Networks In Water Governance

Description

With the consequences of climate change and biodiversity loss becoming more and more apparent, both the protection of water resources and water-related ecosystems as well as protection from water, that is flood protection policies, have become increasingly important. This book explores the latest applications of network analysis concepts and measures to the study and practice of water governance. Given the holistic complexity of water governance, it covers individual water governance aspects such as flood protection and fisheries, as well as overarching concepts like integrated water management and social-ecological interactions. The book provides an overview of current water governance issues, network analytic concepts as well as implications for practice. The main body of the text is made up of eight case studies by world-leading environmental governance scholars, each of which addresses one water-related challenge by applying a variety of network approaches. The first part of the book highlights network dispersion and fragmentation, the second focuses on how such fragmentation in networks can be overcome and the third deals with specific roles of actors in networks. This collection is a key resource for scholars and practitioners interested in water governance all over the world. It provides readers with an overview of the potential of network analytic concepts for research on complex governance problems. Acknowledgement......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Notes on Contributors......Page 9 List of Figures......Page 14 List of Tables......Page 17 1: Introduction......Page 19 Why This Book?......Page 21 Summary of Case Study Chapters......Page 23 Comparative Overview of Case Study Chapters......Page 29 Structure of the Book......Page 31 References......Page 32 Introduction......Page 34 Challenges of Dynamic Interdependencies in Water Governance......Page 36 First Challenge: Water Issues Are Questioning Established Organization Within Borders, Sectors, and Levels......Page 37 Second Challenge: Integrating Broad Ranges of Interests and Expertise......Page 39 From Early Development Until Today......Page 40 Integrated Water Resource Management......Page 41 Collaborative Environmental Governance......Page 42 Networks and Network Analysis......Page 44 Network Nodes......Page 45 Network Ties......Page 46 Micro-Level Network Measures: Centralities......Page 48 Meso-Level Network Measures: Clustering, Cliques, and Modularity......Page 49 Macro-Level Network Measures: Density, Centralization, Reciprocity, Transitivity, Core-Periphery......Page 50 Statistical Models of Network Data......Page 51 Common Limitations of Network Analytic Approaches......Page 54 References......Page 57 Introduction......Page 67 Theory......Page 70 Geography......Page 71 Policy Beliefs and Preferences......Page 72 Social Group Identity......Page 73 Sectoral Affiliations......Page 74 Trust and Reciprocity......Page 76 Empirical Case Study: The Spiny Lobster Initiative in Honduras......Page 77 The Spiny Lobster Initiative as Collaborative Governance......Page 78 Hypotheses: Geographic and Sectoral Function Segregation......Page 79 Methods and Analysis......Page 82 Survey and Network Data Collection......Page 83 Network Visualization and Community Detection......Page 84 Stochastic Actor Oriented Models......Page 91 Model Results......Page 93 Conclusions......Page 95 References......Page 97 Introduction......Page 102 Theory......Page 104 Theories of Political Networks......Page 105 Theories of Political Economy......Page 109 Theories of Political Institutions......Page 110 Case......Page 112 Methods......Page 116 Analysis......Page 119 Conclusions......Page 123 References......Page 124 Introduction......Page 129 Subsystems in an Overall Governance System......Page 133 Dynamics of Subsystem Structures......Page 134 Two Types of Crucial Actors......Page 136 The Case of Swiss Water Governance......Page 138 Data Gathering: Swiss Water Governance Issues and Actor Survey......Page 139 Bipartite Actor—Issue Networks......Page 141 Inductively Identifying Subsystems Through Bipartite Modularity......Page 142 Crucial Actors: Exploring a Measure Developed in Ecology......Page 143 Subsystem Identification......Page 144 Crucial Actors—Within- and Between-Subsystem Connectors......Page 146 Conclusions......Page 150 References......Page 153 Introduction......Page 158 Theory......Page 162 Hypotheses......Page 164 Data Collection......Page 167 Data Analysis......Page 168 Quadratic Assignment Procedure......Page 169 Exponential Random Graph Models......Page 170 Case......Page 171 Results of the Quantitative Analysis......Page 173 Discussion......Page 175 Conclusion......Page 180 Appendix......Page 181 References......Page 182 Introduction......Page 186 Theory......Page 189 Case: Policy Change in the Lake Tahoe Basin......Page 191 Methods......Page 193 Step 1: Coding with Discourse Network Analyzer......Page 194 Network Data Analysis......Page 196 Results......Page 197 Beliefs Network......Page 199 Policy Positions Network......Page 201 Multiplex Network......Page 203 Discussion and Conclusion......Page 205 Appendix......Page 209 References......Page 212 Introduction......Page 216 Literature......Page 219 Case Description and Data Gathering......Page 222 Three Case Study Areas and Research Design......Page 223 Policy Network and Actor Identification Therein......Page 226 Collecting Network Data Through Surveys......Page 228 Methods of Descriptive Social Network Analysis (SNA)......Page 229 Edges and Vertices That Make a Graph......Page 230 Macro Level......Page 231 Meso Level......Page 232 Micro Level......Page 233 Analysis......Page 234 The Macro Level: Density, Reciprocity, and Connectedness Statistics......Page 235 The Meso Level: Components and Factions......Page 236 The Micro Level: Actors in Between: Building Bridges Across Factions......Page 241 Discussion and Conclusion......Page 244 References......Page 247 Introduction......Page 252 Theory......Page 254 Case Study......Page 257 Data Collection......Page 258 Social Network Analysis (SNA)......Page 260 Micro-Level Indicators......Page 261 Meso-Level Indicators......Page 262 Macro-Level Indicators......Page 263 Results for Degree Centrality......Page 264 Results for Betweenness Centrality......Page 265 Results of Core/Periphery Structure......Page 266 Results of E-I Indictor......Page 267 Results of Density......Page 268 Results of Reciprocity......Page 270 Conclusion......Page 271 References......Page 274 Introduction......Page 279 Theory......Page 281 Empirical Setting......Page 287 Data......Page 288 Protocols as Hypergraph, Bipartite, and Unipartite Networks......Page 291 Connectivity and Clustering in Actor-Rule Bipartite Networks......Page 294 Spectral Clustering of Protocol Hypergraphs......Page 295 Connectivity in Rule-to-Rule Networks......Page 297 Discussion......Page 299 Conclusion......Page 301 References......Page 302 Introduction......Page 306 Theory: Network Centrality and Actor Importance......Page 307 Policy Entrepreneurs......Page 308 Discovering Important Policy Actors through Network Analysis......Page 309 Challenges of Network Measurement......Page 311 Data: Networks in Urban Water Governance in Arizona, USA......Page 312 Data Collection......Page 313 The Tucson Water Governance Network......Page 314 Measurement of Actor Importance......Page 315 Data Analysis......Page 316 Circumstances in the Policy Setting......Page 319 Bias in Reporting and Content Type......Page 322 Conclusion......Page 323 References......Page 325 12: Conclusions......Page 332 Key Findings per Chapter......Page 334 Learnings from and for the Application of Network Concepts and Measures to Water Governance......Page 337 Recommendations for Academia and Practice......Page 341 References......Page 343