Seismic Imaging Methods and Applications for Oil and Gas Exploration

Description

Seismic Imaging Methods and Application for Oil and Gas Exploration connects the legacy of field data processing and imaging with new research methods using diffractions and anisotropy in the field of geophysics. Topics covered include seismic data acquisition, seismic data processing, seismic wave modeling, high-resolution imaging, and anisotropic modeling and imaging. This book is a necessary resource for geophysicist working in the oil and gas and mineral exploration industries, as well as for students and academics in exploration geophysics. Provides detailed methods that are used in the industry, including advice on which methods to use in specific situations Compares classical methods with the latest technologies to improve practice and application in the real world Includes case studies for further explanation of methods described in the book Cover Seismic Imaging Methods and Applications for Oil and Gas Exploration Copyright Contents About the authors Preface 1 Seismic data acquisition including survey design and factors affecting seismic acquisition 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Geophysical factors affecting seismic acquisition 1.3 Survey design 1.4 Land, marine, transition zone, and borehole seismic data acquisition 1.5 Ocean bottom cable and ocean bottom node 1.6 Land and marine sources and receivers 1.7 2D versus 3D seismic 1.8 Advances in seismic data acquisition 1.8.1 Marine seismic vibrator 1.9 Conclusions References 2 Seismic data processing 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Fourier transform 2.2 Short-time Fourier transform 2.3 Wavelet transform 2.3.1 One-dimensional wavelet transform 2.3.1.1 Two-dimensional wavelet transform 2.3.2 Empirical wavelet transform 2.4 Factors affecting seismic reflection amplitude 2.5 Acquisition footprint 2.6 Wavefield divergence corrections 2.7 Absorption correction (anelastic attenuation) 2.8 Ground roll and linear noise attenuation 2.9 Swell noise attenuation 2.10 Deconvolution 2.11 Velocity analysis 2.12 Multiple attenuation 2.12.1 Introduction to multiple 2.12.2 Multiple elimination methods 2.13 Advances in seismic data processing 2.13.1 Modified close-loop SRME 2.13.2 Joint migration inversion 2.14 Conclusions References 3 Seismic wave modeling and high-resolution imaging 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Wavefronts and huygens principle 3.3 Geometrical aspect of migration 3.4 Theory and practice of seismic diffraction 3.5 Diffraction modeling 3.6 Reasoning behind diffraction 3.7 Logical explanation of diffraction 3.8 Amplitude interpretation 3.9 Constructive and destructive interference 3.10 2D/3D behavior of diffraction curves 3.11 Imaging in 2D or 3D 3.12 Seismic imaging/migration algorithm 3.13 Diffraction separation algorithms 3.13.1 Dip frequency filtering 3.13.2 Plane-wave destruction 3.13.3 Slope estimation 3.14 Developed workflows for diffraction separation and imaging 3.15 Effect of frequency and migration aperture on seismic diffraction imaging 3.15.1 Velocity model building 3.15.2 Frequency-dependent modeling and aperture for migration 3.16 Importance of seismic diffraction for fracture imaging 3.17 Algorithm for diffraction preservation separation methods 3.17.1 Comparison of PWD and DFF results 3.18 2D synthetic data example: the complex Marmousi model 3.19 Effect of offset on diffraction hyperbola 3.20 Effect of angle stack on diffraction amplitude 3.21 Application on real field data 3.22 A new algorithm for advance wave modeling and high-resolution diffraction imaging 3.22.1 A complex fractured model: Marmousi 3.23 Full wave-equation finite difference modeling 3.24 Low-rank approximation 3.24.1 Theory of wave extrapolation 3.24.2 Low-rank approximation 3.24.3 Exploding reflector modeling 3.25 Discussion and conclusion References 4 Anisotropic modeling and imaging 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Theory: weak elastic anisotropy approximation for VTI media 4.3 Numerical examples: weak anisotropy 4.4 Theory of TTI pseudo-acoustic wave equation 4.5 Numerical examples: pseudo-acoustic wave simulation in a TTI media 4.6 VTI travel times for prestack depth imaging 4.7 Numerical examples: PDM using VTI fast-marching travel times 4.7.1 Synthetic data 4.7.2 Prestack depth migration on real data References Further reading 5 Geological reservoir modeling and seismic reservoir monitoring 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Petroleum geology 5.1.2 Plate tectonic analysis 5.1.3 Geological structure 5.1.4 Depositional environment 5.1.4.1 Types of depositional environments 5.1.5 Petrophysics and rock physics for reservoir characterization 5.1.6 Reservoir geophysics 5.2 Static reservoir modeling 5.2.1 Preliminary reservoir analysis 5.2.1.1 Stratigraphic correlation 5.2.1.2 Facies and lithofacies identification 5.2.1.3 Reservoir continuity and flow units 5.2.2 Structural modeling 5.2.2.1 Fault modeling and pillar gridding 5.2.2.2 Horizon modeling and thickness mapping 5.2.2.3 Reservoir architecture (zonation and layering) 5.2.3 Rock and fluid property modeling 5.2.3.1 Scaleup well log 5.2.3.2 Interpolation algorithm 5.2.3.2.1 Geostatistics 5.2.3.2.2 Variogram 5.2.3.2.3 Kriging 5.2.3.3 Facies modeling 5.2.3.3.1 Sequential indicator simulation 5.2.3.3.2 Truncated Gaussian simulation 5.2.3.3.3 Object modeling 5.2.3.3.4 Multiple-point statistics 5.2.3.4 Petrophysical modeling 5.2.3.4.1 Sequential Gaussian simulation (stochastic) 5.2.3.4.2 Gaussian random function simulation (stochastic) 5.2.3.4.3 Kriging 5.2.3.4.4 Moving average (deterministic) 5.2.3.4.5 Closest (deterministic) 5.2.3.4.6 Assign values (deterministic) 5.2.3.4.7 Neural net (deterministic) 5.2.3.5 Distribution of porosity and water saturation 5.2.3.6 Property modeling using seismic data 5.2.3.6.1 Seismic stochastic inversion 5.2.3.7 Fracture modeling 5.3 Reserve estimation and uncertainty analysis 5.4 Dynamic reservoir modeling 5.4.1 Pressure–volume–temperature data 5.4.2 Reservoir simulation models initialization 5.4.3 History matching 5.4.4 Production forecasting 5.5 4D seismic monitoring and reservoir surveillance 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Significance of 4D seismic 5.5.3 4D feasibility study 5.5.3.1 4D Feasibility study at well location 5.5.4 Acquisition and processing 5.5.5 Data conditioning 5.5.6 Seismic inversion 5.5.7 4D seismic qualitative and quantitative interpretation 5.5.7.1 Quantitative 4D seimsic interpretation 5.5.7.2 Quantitative 4D seismic analysis 5.5.8 4D seismic history matching 5.5.8.1 History matching workflows and inverse petroelastic modeling 5.5.9 Impedance domain 5.5.10 Water saturation/pressure domain 5.5.11 4D seismic monitoring in improved oil recovery fields 5.5.12 Application 5.6 Drilling optimization 5.7 Economic evaluation 5.8 Complementary aspects in reservoir characterization and modeling 5.8.1 Broadband marine seismic (high-resolution seismic) 5.8.2 Wavelet transformation 5.8.3 Seismic analysis in an VTI/TTI anisotropic medium 5.8.3.1 Backus averaging for layer-induced anisotropy 5.8.4 Fracture characterization using seismic data 5.8.4.1 Wide-azimuth seismic survey and azimuthal AVO 5.8.4.2 Shear wave splitting 5.8.5 Joint probability classification using Bayes Theorem 5.8.6 Seismic joint with EM (nonseismic) method 5.8.7 Pore pressure prediction and geomechanics assessment 5.9 Conclusion References Index