Tuberculosis

Description

Tuberculosis has plagued mankind since prehistoric times and is still an important source of morbidity and mortality, with particularly devastating effects in developing and tropical countries. Tuberculosis results from an infection with Myeo­ baeterium tubereu/osis, and the World Health Organization estimates that perhaps as much as one-third of the world's population or approximately 1. 9 billion persons are or have been infected with M. tubereu/osis. Each year, there are 8-10 million new cases of tuberculosis and about 3 million deaths due to it. Indeed, tuberculosis is the leading cause of death in adults due to a single infectious agent and accounts for ap­ proximately 26% of all preventable adult deaths in the world. In addition, tuberculosis is an enormous social and economic problem because approximately 95% of new cases occur in developing countries and because about 80% of tuberculosis cases affect persons of child-bearing age and du ring their most economically productive years (ages 15-59). Tuberculosis has also re-emerged as an important public health problem in many developed countries. For example, between 1985 and 1992, the number of tuberculosis cases reported to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention increased by more than 20%. Similarly, Austria experienced a 5% increase in tuberculosis cases from 1987 to 1991, Ireland a 9% increase from 1988 to 1991, Denmark a 20% increase from 1987 to 1992, and Italy a 27% increase from 1988 to 1992. Front Matter....Pages I-XI Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope....Pages 1-27 The Molecular Genetics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ....Pages 29-47 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ....Pages 49-69 Entry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into Mononuclear Phagocytes....Pages 71-96 In Vitro Interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Macrophages: Activation of Anti-mycobacterial Activity of Macrophages and Mechanisms of Anti-mycobacterial Activity....Pages 97-130 Virulence Determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ....Pages 131-156 Pathogenesis of Experimental Tuberculosis in Animal Models....Pages 157-179 Immune Responses in Animal Models....Pages 181-196 Human Cellular Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis ....Pages 197-219 Mechanisms of Anergy in Tuberculosis....Pages 221-238 The Koch Phenomenon and the Immunopathology of Tuberculosis....Pages 239-262 BCG Vaccination in the Control of Tuberculosis....Pages 263-282 Functional T Cell Subsets in Mycobacterial and Listerial Infections: Lessons from Other Intracellular Pathogens....Pages 283-302 Back Matter....Pages 303-311