Cyberhate in the Context of Migrations

Description

This edited book takes an interdisciplinary approach to shed light on the complex dynamics involved in the incidence of online hate speech against migrants in user-generated contexts. The authors draw on case studies from Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and the UK, bringing together qualitative and quantitative analyses on user-generated online comments. The authors argue that online hate speech against migrants must be understood as a symptom of a representation crisis on migration, which can only be fully perceived through the study of the complex linguistic, interactional and connective processes within which it emerges. They focus on representations and shared meanings, community building and otherness, and delve into the role of network ecosystems in the process of the construction of public problems. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and post-graduate students as well as academics working on hate speech and migration studies in a variety of fields, and can also contribute to improving research protocols for automated analyses and detections of online hate speech. Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Anti-Migrant Hate Speech as a Symptom of a Representation Crisis Online Hate Speech and the Affective Publics of the Internet From Affects to Politics: Migration as a Public Problem Structure of the Book and Preliminary Remarks References Part I The Representation Crisis: Wicked Migrants, Malevolent Elites 2 Online Hate Speech in the UK and Poland: A Case-Study of Online Reactions to the Killing of Arkadiusz Jóźwik Setting the Scene Killing and Wider Context Anti-Polish Xenophobia in the UK Framing the Study Defining Hate Speech Online Hate Speech Twitter Below-The-Line (BTL) Comments Data and Method Data Analysis Quantitative Findings Polish Data UK Data Qualitative Analysis “Us” and “Them” Victimising the Perpetrator’s Group Focus on Socio-Economic Context Race and Racialisation Deserving and Undeserving Migrants: Poles vs “Muslims” Hate Speech Against the Perpetrators Hate Speech Against the Victim and Victim Blaming Conclusions and Research Limitations References 3 Discrediting the Other, Building In-Group Bonds: An Analysis of French and Italian User-Generated Hate Contents Corpus and Methodology Lexical Clusters Distancing Processes Argumentative Strategies Conclusion References 4 “Everything Goes Against the German Here!” Self-Victimising Discourse in Comments on Migration-Related Posts on the Alternative für Deutschland Facebook Page Hate Speech Online The Alternative für Deutschland and Its Facebook Presence Methodology Analysis Topoi of Self-Victimisation Germany as Lunatic Asylum Indicators of Physical Revulsion Irony and Sarcasm Conclusion References 5 Immigration Statistics in French Online Comment Boards: Mistrust Discourse, Anti-migrant Hate Speech Xenophobic Rhetoric in Online Comment Sections On the Empirical Study Analysis and Findings Mistrust of Scientific Methodology Mistrust of Scholars and Intellectuals Mistrust of Media and Political Institutions Conclusion References Part II The Cyberspace of Cyberhate: Features, Mechanisms, Dynamics 6 Insults, Criminalisation, and Calls for Violence: Forms of Hate Speech and Offensive Language in German User Comments on Immigration Immigration and Media in Germany Immigration to Germany Immigration as a Topic in Media Coverage and Online Discussions Hate Speech, Offensive Language, and User Comments What Is Hate Speech? Hate Speech and Offensive Language in Social Media Method Sampling and Data Coding Scheme and Structured Text Annotation Results Negativity, Offensive Language, and Hate Speech in Judgements The Prevalence of Hate Speech in User Comments Targets of Offensive Language and Hate Speech in Judgements Discussion and Conclusion References 7 The Joint Construction of Hate Speech in Online Discussions Data Theoretical and Methodological Framework Findings and Discussion Adding Reasons to the Same Argument Answering Questions Expressing Agreement Complimenting Conclusion References 8 Social Network Conversations with Young Authors of Online Hate Speech Against Migrants The Case Study Conversation 16 De-responsibilisation, Trivialisation and Speed on the Social Web Selection of Sources, Conspiracy, Cyberutopian Freedom The “Return of Race” in Hate Speech Against Migrants Conclusion References 9 Hate Speech, Fake News and Content Regulation on Social Networks in Europe Internet, Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression Hate Speech and Fake News, New Content Regulation Approaches Counter-Speech, Fact-Checking and Activism: The Emergence of Alternative Forms of Regulation Conclusion References Index