Handbook of Heavy Oil Properties and Analysis

Description

Handbook of Heavy Oil Properties and Analysis Understand the future of oil production with this comprehensive guide Heavy oil, also known as viscous oil, is oil too viscous to flow normally from wells and reservoirs. In recent decades it has become increasingly important as a source of liquid oil for use in industrial processes. This places all the greater importance on proper analysis of heavy oil and its properties, so that it can be more effectively refined and deployed to meet ever-growing energy needs. Handbook of Heavy Oil Properties and Analysis provides a comprehensive introduction to the analysis of viscous oil and its properties. It discusses the full range of tests and analytical procedures by which the behavior and refinability of viscous oil samples can be predicted and connects theoretical knowledge to refinery practice throughout. Additionally, its incorporation of the latest environmental regulations makes it an invaluable resource. Readers will also find: Detailed coverage of both physical properties and chemical composition of heavy oilAn author more than fifty years of experience in the process industriesDiscussion of new methods for determining instability and incompatibility This book is a useful reference for scientists and engineers in the oil refining industries, chemists and researchers in heavy oil and adjacent industries, and government officials and regulators. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents About the Author Preface Chapter 1 History and Terminology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Historical Perspectives 1.2.1 Pre-Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen 1.2.2 Post-Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen 1.3 Definitions and Terminology 1.3.1 Nonviscous Feedstocks 1.3.1.1 Crude Oil 1.3.1.2 Opportunity Crude Oil 1.3.1.3 High-Acid Crude Oil 1.3.1.4 Foamy Oil 1.3.2 Viscous Feedstocks 1.3.2.1 Gas Oil 1.3.2.2 Heavy Crude Oil 1.3.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil 1.3.2.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 1.3.2.5 Residuum 1.3.2.6 Asphalt 1.3.2.7 Tar and Pitch 1.3.2.8 Sludge 1.4 Classification 1.5 Feedstock Evaluation 1.6 Modern Analytical Perspectives References Chapter 2 Sampling and Measurement 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sampling 2.2.1 Sampling Protocol 2.2.1.1 Sampling Semi-volatile and Nonvolatile Compounds 2.2.1.2 Solids 2.2.1.3 Extract Concentration 2.2.1.4 Sample Cleanup 2.2.2 Representative Sample 2.2.3 Sampling Error 2.3 Measurement 2.4 Method Validation 2.4.1 Requirements 2.4.2 Method Detection Limit 2.4.3 Accuracy 2.4.4 Precision 2.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 2.5.1 Quality Control 2.5.2 Quality Assurance 2.6 Assay and Specifications 2.6.1 Assay 2.6.2 Specifications 2.6.3 Metallic Constituents 2.6.4 Water Content 2.7 Environmental Issues References Chapter 3 Chemical Composition 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Elemental Composition 3.3 Chemical Composition 3.3.1 Hydrocarbon Constituents 3.3.1.1 Paraffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives 3.3.1.2 Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives 3.3.1.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives 3.3.1.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Derivatives 3.3.2 Non-hydrocarbon Constituents 3.3.2.1 Sulfur Compounds 3.3.2.2 Nitrogen Compounds 3.3.2.3 Oxygen Compounds 3.3.3 Metallic Constituents 3.3.4 Porphyrins 3.4 Chemical Composition by Distillation 3.4.1 Vacuum Gas Oil 3.4.2 Vacuum Residua 3.5 Chemical Composition by Spectroscopy 3.5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 3.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 3.5.3 Mass Spectrometry 3.5.4 Other Techniques References Chapter 4 Fractional Composition 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Distillation 4.3 Solvent Treatment 4.3.1 Asphaltene Separation 4.3.1.1 Influence of Solvent Type 4.3.1.2 Influence of the Degree of Dilution 4.3.1.3 Influence of Temperature 4.3.1.4 Influence of Contact Time 4.3.2 Fractionation 4.3.3 Carbenes and Carboids 4.4 Adsorption 4.4.1 Chemical Factors 4.4.2 Fractionation Methods 4.4.2.1 General Methods 4.4.2.2 ASTM Methods 4.5 Chemical Methods 4.5.1 Acid Treatment 4.5.2 Molecular Complex Formation 4.5.2.1 Urea Adduction 4.5.2.2 Thiourea Adduction 4.5.2.3 Adduct Composition 4.5.2.4 Adduct Structure 4.5.2.5 Adduct Properties 4.6 The Asphaltene Fraction 4.7 Carbenes and Carboids 4.8 Use of the Data References Chapter 5 Chemical Properties 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Acid Number 5.3 Elemental Analysis and Metals 5.4 Emulsion Formation 5.5 Evaporation 5.6 Flash Point and Fire Point 5.7 Functional Group Analysis 5.8 Halogenation 5.9 Hydrogenation 5.10 Oxidation 5.11 Thermal Methods 5.12 Miscellaneous Methods References Chapter 6 Physical Properties, Electrical Properties, and Optical Properties 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Properties 6.2.1 Adhesion 6.2.2 Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity 6.2.3 Surface and Interfacial Tension 6.2.4 Viscosity 6.3 Electrical Properties 6.3.1 Conductivity 6.3.2 Dielectric Constant 6.3.3 Dielectric Strength 6.3.4 Dielectric Loss and Power Factor 6.3.5 Static Electrification 6.4 Optical Properties 6.4.1 Optical Activity 6.4.2 Refractive Index References Chapter 7 Thermal Properties 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Ash Production 7.3 Carbon Residue 7.4 Critical Properties 7.5 Enthalpy 7.6 Heat of Combustion 7.7 Latent Heat 7.8 Liquefaction and Solidification 7.9 Pour Point 7.10 Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationships 7.11 Softening Point 7.12 Specific Heat 7.13 Thermal Conductivity 7.14 Volatility References Chapter 8 Chromatographic Properties 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Adsorption Chromatography 8.3 Gas Chromatography 8.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography 8.5 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 8.6 Ion Exchange Chromatography 8.7 Simulated Distillation 8.8 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 8.9 Thin Layer Chromatography References Chapter 9 Structural Group Analysis 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Physical Property Methods 9.2.1 Density Method 9.2.2 Density–Temperature Coefficient Method 9.2.3 Direct Method 9.2.4 Dispersion–Refraction Method 9.2.5 Molecular Weight-Refractive Index Method 9.2.6 n-d-M Method 9.2.7 Waterman Ring Analysis 9.2.8 Miscellaneous Methods 9.3 Spectroscopic Methods 9.3.1 Electron Spin Resonance 9.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 9.3.3 Mass Spectrometry 9.3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 9.3.5 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 9.3.6 X-ray Diffraction 9.4 Heteroatom Systems 9.4.1 Nitrogen 9.4.2 Oxygen 9.4.3 Sulfur 9.4.4 Metals 9.5 Miscellaneous Methods References Chapter 10 Molecular Weight Determination 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methods for Molecular Weight Measurement 10.2.1 Vapor Pressure Osmometry 10.2.2 Freezing Point Depression 10.2.3 Boiling Point Elevation 10.2.4 Size Exclusion Chromatography 10.2.5 Mass Spectrometry 10.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 10.3 Molecular Weights of Volatile Fractions 10.4 Molecular Weights of Nonvolatile Fractions 10.4.1 Resins 10.4.2 Asphaltenes 10.4.3 Carbenes and Carboids References Chapter 11 Instability and Incompatibility 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Occurrence of Instability and Incompatibility 11.3 Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility 11.3.1 Acidity 11.3.2 Asphaltene Content 11.3.3 Density/Specific Gravity 11.3.4 Elemental Analysis 11.3.5 Metals Content 11.3.6 Pour Point 11.3.7 Viscosity 11.3.8 Volatility 11.3.9 Water Content, Salt Content, Bottom Sediment and Water (BS&W) 11.4 Determination of Instability and Incompatibility References Chapter 12 Use of the Data 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Use of the Data 12.3 Process Analysis and Feedstock Mapping 12.3.1 Property Predictions 12.3.2 Predicting Separations 12.3.3 Process Predictability 12.4 Environmental Aspects of Processing 12.4.1 Gaseous Emissions 12.4.2 Liquid Effluents 12.4.3 Solid Effluents 12.5 Analytical Methods for Environmental Regulations 12.5.1 Definitions 12.5.2 Environmental Regulations 12.5.3 Environmental Analysis References Glossary Conversion Factors Index EULA