 258. Allocation of Breeders' Royalties 260. Basic Organisation 261. Constitution 262. Size of Club 262. Categories of Membership 262. Qualifications for Membership 264. Obligations of Membership 266. Membership Fees 266. Breeding Strategy 266. Hands-on Experience 267. Prepare for Disappointments 268. Club Property 268. Ownership of Cultivars and Breeders' Rights 269. Complaints from Neighbours 269. Illegal Parasites 270. Newsletters 271. Associations of Clubs 271. Professional Societies 272. Specialist Advisors 272. Scientific Publication 272. Financial Audits 273. University Breeding Clubs 273. Mexico 274. Charitable Clubs 275. Tropical Farmer Participation Schemes 276. 25. Techniques ..................................... 277 Bees 277. Breeding Parents 278. Bulk Breeding 279. Catalogues 279. Categories of Parasite 279. Cereals, Selection Procedures 280. Clonal Multiplication 280. Club Jury 281. Commercial Contracts 282. Comprehensive Horizontal Resistance 282. Conflicts Between Local and Cosmopolitan Cultivars 282. Contamination of Members' Land 284. Crop Protection Chemicals 284. Cross-pollination 284. Cross-pollination of Cereals 286. Cross-pollination of Grain Legumes 286. Crossing Generation 287. Cultivar Characteristics 288. Cultivar Multiplication 288. Cyclone Separation 289. Dangers of Foreign Pollen 290. Designated Hosts 290. Designated Pathotypes 291. Designation 291. Early Selection 293. Early Selection Breeding Cycle 293. Emasculation 293. Emergency Reserve 294. Equipment 294. Extension Services 295. Family Selection 295. Farm Machinery 295. Farmer Selection of Seed 296. Field Screening 296. Field Trials 299. Grafting 300. Greenhouse Screening 300. Greenhouses 301. Grid Screening 304. Harvesting 305. Head to Row Selection 305. Head to Row Sowing Equipment 305. Horizontal Resistance, Demonstration of 305. Horizontal Resistance, Measurement of 306. Hybrid Varieties 307. Hydroponics 307. Inbreeding Cereals 308. Inoculation 309. Insect Culture 311. Inter-leaved Breeding Programs 312. International Agricultural Bureaux 312. Jury Selection 313. Laboratory 313. Laboratory Equipment 313. Laboratory Screening 316. Late Selection and Early Selection 318. Library 320. Lupins 320. Male Gametocides 320. Marker Genes 322. Mechanical Planters 322. Mist Propagators 323. Multiplication 324. Natural Cross-pollination 326. Negative Screening 326. Newsletters 327. Nitrogen-fixation 327. Numbers of Seedlings 329. Office Equipment 329. On-site Screening 329. One-pathotype Technique 330. Original Parents 331. Outbreeding Cereals 333. Ownership of Breeders' Rights 334. Parasite Gradients 334. Parasite Identification 335. Parasite Infested Soil 335. Patchy Distribution 336. Pedigree Breeding 337. Plant Pots 337. Popularity Screening 338. Potato Rapid Multiplication 338. Potato, True Seed Production 339. Potato, Seedling Inoculation 340. Potato, Tests of Yield 342. Potato, Tuber Screening 342. Potato Pollination 343. Potato Seed Parents 344. Potato Tuber Quality 345. Potential New Cultivars 345. Program Expansion 346. Pure Line Formation 346. Purification of Foundation Stock 347. Quality of Crop Product 349. Quantitative Vertical Resistance 350. Recurrent Mass Selection 350. Relative Measurements 35 1. Research 351. Rice, Special Aspects 353. Rotation 353. Screening 354. Screening for Rooting Quality 355. Screening Overkill 355. Seed Cleaning 356. Seed Counting 356. Seed Germination 356. Seed Sorting 358. Seed Sowing 358. Selection Coefficient 358. Single Seed Descent 358. Soil Inoculation 359. Soil Pasteurisation 360. Soil Processing 360. Specialised Help 361. Spreader Rows and Surrounds 361. Threshing 362. Trouble-shooting 363. Vertical Resistance, Avoidance During Breeding 365. Vertical Resistance, What Happens to It? 365. Weed Suppression 366. Widening the Genetic Base 366. 26. Screening Existing Populations .................... 367 Cocoa 368. Coconut 369. Coffee 370. Pasture species 371. Landraces 371. Rice 371. Rimpau 374. Rubber 375. Tea 376. 27. Tropical Farmer Participation Schemes ............. 379 Introduction 379. Cassava 379. Sweet Potato 382. 28. Crops Best Avoided by Breeding Clubs .............. 387 Banana 388. Citrus 388. Garlic 389. Ginger 389. Grapes 390. Olives 390. Pineapple 391. Turmeric 391. 29. The Future .....................................393 Glossary ....................................... 405 Appendices ..................................... 451 Appendix A 453. Appendix B 454. Appendix C 456. Appendix D: CABI 457. Bibliography 458. Index ..........................................459