Sensor Technology Handbook

Description

Without sensors most electronic applications would not exist-they perform a vital function, namely providing an interface to the real world. The importance of sensors, however, contrasts with the limited information available on them. Today's smart sensors, wireless sensors, and microtechnologies are revolutionizing sensor design and applications. This volume is an up-to-date and comprehensive sensor reference guide to be used by engineers and scientists in industry, research, and academia to help with their sensor selection and system design. It is filled with hard-to-find information, contributed by noted engineers and companies working in the field today. The book will offer guidance on selecting, specifying, and using the optimum sensor for any given application. The editor-in-chief, Jon Wilson, has years of experience in the sensor industry and leads workshops and seminars on sensor-related topics. In addition to background information on sensor technology, measurement, and data acquisition, the handbook provides detailed information on each type of sensor technology, covering: · technology fundamentals · CONTENTS......Page 7 1.1 BASIC SENSOR TECHNOLOGY......Page 13 1.2 SENSOR SYSTEMS......Page 27 2 - APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS......Page 33 2.2 SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS......Page 34 2.3 INSTRUMENT SELECTION......Page 35 2.5 INSTALATION......Page 38 3 - MEASUREMENT ISSUES AND CRITERIA......Page 41 4.1 CONDITIONING BRIGDE CIRCUITS......Page 43 4.2 AMPLIFIERS FOR SIGNAL CONDITIONING......Page 57 4.3 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS FOR SIGNAL CONDITIONING......Page 104 4.4 SIGNAL CONDITIONING HIGH IMPEDANCE SENSOR......Page 120 5.2 TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS......Page 149 5.3 SELECTING AND SPECIFYING ACCELEROMETERS......Page 162 5.4 APPLICABLE STANDARDS......Page 165 5.5 INTERFACING AND DESIGNS......Page 167 6.1 OVERVIEW: WHAT IS A BIOSENSOR?......Page 173 6.2 APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS......Page 176 6.3 ORIGIN OF BIOSENSORS......Page 180 6.4 BIORECEPTOR MOLECULES......Page 181 6.5 TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS IN BIOSENSORS......Page 183 6.6 APPLICATION RANGE OF BIOSENSORS......Page 185 6.7 FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 189 7.1 TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS......Page 193 7.2 APPLICATIONS......Page 200 8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 205 8.2 CAPACITIVE SENSORS......Page 206 8.3 INDUCTIVE SENSORS......Page 208 8.4 CAPACITIVE AND INDUCTIVE SENSOR TYPES......Page 210 8.5 SELECTING AND SPECIFYING CAPACITIVE AND INDUCTIVE SENSORS......Page 212 8.6 COMPARING CAPACITIVE AND INDUCTIVE SENSORS......Page 215 8.7 APPLICATIONS......Page 216 8.8 LASTEST DEVELOPMENTS......Page 233 8.9 CONCLUSION......Page 234 9.2 ELECTROMAGNETISM AND INDUCTANCE......Page 235 9.3 SENSOR APPLICATIONS......Page 238 9.4 MAGNETIC FIELD SENSORS......Page 244 9.5 SUMMARY......Page 247 10.1 METHODS FOR MEASURING FLOW......Page 249 10.2 SELECTING FLOW SENSORS......Page 258 10.3 INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE......Page 259 10.4 RECENT ADVANCES IN FLOW SENSORS......Page 261 10.5 LEVEL SENSORS......Page 262 10.6 APPLICABLE STANDARDS......Page 266 11.2 QUARTZ SENSORS......Page 267 12.2 SENSOR TYPES AND TECHNOLOGIES......Page 283 12.3 SELECTING AND SPECIFYING HUMIDITY SENSORS......Page 287 12.4 APPLICABLE STANDARDS......Page 291 12.5 INTERFACING AND DESIGN INFORMATION......Page 292 13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 297 13.2 TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS......Page 300 13.3 ACCELEROMETER TYPES......Page 303 13.4 SELECTING INDUSTRIAL ACCELEROMETERS......Page 306 13.5 APPLICABLE STANDARDS......Page 315 13.7 SENSOR MANUFACTURERS......Page 316 13.8 REFERENCES AND RESOURCES......Page 317 14.1 PHOTOSENSORS......Page 319 14.2 THERMAL INFRARED DETECTORS......Page 329 15.1 CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT POSITION SENSORS......Page 333 15.2 STRING POTENTIOMETER AND STRING ENCODER ENGINEERING GUIDE......Page 382 15.4 SELECTING POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS......Page 413 16.1 PIEZORESISTIVE PRESSURE SENSING......Page 423 16.2 PIEZOELECTRIC PRESSURE SENSORS......Page 445 17.1 TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS......Page 469 17.2 SENSOR TYPE, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTEGES......Page 471 17.3 SELECTING AND SPECIFYING......Page 473 17.4 APPLICABLE STANDARDS......Page 485 17.5 INTERFACING INFORMATION......Page 486 17.6 DESIGN TECHNIQUES AND TIPS, WITH EXAMPLES......Page 490 17.7 LASTEST AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 492 18.1 MEASUREMENT MICROPHONE CHARACTERISTICS......Page 493 18.2 COMMON MICROPHONE TYPES......Page 494 18.3 TRADITIONAL CONDENSER MICROPHONE DESIGN......Page 495 18.5 FREQUENCY RESPONSE......Page 496 18.6 LIMITATIONS ON MEASUREMENT RANGE......Page 502 18.7 EFFECT OF ENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONS......Page 503 18.8 MICROPHONE STANDARDS......Page 504 18.9 SPECIALIZED MICROPHONE TYPES......Page 506 18.10 CALIBRATION......Page 509 18.11 MAJOR MENUTACTURERS OF TEST AND MEASUREMENT MICROPHONES......Page 511 19.1 INTRODUCTION TO STRAIN GAGES......Page 513 19.2 STRAIN-GAGE BASED MEASUREMENTS......Page 523 19.3 STRAIN GAGES SENSOR INSTALLATIONS......Page 534 20.1 SENSOR TYPES TECHNOLOGIES......Page 543 20.2 SELECTING AND SPECIFYING TEMPERATURE SENSORS......Page 547 20.3 APPLICABLE STANDARDS......Page 561 20.4 INTERFACING AND DESIGN INFORMATION......Page 565 20.5 LASTEST AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 573 21 - NANOTECHNOLOGY-ENABLED SENSORS:......Page 575 21.1 POSSIBILITIES......Page 576 21.2 REALITIES......Page 578 21.3 APPLICATIONS......Page 579 21.4 SUMMARY......Page 583 22.1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS......Page 587 22.2 INDIVIDUAL WIRELESS SENSOR NODE ARCHITECTURE......Page 588 22.3 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ARCHITECTURE......Page 589 22.4 RADIO OPTIONS FOR THE PHYSICAL LAYER IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS......Page 592 22.5 POWER CONSIDERATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS......Page 595 22.6 APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS......Page 597 22.7 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 600 APPENDIX A......Page 603 APPENDIX B......Page 609 APPENDIX C......Page 613 APPENDIX D......Page 619 APPENDIX E......Page 627 APPENDIX F......Page 629 APPENDIX G......Page 631 APPENDIX H......Page 637 APPENDIX I......Page 641 APPENDIX J......Page 643 APPENDIX K......Page 645 APPENDIX L......Page 647