The Christians of Phrygia from Rome to the Turkish Conquest

Description

The towns and villages of Phrygia, a predominantly rural region of inner Asia Minor, provide richer documentation of their early Christian communities than any other part of the Roman empire. This includes the earliest lengthy Christian funerary text, coin types depicting Noah and the Flood introduced by Christians at the Phrygian emporium of Apamea, the famous ‘Christians for Christians’ inscriptions, and more than a hundred other pre-Constantinian grave monuments, The abundant evidence for the Christian presence up the Turkish invasions throws new light on continuity between Late Antiquity and the Middle Byzantine period, and on the warfare between the Byzantines and Turks in the 11th century. This is the first exhaustive regional study since 1897. Contents Preface and Acknowledgments Figures and Maps Abbreviations Chapter 1 Second-Century Prelude 1.1 Smyrna 157 1.2 Lyon 177 1.3 The New Prophecy Chapter 2 Phrygia – The Land and Its Peoples 2.1 The Phrygian Circle: A Land-locked Geography (Map 1) 2.2 In and Out of Phrygia: Roads and Routes 2.3 People and Settlements (Maps 2–3) Chapter 3 Phrygia’s Pagan Sanctuaries 3.1 A Religious Land 3.2 Zeus Cults in Northern Phrygia 3.3 The Pantheon and Other Phrygian Divinities 3.4 Major Sanctuaries of Southern Phrygia Chapter 4 Christianity in Phrygia in the Long Third Century (180–330) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Avircius Marcellus and the Phrygian Pentapolis (Map 13) 4.3 Reckoning with God: The Eumeneian Formula 4.4 Apamea, Eumeneia and Acmonia (Maps 12 and 13) 4.5 The Lawyer, the Preacher and a Guardian Angel: A Tale from Eumeneia 4.6 Western Phrygia and The Myso-Lydian Borderland (Maps 8 and 12) 4.7 Aezani and North-West Phrygia (Maps 4, 5, 8 and 9) 4.8 The Upper Tembris Valley (Maps 5, 9 and 10) 4.9 Cotiaeum and the Adjuration ‘Do No Wrong’ (Map 5) 4.10 Contextualising the Christians of the Upper Tembris Valley (Maps 9 and 10) 4.11 The Phrygian Highlands, Nacolea and Dorylaeum (Maps 6 and 10) 4.12 Central and Eastern Phrygia from Synnada to Amorium (Maps 10 and 11) 4.13 Phrygia Paroreius: Philomelium, Pisidian Antioch and Apollonia (Maps 14 and 15) 4.14 Overview Maps Chapter 5 Established Christianity from the Fourth to the Eleventh Century 5.1 Ekklesia 5.2 Early Church Building in Central Anatolia 5.3 Church Building in the Aezanitis (Maps 5 and 9) 5.4 North-West Phrygia (Maps 4 and 5) 5.5 Cotiaeum and Its Territory (Maps 5 and 6) 5.6 The Upper Tembris Valley (Maps 9 and 10) 5.7 Meiros and the Phrygian Highlands (Maps 6 and 10) 5.8 Dorylaeum (Map 6) 5.9 Nacolea and Orcistus (Maps 6 and 7) 5.10 Amorium and Phytea (Map. 11) 5.11 Docimium, Akroinos, Prymnessus and Polybotus (Map 10) 5.12 The Reckoning with Paganism in Northern Phrygia 5.13 Sebaste, Acmonia, and Dioclea (Maps 12 and 13) 5.14 Kidyessos (Map 10) 5.15 Western Phrygia: Temenothyrae to Dionysupolis (Maps 8 and 12) 5.16 Choma, Eumeneia and Apamea (Maps 12 and 13) 5.17 Sozopolis (Apollonia) and Antioch (Maps 14 and 15) 5.18 Philomelium and Hadrianopolis (Map 15) 5.19 The Phrygian Pentapolis 5.20 Metropolis and Synnada 5.21 Chronology and Continuity in Phrygia’s Byzantine Inscriptions Chapter 6 Phrygian Saints 6.1 Phrygian Hagiography 6.2 Trophimos and Marina: Metropolitan Martyrs 6.3 Aberkios and Ariadne: Small-town Entertainers 6.4 Tryphon and Menas: Invention and Plagiarism 6.5 Agapetos of Synaus, a Priest in a Dark-age Parish 6.6 Hagiographic Credibility 6.7 St Michael: Beyond Description Chapter 7 Heretics, Schisms and Dissenters 7.1 The Montanists in Later Antiquity 7.2 The Novatians 7.3 Sabbatianoi, Tessareskaidekatitai and the Date of Easter Chapter 8 The Development of Christianity in Phrygia 8.1 How and When did Christianity Reach Phrygia? 8.2 The Early Growth in Christian Numbers 8.3 Jews and Christians 8.4 Coming Out Christian 8.5 From the Third Century to Byzantium 8.6 Constantinople and Phrygia Bibliography List of Inscriptions Cited from the Database Inscriptiones Christianae Graecae (https://icg.uni-kiel.de) Index 1. Sources 2. Ancient Places 3. Modern Place Names 4. Persons 5. Topics