Serial Communication Protocols and Standards (River Publishers Series in Communications)

Description

Data communication standards are comprised of two components: The “protocol” and “Signal/data/port specifications for the devices involved”. The protocol describes the format of the message and the meaning of each part of the message. To connect any device to the bus, an external device must be used as an interface which will put the message in a form which fulfills all the electrical specifications of the port. These specifications are called the “Standard”. The most famous such serial communication standard is the RS-232. In IT technology, Communication can be serial or parallel. Serial communication is used for transmitting data over long distances. It is much cheaper to run the single core cable needed for serial communication over a long distance than the multicore cables that would be needed for parallel communication. It is the same in wireless communication: Serial communication needs one channel while parallel needs multichannel. Serial Communication can also be classified in many other ways, for example synchronous and asynchronous; it can also be classified as simplex, duplex and half duplex. Because of the wide spread of serial communication from home automation to sensor and controller networks, there is a need for a very large number of serial communication standards and protocols. These have been developed over recent decades and range from the simple to the highly complicated. This large number of protocols was necessary to guarantee the optimum performance for the targeted applications. It is important for communication engineers to have enough knowledge to match the right protocol and standard with the right application. The main aim of this book is to provide the reader with that knowledge The book also provides the reader with detailed information about:- Serial Communication- Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)- Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART - Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) - eSPI- Universal Serial Bus (USB)- Wi-Fi- WiMax- Insteon The details of each technology including specification, operation, security related matters, and many other topics are covered. The book allocates three chapters to the main communication standards. These chapters cover everything related to the most famous standard RS-232 and all its variants. Other protocols such as: I2C, CAN, ZigBee, Z-Wave, Bluetooth, and others, are the subject of the authors separate book “Microcontroller and Smart Home Networks”. Front Cover Serial Communication Protocols and Standards: RS232/485, UART/USART, SPI, USB, INSTEON, Wi-Fi and WiMAX Contents Preface List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations 1 Serial Communication 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Data Communication Standard 1.2.1 Communication Protocol 1.2.1.1 Types of electronic communication protocols 1.2.2 Serial Data Communication Standards 1.3 Serial and Parallel Communications 1.3.1 Serial Communication 1.3.2 Parallel Communication 1.3.2.1 Serial and parallel communication tradeoffs 1.3.2.2 Serial versus parallel communication 1.3.2.3 Major factors limiting parallel communication 1.3.2.4 Advantages of serial over parallel 1.4 How Are Data Sent Serially? 1.5 Modes of Serial Transmission 1.5.1 Need for Synchronization 1.5.2 Modes of Transfer: Serial Transmission Modes 1.5.3 Serial Communication Types 1.6 Asynchronous Data Transfer 1.6.1 Asynchronous Data Transfer 1.6.2 Interface Specifications for Asynchronous Serial Data Communication 1.6.3 Application of Asynchronous Data Transmission: UART 1.6.3.1 Return-to-zero signaling 1.6.3.2 Return-to-zero signaling with different modulations 1.6.4 Non-return-to-zero Signaling 1.6.5 Asynchronous transmission: Conclusion 1.7 Synchronous Data Transfer 1.7.1 Synchronous Data Transfer 1.7.1.1 Bit duration 1.7.1.2 Character synchronization 1.7.1.3 Bit sampling 1.7.2 Bit-synchronous Operation 1.7.3 Manchester Encoding 1.8 Bit Synchronization 1.8.1 Clock Encoding 1.8.2 Digital Phase-Locked Loop 1.9 Interface Specifications for Asynchronous Serial Data Communication 1.10 Serial Communication Protocols 1.11 Electrical Interface Standards References 2 Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Serial UART Types 2.3 Serial Communication Terminologies 2.4 UART Timing: Serial Data Format and Asynchronous Serial Transmission 2.4.1 Frame Synchronization and Data Sampling Points 2.4.2 Timing Accuracy 2.4.3 Timing Error Due to Transmit-receive Clock Mismatch 2.5 UART Functional Block Diagram 2.5.1 Baudrate Clock Generator 2.5.2 UART Registers 2.5.2.1 RBR: receiver buffer register (also, receiver data register rdr) (read only) 2.5.2.2 THR: transmitter holding register (also, transmitter data register, tdr) (write only) 2.5.2.3 IER: interrupt enable register (read/write) 2.5.2.4 IIR: interrupt identification register (read only) 2.5.2.5 FCR: FIFO control register (write only) 2.5.2.6 LCR: line control register (read/write) 2.5.2.7 MCR: modem control register (read/write) 2.5.2.8 LSR: line status register (read only) 2.5.2.9 MSR: modem status register (read only) 2.5.2.10 SPR (or SCR) scratch pad register (read/write) 2.5.2.11 DLL and DLM: divisor latch registers (read/write) 2.5.2.12 Revision identification registers (REVID1 and REVID 2) 2.5.2.13 Power and emulation management register (PWREMU_MGMT) 2.5.2.14 Mode definition register (MDR) 2.6 UART in Operation 2.6.1 Transmission 2.6.2 UART Receiver 2.7 UART Errors 2.8 Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous Receiver–Transmitter (USART) 2.8.1 Purpose and History of USART 2.8.2 Operation 2.9 External Interface: Introduction to Serial Data Standards RS-232 2.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of UARTs 2.11 Example of USART: Microprocessor 8251 USART 3 Serial Data Standards RS-232 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Serial Data Standards Background 3.2.1 RS-232 Standard Development and Timeline 3.2.2 RS-232 Standard Variants 3.3 RS-232 Serial Data Transmission: Data Timing 3.4 RS-232 Serial Interface (also known as V24) 3.4.1 RS–232 Specifications: RS-232 Interface Basics 3.4.2 Electrical Characteristics: RS-232 Signal Levels and Level Conversion 3.4.2.1 Voltage level or logic level 3.4.2.2 Slew rate 3.4.2.3 Line impedance 3.4.2.4 Short-circuit tolerance 3.4.2.5 Fail-safe signals 3.4.2.6 Mode of operation 3.4.2.7 Baud rate 3.4.2.8 Requirements needed while changing the logic state 3.4.3 Functional characteristics 3.4.3.1 RS-232 signal (lines) definitions and functions 3.4.3.2 RS-232 DB9 pin configuration and function 3.4.4 Mechanical Interface Characteristics 3.4.4.1 DB9 to DB25 converters and DB25 to DB9 converters 3.4.4.2 Loopback test plugs 3.5 Cables 3.5.1 Straight-through Cable 3.5.2 Tail-circuit Cable 3.5.3. RS-232 Null Modem Cable 3.5.3.1 Null modem: an introduction 3.5.3.2 Original Use of RS-232 3.6 RS-232 Handshaking 3.6.1 Forms of RS-232 Handshaking: RS-232 Flow Control 3.6.1.1 Software Handshaking 3.6.1.2 Hardware handshaking: hardware flow control 3.6.1.3 XModem handshaking 3.6.1.4 Null modems and handshaking 4 RS-232 Implementation, Applications, and Limitations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Practical RS-232 Implementation 4.2.1 Voltage Level Conversion 4.2.2 RS-232 in Modem Applications 4.2.3 RS-232 in Minimal Handshake Applications 4.3 RS-232 Applications 4.4 RS-232 Application Limitations 4.4.1 Generation of RS-232 Voltage Levels 4.4.2 Maximum Data Rate 4.4.3 Maximum Cable Length 4.4.4 Other RS-232 Limitations 4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of RS-232 4.5.1 Advantages of RS-232 4.5.2 Disadvantages of RS-232 4.6 Difference between RS-232 and UART 5 RS-232 Variants RS-422/RS-423, RS-449, RS-485, and EIA-530 5.1 Introduction: RS-232 Variants – Background 5.1.1 Introduction to RS-422 and RS-423 (EIA Recommended Standard 422 and 423) 5.1.1.1 RS-422 5.1.1.2 RS-422 characteristics 5.1.1.3 Network topology with RS-422 5.1.1.4 RS-422 applications 5.2 RS-423 5.3 RS-449 5.4 RS-485 5.4.1 RS-485 Specification Overview 5.4.2 Characteristics of RS-485 Compared to RS-232, RS-422, and RS-423 5.4.3 Network topology with RS-485 5.4.4 RS-485 Functionality 5.4.5 RS-485 Applications 5.5 EIA-530 References 6 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) 6.1 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI): Introduction 6.2 SPI Bus Transaction: SPI Operation 6.2.1 Hardware Setup 6.2.2 Data Transfer Operation 6.3 SPI Bus Interface 6.4 Clock Polarity and Phase 6.5 SPI Pros and Cons 6.6 SPI Variants 6.6.1 Intelligent SPI Controllers 6.6.2 Microwire 6.6.3 Three-wire Serial Buses 6.6.4 Dual SPI 6.6.5 Quad SPI (Quad I/O SPI) 6.6.6 QPI/SQI 6.6.7 Double Data Rate 6.6.8 Intel Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (eSPI) 6.7 Standards 6.8 Applications 6.9 Case Study 1: The SPI of the AVR 6.9.1 Register Descriptions 6.9.2 SPI Coded 6.9.3 Complete Application for using SPI of AVR 6.10 Development Tools 6.11 Synchronous Serial Interface (SSI) 6.11.1 SSI – General 6.11.2 SSI Design 6.11.3 SSI Clock and Data Transmission 6.11.4 Cabling – According to RS-422 Standards 6.11.4.1 Wire delay compensation (RMC150 UI/O module only) 6.11.5 Sensors using SSI 6.11.6 Derived protocols 6.11.7 Benefits References 7 Universal Serial Bus (USB) 7.1 Introduction to USB 7.1.1 USB and RS-232 7.2 USB Versions 7.2.1 USB 1.x 7.2.2 USB 2.0 7.2.3 USB 3.x 7.2.3.1 USB 3 capabilities 7.2.3.2 USB 3 compatibility 7.2.3.3 USB 3.0/3.1 annotation 7.2.3.4 USB 3.0/3.1 connector pinouts 7.2.3.5 Power management 7.2.4 USB-C or USB Type-C 7.2.4.1 USB-C connectors 7.2.4.2 USB-Type C and USB3.1 7.2.4.3 USB-C and USB PD 7.2.4.4 USB-C capabilities 7.2.4.5 USB version history 7.3 USB Data Speeds 7.4 USB Architecture (or USB Topology) 7.4.1 USB Components 7.4.1.1 Host is master 7.4.1.2 Types of host controller 7.4.1.3 USB device 7.4.1.4 On-The-Go 7.5 USB Limitations 7.5.1 USB Cable Length Limitations 7.5.2 How to Break the USB Length Limitations 7.5.3 USB Hub Limits and Maximum Length of Active Cables 7.6 USB HARDWARE 7.6.1 Electrical: Cables 7.6.1.1 Cable types 7.6.2 Speed Identification 7.6.3 Power Distribution and Device Powering 7.6.4 USB States and Relation with Power 7.6.5 Suspend Current 7.6.6 Entering Suspend Mode 7.6.7 Data Signalling Rate 7.6.8 USB Connector 7.6.8.1 Basic design concepts of USB connectors 7.6.8.2 USB upstream and downstream 7.6.8.3 Standard A and B USB connectors 7.6.8.4 Mini USB A and B connectors 7.6.8.5 Micro-USB AB and B connectors 8 USB Data Flow Introduction 8.1.1 USB is a Bus 8.1.2 Speed Identification 8.1.3 Line States 8.1.4 Definitions: Endpoints, Pipe, and Transactions 8.1.5 Packet Formats 8.1.6 Transactions 8.2 Data Flow in USB Devices: Pipes and Endpoints 8.3 USB Data Exchange 8.4 USB Data Transfer Types 8.4.1 Control Transfer 8.4.2 Isochronous Transfer 8.4.3 Interrupt Transfer 8.4.4 Bulk Transfer 8.5 USB Data Flow Model 8.6 USB On-the-Go (OTG): Uses and Support 8.6.1 USB Peripherals 8.6.2 Differences with USB 2.0 8.7 USB Class Devices 8.8 USB Enumeration 8.8.1 Enhanced SuperSpeed Differences 8.9 Device Drivers 8.9.1 Device Driver Overview 8.9.2 Classification of Drivers According to Functionality 8.9.2.1 Monolithic drivers 8.9.2.2 Layered drivers 8.9.2.3 Miniport drivers 8.9.3 Classification of Drivers According to Operating Systems 8.9.3.1 WDM drivers 8.9.3.2 VxD drivers 8.9.3.3 Unix device drivers 8.9.3.4 Linux device drivers 8.9.4 The Entry Point of the Driver 8.9.5 Associating the Hardware with the Driver 8.9.6 Communicating with Drivers 8.10 USB Descriptors 8.10.1 Device Descriptor 8.10.2 Configuration Descriptor 8.10.3 Interface Descriptor 8.10.4 Endpoint Descriptor 8.10.5 String Descriptor 8.10.6 Device Qualifier Descriptor 8.11 RS-232 to USB Converters 8.11.1 USB to RS-232 Conversion 8.11.2 Differences Between USB and RS-232 from the Application Point of View 8.11.3 Hardware Specific Problems 8.11.4 USB to RS-232 Converter Selection Criteria Sources/References 9 Wi-Fi Technology 9.1 Introduction to Wireless Communication 9.1.1 Wireless Network Topologies 9.1.2 Issues with Wireless Networks 9.1.3 Wireless Broadband Access (WBA) 9.2 Introduction to Wireless Network Protocols 9.3 What is Wi-Fi: IEEE 802.11 9.3.1 Overview 9.3.2 Wi-Fi Access Point 9.3.3 Wi-Fi Network Types 9.4 Wi-Fi History 9.5 Wi-Fi Standards: IEEE 802.11 Variants 9.5.1 Wi-Fi Alliance's Wireless Standard Naming System 9.6 Wi-Fi Channels, Frequencies, Bands, Bandwidths, and Modulation 9.6.1 2.4 GHz 802.11 Channels 9.6.2 3.6 GHz Wi-Fi Band 9.6.3 5 GHz Wi-Fi Channels and Frequencies 9.6.4 Additional Bands and Frequencies 9.6.5 Wi-Fi – Radio Modulation 9.6.6 Wi-Fi – Access Protocols 9.6.7 Wi-Fi – Quality of Service (QoS) 9.7 Wi-Fi Key Topics and Issues 9.8 Wi-Fi Router Location: 802.11 Signal Coverage 9.8.1 Factors Affecting Wi-Fi Propagation and Coverage 9.8.2 Locating Router for Optimum Wi-Fi Coverage 9.8.3 Extending the Wi-Fi Coverage: Use of Wi-Fi Boosters, Range Extenders & Repeaters 9.8.3.1 Wi-Fi boosters or range extenders 9.8.3.2 Wi-Fi repeaters 9.8.3.3 Powerline/homeplug extenders 9.9 Wi-Fi Security 9.9.1 Wi-Fi Vulnerability: KRACK Wi-Fi Vulnerability 9.9.2 Wireless Security: Wi-Fi Authentication Modes 9.9.3 Some Recommendations to Increase the Security of Wi-Fi Network 9.9.3.1 Move the router to a physically secure location 9.9.3.2 Change the default router login information 9.9.3.3 Change the network name 9.9.3.4 Update your firmware and software 9.9.3.5 Use WPA2 9.9.3.6 Turn Off WPS 9.9.3.7 Limit or disable DHCP 9.10 Wi-Fi Hotspot 9.10.1 Differences between Wi-Fi and Mobile Hotspot 9.10.2 Main Threats to Hotspot Security? References 10 WiMAX 10.1 Introduction 10.2 WiMAX and Other Wireless Technologies 10.3 Basics of WiMAX Technology 10.4 WiMAX History 10.5 WiMAX Versions 10.6 Benefits of Using WiMAX 10.7 WiMAX Features 10.8 WiMAX – Building Blocks 10.8.1 WiMAX Base Station 10.8.2 WiMAX Receiver 10.8.3 Backhaul 10.9 WiMAX – Reference Network Model 10.9.1 WiMAX Network Architecture Major Elements or Areas 10.9.2 WiMAX Network Architecture Major Entities 10.10 IEEE 802.16 Protocol Architecture 10.11 WiMAX – Physical Layer 10.11.1 Adaptive Modulation and Coding in WiMAX 10.11.2 PHY-layer Data Rates 10.11.3 WiMAX Frequencies and Spectrum Allocations 10.11.4 WiMAX Speed and Range 10.11.5 WiMAX Data Structure 10.11.6 WiMAX – IEEE Standards 10.11.7 OFDM Basics 10.12 WiMAX – MAC Layer 10.12.1 Requirements Needed from MAC Layer to Meet 10.12.2 Some Features of MAC Layer 10.12.3 WiMAX MAC Layer Operation 10.12.4 WiMAX MAC Connection Identifier 10.13 WiMAX – Mobility Support 10.14 WiMAX: Protocol Architecture And Security Solutions 10.14.1 IEEE 802.16 Protocol Architecture 10.14.2 WiMAX Security Solutions 10.14.3 WiMAX Security Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures 10.14.3.1 Threats to the PHY layer 10.14.3.1.1 Jamming attack 10.14.3.1.2 Scrambling attack 10.14.3.1.3 Water torture attack 10.14.3.1.4 Other threats 10.14.3.2 Threats to the MAC layers 10.14.3.2.1 Threats to Mac Management Message in Initial Network Entry 10.14.3.2.2 Threats to Access Network Security 10.14.3.2.3 Threats to Authentication 10.14.3.2.4 Other threats 10.15 WiMAX – Security Functions 10.16 WiMAX and Wi-Fi Comparison References 11 INSTEON Technology 11.1 Introduction to INSTEON: Overview 11.1.1 The Need for INSTEON 11.2 Characteristics of INSTEON Technology 11.3 How INSTEON Works 11.3.1 INSTEON Is a Dual-Mesh Network 11.3.1.1 Mesh topology or peer-to-peer topology 11.3.1.2 INSTEON is a peer-to-peer network 11.3.2 INSTEON Simulcasts Repeated Messages 11.3.3 INSTEON Utilizes Statelink 11.4 INSTEON Specifications 11.5 The INSTEON Communication Protocols 11.5.1 The INSTEON Messages 11.5.2 The INSTEON Packets 11.5.2.1 Powerline packet 11.5.2.2 RF packet 11.5.3 INSTEON Data Rates 11.5.4 INSTEON Devices 11.5.5 Security in INSTEON Devices 11.5.6 Powerline Signaling / INSTEON Packet Timing 11.6 INSTEON Communication References Index About the Authors Back Cover