Political Ideologies: An Introduction

Description

Offering an unparalleled, sweeping survey of the political ideologies that have shaped our world, the seventh edition of Andrew Heywood’s seminal undergraduate textbook continues to lead the way in guiding students through the political creeds and doctrines that have dominated politics past and present. Covering an impressive array of topics, the first half of the book focusses on traditional ideologies such as Conservatism, Socialism, Liberalism, Anarchism and Fascism, while more contemporary movements such as Populism, Feminism, Green Ideology, Multiculturalism and Religious Fundamentalism form the latter part of the text. Taking into account the remarkable events that have shaken the political sphere in recent years, the text has been revised and updated throughout in order to show how the study of political ideologies can elucidate the significance of such striking phenomena as the decline of liberal democracy and the rise of populist movements and authoritarianism around the world. The most accessible, concise and yet comprehensive introduction to the topic, this is an indispensable textbook for students studying for courses on political ideologies, political theory and introductory politics. It should be essential reading for anyone seeking to gain an understanding of political ideologies for the first time. New to this Edition: - A brand new chapter on Populism addressing the rise of populist movements across the world and the related decline of liberal democratic values - More on sexualities, queer politics and trans issues in the chapter on Feminism; and a wider range of religions considered in the chapter on Religious Fundamentalism - New Key Thinker boxes featuring a more diverse array of voices - A fully revised concluding chapter on ‘Why Political Ideologies Matter’ - Updated Political Ideologies in Action boxes reflecting on recent, major political events and their significant for political analysis - A completely refreshed companion website comprising a testbank, PowerPoint slides, flashcard glossary, additional 'Political Ideologies in Action' cases, and interactive simulations BRIEF CONTENTS CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL KEY FIGURES KEY CONCEPTS PERSPECTIVES ON . . . TENSIONS WITHIN . . . POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION FIGURES TOUR OF THE BOOK PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES PREVIEW VIEWS OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY Marxist views KEY FIGURE ANTONIO GRAMSCI (1891–1937) Non-Marxist views KEY CONCEPT PRAGMATISM PERSPECTIVES ON . . . IDEOLOGY CONTOURS OF IDEOLOGY FROM ‘CLASSICAL’ TO ‘NEW’ IDEOLOGIES? POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . LEFT, RIGHT AND BEYOND KEY FIGURE ANTHONY GIDDENS (BORN 1938) THE END OF IDEOLOGY? KEY FIGURE DANIEL BELL (1919–2011) PERSPECTIVES ON . . . HISTORY KEY FIGURE FRANCIS FUKUYAMA (BORN 1952) KEY CONCEPT DEMOCRATIZATION QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 2 LIBERALISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW KEY CONCEPT GLOBALIZATION CORE THEMES Individualism KEY FIGURE IMMANUEL KANT (1724–1804) KEY CONCEPT INDIVIDUALISM Freedom PERSPECTIVES ON . . . FREEDOM KEY FIGURE JOHN STUART MILL (1806–73) Reason KEY CONCEPT RATIONALISM Justice KEY FIGURE MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759–97) KEY FIGURE BETTY FRIEDAN (1921–2006) Toleration KEY FIGURE JOHN LOCKE (1632–1704) TYPES OF LIBERALISM Classical liberalism Natural rights Utilitarianism KEY FIGURE JEREMY BENTHAM (1748–1832) KEY CONCEPT UTILITARIANISM Economic liberalism KEY FIGURE ADAM SMITH (1723–90) Social Darwinism Modern liberalism Individuality Positive freedom Social liberalism KEY FIGURE JOHN RAWLS (1921–2002) Economic management KEY CONCEPT KEYNESIANISM TENSIONS WITHIN . . . LIBERALISM Liberal democracy Constitutional rule KEY CONCEPT CONSTITUTIONALISM Democratic rule KEY CONCEPT FEDERALISM KEY FIGURE JAMES MADISON (1751–1836) KEY CONCEPT LIBERAL DEMOCRACY PERSPECTIVES ON . . . DEMOCRACY THE FUTURE OF LIBERALISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 3 CONSERVATISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW KEY FIGURE EDMUND BURKE (1729–97) CORE THEMES Tradition Human imperfection KEY FIGURE THOMAS HOBBES (1588–1679) KEY FIGURE MICHAEL OAKESHOTT (1901–90) Organic society PERSPECTIVES ON . . . HUMAN NATURE POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . Hierarchy and authority PERSPECTIVES ON . . . SOCIETY Property TYPES OF CONSERVATISM Libertarian conservatism KEY CONCEPT LIBERTARIANISM Neoliberalism KEY CONCEPT NEW RIGHT KEY CONCEPT NEOLIBERALISM KEY FIGURE AYN RAND (1905–82) KEY FIGURE FRIEDRICH VON HAYEK (1899–1992) KEY FIGURE ROBERT NOZICK (1938–2002) Authoritarian conservatism KEY CONCEPT AUTHORITARIANISM Neoconservatism KEY CONCEPT NEOCONSERVATISM TENSIONS WITHIN . . . CONSERVATISM (1) Paternalistic conservatism One Nation conservatism KEY CONCEPT PATERNALISM TENSIONS WITHIN . . . CONSERVATISM (2) KEY CONCEPT TORYISM Christian democracy The social market THE FUTURE OF CONSERVATISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 4 SOCIALISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW KEY FIGURE KARL MARX (1818–83) KEY CONCEPT CAPITALISM KEY FIGURE MAO ZEDONG (MAO TSE-TUNG) (1893–1976) CORE THEMES Community KEY CONCEPT COLLECTIVISM KEY FIGURE ROBERT OWEN (1771–1858) Cooperation Equality PERSPECTIVES ON . . . EQUALITY Class politics POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . Common ownership PERSPECTIVES ON . . . THE ECONOMY KEY FIGURE THOMAS PIKETTY (BORN 1971) TYPES OF SOCIALISM Communism KEY CONCEPT COMMUNISM Classical Marxism Philosophy Economics Politics Orthodox communism KEY FIGURE VLADIMIR ILICH LENIN (1870–1924) KEY FIGURE ROSA LUXEMBURG (1871–1919) Neo-Marxism KEY FIGURE HERBERT MARCUSE (1898–1979) KEY CONCEPT NEW LEFT Social democracy KEY CONCEPT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY Ethical socialism Reformist socialism KEY FIGURE EDUARD BERNSTEIN (1850–1932) TENSIONS WITHIN . . . SOCIALISM (1) The crisis of social democracy TENSIONS WITHIN . . . SOCIALISM (2) THE FUTURE OF SOCIALISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 5 ANARCHISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW KEY CONCEPT ANTI-GLOBALIZATION CORE THEMES POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . Anti-statism PERSPECTIVES ON . . . STATE KEY FIGURE EMMA GOLDMAN (1869–1940) Natural order KEY CONCEPT UTOPIANISM KEY FIGURE MIKHAIL BAKUNIN (1814–76) Anti-clericalism Economic freedom TYPES OF ANARCHISM Collectivist anarchism KEY FIGURE PETER KROPOTKIN (1842–1921) Mutualism Anarcho-syndicalism KEY FIGURE PIERRE-JOSEPH PROUDHON (1809–65) Anarcho-communism Individualist anarchism KEY FIGURE WILLIAM GODWIN (1756–1836) Egoism KEY FIGURE MAX STIRNER (1806–56) Libertarianism KEY FIGURE HENRY DAVID THOREAU (1817–62) Anarcho-capitalism KEY FIGURE MURRAY ROTHBARD (1926–95) TENSIONS WITHIN... ANARCHISM THE FUTURE OF ANARCHISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 6 NATIONALISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW KEY CONCEPT PATRIOTISM KEY CONCEPT IMPERIALISM POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . CORE THEMES The nation PERSPECTIVES ON... NATION Organic community Self-determination KEY FIGURE JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712–78) Culturalism KEY FIGURE JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERDER (1744–1803) KEY FIGURE MARCUS GARVEY (1887–1940) TENSIONS WITHIN . . . NATIONALISM (1) TYPES OF NATIONALISM Liberal nationalism KEY FIGURE GUISEPPE MAZZINI (1805–72) KEY FIGURE WOODROW WILSON (1856–1924) KEY CONCEPT INTERNATIONALISM KEY CONCEPT COSMOPOLITANISM Conservative nationalism Expansionist nationalism TENSIONS WITHIN . . . NATIONALISM (2) KEY FIGURE CHARLES MAURRAS (1868–1952) Anti-colonial and postcolonial nationalism KEY FIGURE MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI (1869–1948) KEY FIGURE FRANTZ FANON (1925–61) THE FUTURE OF NATIONALISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 7 FASCISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW KEY FIGURE ADOLF HITLER (1889–1945) CORE THEMES POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . Anti-rationalism Struggle Leadership and elitism KEY FIGURE FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844–1900) PERSPECTIVES ON . . . AUTHORITY Socialism KEY FIGURE BENITO MUSSOLINI (1883–1945) Ultranationalism TYPES OF FASCISM Extreme statism The totalitarian ideal KEY FIGURE GIOVANNI GENTILE (1875–1944) KEY CONCEPT TOTALITARIANISM KEY FIGURE ALFRED ROSENBERG (1895–1946) Corporatism KEY CONCEPT CORPORATISM Modernization Extreme racism The politics of race KEY CONCEPT RACISM Nazi race theories KEY FIGURE JOSEPH ARTHUR GOBINEAU (1816–82) KEY CONCEPT ANTI-SEMITISM KEY FIGURE HOUSTON STEWART CHAMBERLAIN (1855–1929) Peasant ideology TENSIONS WITHIN . . . FASCISM THE FUTURE OF FASCISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 8 POPULISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW KEY FIGURE JUAN DOMINGO PERÓN (1895–1974) KEY CONCEPT ANTI-POLITICS CORE THEMES The people PERSPECTIVES ON . . . THE PEOPLE The elite KEY CONCEPT ELITISM Populist democracy KEY CONCEPT PLEBISCITARY DEMOCRACY KEY CONCEPT MAJORITARIANISM TYPES OF POPULISM Right populism National populism KEY CONCEPT CULTURE WAR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . Authoritarian populism KEY FIGURE VIKTOR ORBAN (BORN 1963) The far-right KEY FIGURE MARINE LE PEN (BORN 1968) Left populism TENSIONS WITHIN . . . POPULISM KEY FIGURE HUGO CHAVEZ (1954–2013) THE FUTURE OF POPULISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 9 FEMINISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW CORE THEMES Redefining ‘the political’ KEY FIGURE KATE MILLETT (BORN 1934) Sex and gender PERSPECTIVES ON . . . GENDER KEY FIGURE SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR (1906–86) Patriarchy Equality and difference POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . TENSIONS WITHIN . . . FEMINISM (1) TYPES OF FEMINISM Traditional feminist theories Liberal feminism Socialist feminism Radical feminism KEY FIGURE GERMAINE GREER (BORN 1939) TENSIONS WITHIN . . . FEMINISM (2) Modern approaches to gender and sexuality Third-wave thinking and intersectionality KEY CONCEPT INTERSECTIONALITY KEY FIGURE BELL HOOKS (BORN 1952) Trans theory and feminism KEY FIGURE JUDITH BUTLER (BORN 1956) Queer theory THE FUTURE OF FEMINISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 10 ECOLOGISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW KEY FIGURE RACHEL CARSON (1907–1964) CORE THEMES Ecology PERSPECTIVES ON . . . NATURE TENSIONS WITHIN . . . ECOLOGISM Systems thinking KEY FIGURE JAMES LOVELOCK (BORN 1919) Sustainability KEY CONCEPT INDUSTRIALISM KEY FIGURE ERNST FRIEDRICH (‘FRITZ’) SCHUMACHER (1911–77) Environmental ethics From having to being POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . KEY CONCEPT POSTMATERIALISM TYPES OF ECOLOGISM Reformist ecology KEY CONCEPT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Ecosocialism Eco-anarchism KEY FIGURE MURRAY BOOKCHIN (1921–2006) Ecofeminism KEY FIGURE CAROLYN MERCHANT (BORN 1936) Deep ecology KEY FIGURE ARNE NAESS (1912–2008) THE FUTURE OF ECOLOGISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 11 MULTICULTURALISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW CORE THEMES Postcolonialism KEY CONCEPT COLONIALISM KEY FIGURE EDWARD SAID (1935–2003) Politics of recognition KEY CONCEPT REPUBLICANISM Culture and identity KEY CONCEPT COMMUNITARIANISM PERSPECTIVES ON . . . CULTURE KEY CONCEPT IDENTITY POLITICS Minority rights KEY FIGURE WILL KYMLICKA (BORN 1962) KEY FIGURE CHARLES TAYLOR (BORN 1931) POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . KEY FIGURE JAMES TULLY (BORN 1946) Togetherness in difference TYPES OF MULTICULTURALISM Liberal multiculturalism Pluralist multiculturalism KEY FIGURE ISAIAH BERLIN (1909–97) KEY CONCEPT PLURALISM KEY FIGURE BHIKHU PAREKH (BORN 1935) TENSIONS WITHIN . . . MULTICULTURALISM Cosmopolitan multiculturalism KEY FIGURE JEREMY WALDRON (BORN 1953) THE FUTURE OF MULTICULTURALISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 12 FUNDAMENTALISM PREVIEW HISTORICAL OVERVIEW KEY CONCEPT RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM KEY CONCEPT THEOCRACY KEY CONCEPT CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS CORE THEMES Religion as politics KEY FIGURE AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI (1900–89) POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . . PERSPECTIVES ON . . . RELIGION Essential truths Anti-modernism Militancy TYPES OF FUNDAMENTALISM Islamism KEY CONCEPT ISLAMISM KEY FIGURE SAYYID QUTB (1906–66) Salafism Shia Islamism Moderate or conservative Islamism Christian fundamentalism The new Christian right KEY FIGURE JERRY FALWELL (1933–2007) Other fundamentalisms Hindu fundamentalism KEY FIGURE NARENDRA MODI (BORN 1950) Sikh fundamentalism KEY FIGURE JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE (1947–84) Jewish fundamentalism KEY CONCEPT ZIONISM Buddhist fundamentalism THE FUTURE OF FUNDAMENTALISM QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING CHAPTER 13 WHY POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES MATTER PREVIEW WHY WE NEED POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES Making sense of the world KEY CONCEPT PARADIGM Investing politics with moral purpose Forging the collective DO IDEOLOGIES MATTER TOO MUCH? Imprisoning the mind Distorting ‘truth’ Pitting ‘us’ against ‘them’ CHOOSING BETWEEN IDEOLOGIES QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX