Multifunctional Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite: Applications in Solar Cells, Light-Emitting Diodes, and Resistive Memory

Description

Perovskite is a well-known structure with the chemical formula ABX3, where A and B are cations coordinated with 12 and 6 anions, respectively, and X is an anion. When a halogen anion is used, the monovalent A and divalent B cations can be stabilized with respect to a tolerance factor ranging from 0.8 to 1. Since the first report on 10% efficiency and long-term stability of solid-state perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in 2012 and two subsequent seed reports on perovskite-sensitized solar cells in 2009 and 2011, PSCs have received increasing attention. The power conversion efficiency of PSCs was certified to be more than 25% in 2020, surpassing thin-film solar cell technologies. Methylammonium or formamidinium organic ion-based lead iodide perovskite has been used for high-efficiency PSCs. The first report on solid-state PSCs triggered perovskite photovoltaics, leading to more than 23,000 publications as of October 2021. In addition, halide perovskite has shown excellent performance when applied to light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors, and resistive memory, indicating that halide perovskite is multifunctional. This book explains the electro-optical and ferroelectric properties of perovskite and details the recent progress in scalable and tandem PSCs as well as perovskite LEDs and resistive memory. It is a useful textbook and self-help study guide for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of materials science and engineering, chemistry, chemical engineering, and nanotechnology; for researchers in photovoltaics, LEDs, resistive memory, and perovskite-related opto-electronics; and for general readers who wish to gain knowledge about halide perovskite. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Theoretical Investigations on Organometal Halide Perovskite 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Electronic Structure 1.3: Phase Transitions 1.4: Surface, Interface, and Defects 1.5: Combinatorial Screening 1.6: Summary and Future Works Chapter 2: Electronic Properties of Organic–Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskite 2.1: Introduction 2.2: Electronic Band Structure 2.2.1: Electronic Bandgap 2.2.2: Effective Masses of Electrons and Holes 2.2.3: Optical Absorption 2.2.4: Defects in a Bandgap 2.2.5: Defect Tolerance 2.3: Photogenerated Charge Carrier Transport 2.3.1: Slow Recombination Rate 2.3.2: Charge Carrier Mobility 2.4: Conclusion Chapter 3: Optical Excited-State Properties of Halide Perovskites 3.1: Excitons versus Free Carriers 3.1.1: Exciton Binding Energy 3.1.2: Saha Equilibrium 3.1.3: The Spectroscopic Signature of Free Carriers 3.1.4: Technological Implications 3.2: Electron–Hole Recombination in Perovskites and Perovskite-Based Solar Cells 3.2.1: I–V Characteristics 3.2.2: All-Optical Determination of the Ideality Factor 3.2.3: Shockley–Read–Hall Recombination in Perovskite Films 3.2.4: Free Energy and Ideality Factor in Perovskite Heterojunctions 3.2.5: All-Optical Prediction of the Limit Power Conversion Efficiency 3.3: Beyond Pure Iodine and Bromine 3.4: Conclusions and Outlook Chapter 4: Ferroelectricity in Perovskite Solar Cells 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Ferroelectric Mechanism in Perovskite 4.2.1: Atomic Modeling 4.2.2: Crystal Structure with Dipole Moments 4.2.3: Electronic Structure Calculation 4.3: Ferroelectric Phenomena in the I–V Curve 4.3.1: Analysis for Ferroelectric in the Perovskite Solar Cell 4.3.2: Polarization and the Hysteresis Loop 4.3.3: Hysteresis and Ferroelectric Response 4.4: Piezoresponse in a Perovskite Solar Cell 4.4.1: Study of Piezoresponse and Ferroelectric Domains 4.4.2: Study of Surface Potential and Photoinduced Shifting 4.4.3: Analysis of Ferroelectric Switching 4.4.4: Ferroelectric and Pyroelectric Effect in MAPbI3 4.4.5: Second Harmonic Generation 4.5: Conclusion Chapter 5: Tandem Structure 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Beam Splitting System 5.3: Perovskite/Silicon 5.3.1: Four-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon 5.3.2: Two-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon 5.4: Perovskite/CIGS 5.4.1: Four-Terminal Perovskite/CIGS 5.4.2: Two-Terminal Perovskite/CIGS 5.5: Perovskite/Perovskite 5.5.1: Four-Terminal Perovskite/Perovskite 5.5.2: Two-Terminal Perovskite/Perovskite 5.6: Processing Effects on a Tandem Device Using Perovskite Solar Cells 5.6.1: ITO Sputtering Damage in a Hole Transport Material 5.6.2: Effectiveness of the Au Layer in Preventing ITO Sputtering Damage 5.6.3: Optoelectrical Engineering of Au and ITO Layer for a Tandem Solar Cell 5.6.3.1: Au or MoOx between HTM and ITO layer 5.6.3.2: ITO layer on perovskite solar cells 5.6.3.3: ITO layer on silicon solar cells 5.7: Conclusion Chapter 6: Perovskite Resistive Memory 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Resistive Switching Memory 6.3: Origin of the Hysteresis Ion/Defect Migration 6.4: OIP-Based ReRAM 6.4.1: OIP-Based ReRAM with Halide Composition 6.4.2: Flexible OIP-Based ReRAM 6.4.3: Possibility of High-Density Memory Applications: Multilevel and Nanoscale Memory 6.4.4: Air-Stable OIP-Based ReRAM 6.4.5: OIP-Based Neuromorphic Applications 6.4.6: Ion Distribution and Resistive Switching Effect under Electric Field and Light Illumination 6.4.7: Two-Dimensional OIP-Based ReRAM 6.5: Summary and Outlook Chapter 7: Carbon-Based Large-Scale Technology 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Device Structures and Working Principles 7.3: Pursuing High Efficiency and Stability 7.3.1: HTM-Free Mesoporous Carbon-Based PSCs 7.3.2: HTM-Free Planar Carbon-Based PSCs 7.3.3: Carbon-Based PSCs with HTMs 7.4: Scaling-Up of Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells 7.4.1: Architectures of Large-Area Carbon-Based PSC Modules 7.4.2: Printing Techniques 7.4.3: Manufacturing of Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules 7.5: Conclusions Chapter 8: Halide Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Fundamental Properties 8.2.1: Structure and Working Mechanism of PeLEDs 8.2.2: Charge Carrier Dynamics of Perovskite Emitters 8.2.3: Crystallization Mechanism of Perovskite PC Bulk Films 8.3: One-Step Solution Process 8.3.1: Crystal Formation Mechanism 8.3.2: Retarded Crystallization by Adding Additives 8.3.3: Prevented Crystal Growth by Inhibitors 8.3.3.1: Inhibited crystal growth by organic molecules 8.3.3.2: Hindered crystal growth by mixed organic ammonium 8.3.3.3: Restricted crystal growth by precursor ratio control 8.3.4: Fast Termination of Crystal Growth 8.3.5: Facilitated Crystal Nucleation by Interfacial Treatments 8.4: Two-Step Solution Process 8.5: Conclusion Index