Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology

Description

During the past 30 years, the study of racial and ethnic minority issues in psychology has evolved to what can be considered a significant and rapidly growing subfield within American psychology. The field encompasses a wide range of subdisciplines within psychology and includes a multitude of populations both within and outside of the United States. The Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology is the first authoritative guide to synthesize the dynamic field of multicultural psychology. This volume includes entries on a broad array of issues and covers the breadth of psychology viewed through the lens of the racial and ethnic minority experience. The Encyclopedia addresses culture across a broad spectrum of psychological perspectives and includes topics that are relevant to social psychology, cognitive psychology, environmental psychology, cross-cultural psychology, and clinical psychology. Key features • Supports the notion that culture, and not race, is the best way to understand differences among individuals;therefore this volume focuses on culture to provide an index to the terms, concepts, and issues in the mainstream for the field • Presents a thorough overview of the psychology of racial, ethnic, and minority issues and covers all of the major ethnic groups and subgroups the United States • Includes topics on sociological issues as well as conceptual issues relevant to the field of multicultural psychology • Addresses topics as diverse as academic achievement, acculturation, affirmative action, community interventions, education, health, immigrants, prejudice, racial identity development, social ecology, stereotyping, teaching multiculturalism, tokenism, values, violence, worldviews, and more! Key themes • Conceptual Issues • Cultural Concerns • Ethnic Groups • Indigenous Concerns • Measurement • Professional Organizations • Psychopathology • Sociological Issues • Treatment The Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology is an excellent resource for those interested in improving their awareness and comprehension of cultural practices prevalent among and between all people. It is a must-have reference for any academic library or psychology collection. Contents......Page 4 Editorial Board......Page 5 List of Entries......Page 6 Reader’s Guide......Page 9 Introduction......Page 20 Factors That Influence Low Minority Achievement......Page 22 Disaggregation of Data......Page 23 African Americans......Page 24 Asian Americans And Pacific Islanders......Page 25 Conclusion......Page 26 Measurement Of Acculturation......Page 27 Acculturation Measures......Page 28 African Americans......Page 29 Conclusion......Page 30 Acculturation Scales: Acculturation, Habits, And Interests Multicultural Scale For Adolescents......Page 31 Acculturation Scales: Acculturation Rating Scale For Mexican Americans–ii......Page 32 Acculturation Scales: African American Acculturation Scale......Page 33 Administration And Scoring......Page 34 Acculturation Scales: Bidimensional Acculturation Scale For Hispanics......Page 35 Clinical Practice And Research......Page 36 Acculturation Scales: Short Acculturation Scale For Hispanics......Page 37 Limitations......Page 38 Acculturative Stress......Page 39 Affirmative Action In Employment......Page 40 Does Affirmative Action Work?......Page 41 Prevalence Of Mental Illness Among African Americans......Page 42 The Effects Of Racism On Mental Health......Page 43 Barriers To Mental Health Services......Page 44 Culture-specific Approaches To Assessment, Diagnosis, And Intervention......Page 46 Conclusions......Page 47 African/black Psychological Developments......Page 48 Conclusion......Page 49 Challenges To Africentric Theory......Page 50 General Information......Page 51 Customs And Beliefs......Page 52 Health Disparities......Page 53 Unintentional Injury......Page 54 Mental Health Service Utilization......Page 55 Alcohol/Substance Use And Abuse......Page 56 The Role Of Cultural Norms And Acculturation In Substance Use......Page 57 The Prevalence Of Substance Use, Abuse, And Dependence Among Ethnic Minority Groups In The United States......Page 58 Substance Abuse And Dependence......Page 59 Intervention......Page 60 Drug Control Policy......Page 61 Code Of Ethics......Page 62 American Psychological Association......Page 63 Disability Defined......Page 64 Anti-semitism......Page 65 Unique Symptom Expression Among Racial And Ethnic Groups......Page 66 African Americans......Page 67 Asian Americans......Page 68 Culturally Specific Anxiety Disorders......Page 69 Kayak Angst (Native Americans)......Page 70 Conclusions......Page 71 Asian American Psychological Association......Page 72 Issues In The Research Concerning Asian And Pacific Islander Americans......Page 73 Factors That Suggest Increased Psychological Distress In Asian And Pacific Islander American Populations......Page 75 Manifestation Of Psychological Distress......Page 76 Association Of Black Psychologists......Page 78 Publications......Page 79 Causes And Major Characteristics......Page 80 Treatment......Page 81 Self-attributions......Page 82 Social Attributions......Page 83 B......Page 85 Biculturalism As An Acculturation Strategy......Page 86 The Bicultural Mind......Page 87 Intercultural Orientation......Page 88 Traditional English-as-aSecond-Language (ESL) Pullout......Page 89 History Of Bilingualism In Psychotherapy......Page 90 Psychotherapy Tools When Working With The Bilingual Patient......Page 91 The American Legacy Of Hypodescent......Page 92 The Multiracial Movement......Page 93 Contemporary Issues......Page 94 Pathology And Treatment......Page 95 Biracial And Multiracial Identity Development Models......Page 97 Research On Biracial Identity......Page 98 Bureau Of Indian Affairs......Page 99 Racial Classification In An Era Of Individual Identity (post-1960)......Page 101 Implications Of Applying New Definitions: Multiple-race Response......Page 102 Center For Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale......Page 103 Certificate Of Degree Of Indian Blood......Page 104 Chicana/os: History And Term Identification......Page 105 America’s Attitudes And Chicana/os Today......Page 106 Definition......Page 107 Cultural Factors To Consider In Definitions Of Abuse......Page 108 Prevalence......Page 109 Culturally Competent Child Protection......Page 110 Interactional Perspective......Page 112 Child Risk Factors......Page 113 Psychological Indicators......Page 114 Cultural Implications......Page 115 Cultural Orientation......Page 117 Migration Issues......Page 118 Cultural Gaps Within The Family......Page 119 Bilingual Services......Page 120 Use Of Alternative Healing Practices......Page 121 Service-delivery Approaches......Page 122 Cholo/chola......Page 123 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy......Page 124 Collectivism......Page 126 Committee On Ethnic Minority Affairs......Page 128 Community Psychology......Page 129 Context Communication......Page 130 Coping Mechanisms......Page 131 African Americans......Page 132 Council Of National Psychological Associations For The Advancement Of Ethnic Minority Interests......Page 133 Critical Race Theory......Page 134 Cross-cultural Psychology......Page 135 Rationale for the Field......Page 136 Historical Roots......Page 137 Examples......Page 138 Diverse Methods......Page 139 Conclusion......Page 140 Cuban Immigration To The United States......Page 141 Demographics......Page 142 Acculturation, Values, And Belief Systems......Page 143 Treatment Considerations......Page 145 Conclusion......Page 146 Culture-related Barriers......Page 147 Class-related Barriers......Page 148 Culture......Page 149 Culture-bound Syndromes......Page 150 Directions For Future Classification And Research Of Culture-bound Syndromes......Page 151 Culture-bound Syndromes: Amok......Page 152 Culture-bound Syndromes: Bilis, Colera......Page 153 Culture-bound Syndromes: Brain Fag......Page 154 Culture-bound Syndromes: Dhat......Page 155 Culture-bound Syndromes: Falling Out, Blacking Out......Page 156 Culture-bound Syndromes: Hwa-byung......Page 157 Culture-bound Syndromes: Koro......Page 158 Culture-bound Syndromes: Latah......Page 159 Culture-bound Syndromes: Mal De Ojo......Page 160 Culture-bound Syndromes: Nervios......Page 161 Diagnosis......Page 162 Conceptualizations And Current Status Of Shenjing Shuairuo......Page 163 Culture-bound Syndromes: Susto......Page 164 Culture-bound Syndromes: Taijin Kyofusho......Page 165 Culture-bound Syndromes: Zar......Page 166 Causes......Page 168 Future Directions......Page 169 Prevalence Of Depression......Page 170 Assessment And Treatment Of Depression......Page 171 Increased Likelihood Of Disability......Page 172 Access To Services......Page 173 Prevalence Of Domestic Violence......Page 174 Role Of Culture And Ethnicity In Domestic Violence......Page 175 Dozens......Page 176 Drapetomania......Page 177 Contemporary Prevention Approaches......Page 178 Targeted Prevention Programs for a Specific Racial or Ethnic Group......Page 179 DSM-IV......Page 180 Multicultural Issues......Page 181 Consequences Of Eating Disorders......Page 183 Racial/ethnic Differences Of Eating Disorders......Page 184 History Of Multicultural Education......Page 185 Current Educational Inequality......Page 186 Emic Versus Etic Distinction......Page 187 Equal Employment Opportunity......Page 188 Racial Identity......Page 190 Developmental Models......Page 191 Group-Based Models......Page 192 Factors Influencing Racial Identity......Page 193 Developmental Models......Page 194 New Directions......Page 195 Ethnic Identity Development......Page 196 Identity Defined......Page 197 Summary And Conclusions......Page 198 Ethnicity-general Measures Of Ethnic Identity......Page 199 White Ethnic Identity Development Measures......Page 200 Psychometric Properties......Page 201 Scoring......Page 202 Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Cross Racial Identity Scale......Page 203 Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure......Page 204 Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale......Page 205 Recent Research With The Rias-b......Page 206 Ethnicity......Page 207 The Role Of Cultural Match......Page 209 Counselor Biases......Page 210 Hispanic And Latino American Elders......Page 211 Alaska Native And American Indian Elders......Page 212 Ethnic Minority Youth Literature......Page 213 Asian/pacific Islander Youth......Page 214 Ethnic Research......Page 215 Adapting Measures In Cross-cultural Research......Page 219 Concluding Remarks......Page 220 Ethnocentric Monoculturalism......Page 221 Ethnic Cleansing......Page 222 Ethnic Markers......Page 223 Eugenics......Page 224 History Of Eugenics......Page 225 Eugenics Today......Page 226 External–Internal Control......Page 227 Family Therapy......Page 228 Culture-Specific Perspective......Page 229 Effective Family Therapy Interventions With Disenfranchised Families......Page 230 Filial Piety......Page 231 Filipino American History: Origins And Immigration......Page 232 Filipino American History......Page 233 Traditional Cultural Values......Page 234 Filipino American Identity And Acculturation......Page 235 Mental Health......Page 236 Barriers to Mental Health Care......Page 237 Early Head Start......Page 238 Definitions Of Help Seeking......Page 239 Impact Of Culture On Help Seeking......Page 240 Historical Considerations......Page 241 Mexican Americans......Page 242 Cubans......Page 243 Cultural Values......Page 244 Acculturation......Page 245 Assessment......Page 246 Historical Trauma (Native Americans)......Page 247 Definition And Mechanisms Of Trauma......Page 248 Historical Trauma Theory, Research, And Treatment......Page 249 Hiv Prevention: Multiple Levels Of Intervention......Page 250 Hiv Prevention: Meeting The Needs Of Ethnic And Racial Minorities......Page 251 Historical Overview Of Immigration Policy In The United States......Page 253 Immigrant Inflows, Types Of Immigrants, And Push Factors......Page 254 Asian Immigrants......Page 255 Immigrants: Current Policy And Legislative Controversies......Page 256 Toward A Multicultural Psychology Of Immigrant Health......Page 257 The Psychosocial Context Of Immigration: Areas For Future Research......Page 258 Indian Health Service......Page 259 Challenges Facing The Ihs......Page 260 Indigenous Treatments And Healers......Page 261 Indigenous Treatments: Coining......Page 263 Indigenous Treatments: Cuento Therapy......Page 264 Indigenous Treatments: Curanderismo......Page 265 Indigenous Treatments: Dichos......Page 266 Indigenous Treatments: Moxibustion......Page 267 Holistic Approach......Page 268 Indigenous Treatments: Sobadores......Page 269 Individualism......Page 270 Historical Background......Page 271 Strategies For Overcoming Institutional Racism......Page 272 A Conceptual Model To Guide Instrument Development......Page 273 Psychometric Properties......Page 274 Intelligence Tests......Page 275 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence......Page 276 Stanford-Binet......Page 277 Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test......Page 278 Intelligence Testing And People Of Color......Page 279 Conclusion......Page 280 Intergroup Relations......Page 281 Theories Of Intergroup Relations......Page 282 Resolving Intergroup Conflict......Page 283 Internalized Racism......Page 284 Internment Of Japanese Americans......Page 285 Laypeople, Friends, And Adult Family Members......Page 286 Establishing Rapport......Page 287 Intraracial Violence......Page 288 Challenges And Future Directions......Page 289 Understanding Japanese Patterns Of Social Relations......Page 291 Bicultural Influences On Japanese Americans......Page 292 Some Examples Of The Associational Tendencies Of Japanese Americans......Page 295 Conclusion......Page 296 A Predisposition For Active Coping......Page 297 The Future Of John Henryism......Page 298 History......Page 299 Cultural Values......Page 300 Identifying the Support System......Page 301 Explaining the Role of Therapy......Page 302 Being Direct and Present Focused......Page 303 Reconceptualizing Mental Illness......Page 304 Language Proficiency......Page 305 Machismo......Page 307 Measures Of Racial Prejudice......Page 308 Cognitive Processes And Racial Prejudice......Page 309 Measures Of Racial Prejudice: Modern Racism Scale......Page 310 Diagnosis And Culture......Page 311 Religion And Mental Health......Page 312 Racism And Health......Page 313 Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders......Page 315 Mexican Americans......Page 316 Population......Page 317 Education......Page 318 Employment, Health, and Health Care......Page 319 The Intersection And Interrelationship Of Influencing Factors......Page 320 Conclusion......Page 322 Minority Status......Page 323 Deficit Model......Page 324 Racist Implications of the Medical Model......Page 325 Models Of Second-culture Acquisition......Page 326 Definition......Page 327 Relevant Terms......Page 328 Rationale For Multicultural Counseling......Page 329 History Of Multicultural Counseling......Page 330 Models Of Multicultural Counseling......Page 331 Definition......Page 334 Historical Context......Page 335 Example......Page 336 Multicultural Counseling Competencies In Assessment And Diagnosis......Page 337 Multicultural Counseling Competencies In Treatment And Intervention......Page 338 Example......Page 339 Multiculturalism......Page 340 Research Support For The Multicultural Personality Construct......Page 342 Myths About Multiracial Individuals......Page 344 Implications For Professional Practice......Page 345 Native Americans......Page 347 Income and Employment......Page 348 Selected History......Page 349 Psychological And Other Health Considerations......Page 350 Substance Abuse......Page 352 Cultural Factors in Treatment......Page 353 Conclusions......Page 354 Practice......Page 355 Education And Socioeconomic Status......Page 356 Office Of Ethnic Minority Affairs......Page 358 Organizational Diversity......Page 359 Community Environment......Page 361 Methodological Shortcomings And How Researchers Have Responded......Page 362 Asian Americans......Page 363 Latino Americans......Page 364 Native American Indians......Page 365 Personality Disorders......Page 367 Current Definitions Of Personality Disorder......Page 368 History Of Personality Disorders......Page 369 Classification Of Personality Disorder......Page 370 Prevalence......Page 371 Treatment Of Personality Disorder......Page 372 A Mainstream View Of Ptsd......Page 373 PTSD in African Americans......Page 375 PTSD in Hispanic Americans......Page 377 PTSD in Asian and Pacific Island Americans......Page 378 PTSD in Native Americans......Page 379 Barriers to Transcending the Dispositional View......Page 381 Powerlessness......Page 382 Rorschach Comprehensive System......Page 383 Summary......Page 384 Psychopharmacology......Page 385 History And Political Status......Page 387 Cultural Values......Page 388 Ethnic Identity......Page 389 Prevalence Of Mental Health Disorders......Page 390 Folk Healing Traditions......Page 391 Psychotherapy Interventions......Page 392 Qualitative Methods......Page 394 Case Study......Page 395 Critical Theory......Page 396 Race......Page 397 The Beginnings Of Race Psychology......Page 398 The Decline Of Race Psychology......Page 399 Early Childhood......Page 400 Preadolescence......Page 401 Adolescence......Page 402 Empirical Evaluation Of Racial Identity Development......Page 403 Future Directions For Racial Identity Theory And Research......Page 404 Atkinson, Morten, And Sue’s Racial/cultural Identity Development Model......Page 405 Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model......Page 406 Ruiz’s Chicano/latino Ethnic Identity Model......Page 407 Racism And The Field Of Psychology......Page 408 Forms Of Racism......Page 409 Multiple Effects Of Racism And Discrimination......Page 410 Racism in the Clinical Context......Page 412 Additional Intervention Contexts......Page 413 Rapport......Page 414 Refugees......Page 416 Mental Health Issues......Page 417 Religion......Page 418 Approaches To Religion And Culture......Page 419 Religious/spiritual Beliefs: Espiritismo......Page 420 Religious/spiritual Beliefs: Fatalismo......Page 421 Religious/spiritual Beliefs: Marianismo......Page 422 Conflicts With The Mental Health Delivery System......Page 423 Religious/spiritual Beliefs: Santerнa......Page 424 Schizophrenia......Page 426 Scholastic Assessment Test......Page 428 Self-disclosure As A Therapeutic Intervention......Page 429 Self-disclosure In A Multicultural Context......Page 430 Self-esteem Across The Life Span......Page 431 Self-esteem And Racial And Ethnic Minorities......Page 432 Prevalence Of Sexual Abuse......Page 433 Perpetrators Of Sexual Abuse......Page 434 Alcohol, Sexual Abuse, And Culture......Page 436 Asian Americans......Page 437 Culturally Sensitive Interventions For Sexual Abuse......Page 438 African Americans......Page 439 Majority Prejudice......Page 440 History Of Social Justice In Psychology......Page 441 Current Social Justice Agenda......Page 442 History......Page 443 Structure Of Ses......Page 444 Measurement Of Ses......Page 445 Normal And Pathological Somatization......Page 446 Gain and Social Reinforcement......Page 447 Historical Overview......Page 448 Impact of Premigration Trauma on Postmigration Psychosocial Adjustment......Page 449 Postmigration Challenges......Page 450 Cultural Belief Systems......Page 452 Barriers to Mainstream Mental Health Services and Use of Traditional Methods......Page 453 Spirituality And Ethnic Minorities......Page 454 Spirituality And Native Americans......Page 455 A Brief History Of Stress......Page 456 Power, Privilege, And Multicultural Stress......Page 457 Acculturation And Stress......Page 459 Language And Communication Stress......Page 460 Summary And Conclusion......Page 461 Asian Americans......Page 462 Promoting Protective Factors......Page 463 Framework For Teaching Racial Identity......Page 464 Teaching About Racial Identity......Page 465 Tokenism/psychology Of Tokenism......Page 466 Translation Methods......Page 467 Psychological Outcome Studies......Page 469 Cultural Socialization Studies......Page 470 Future Research......Page 471 Uncle Tom Syndrome......Page 472 Vietnamese Immigration To The United States......Page 474 Vietnamese Adaptation To American Society......Page 475 Vietnamese Culture......Page 476 Vietnamese American Families......Page 477 Mental Health Issues Among Vietnamese Americans......Page 479 White Privilege......Page 481 White Racial Identity......Page 482 American Indian And Alaska Native Women......Page 484 Asian American And Pacific Islander Women......Page 486 African American Women......Page 487 Latina Americans......Page 488 Frameworks......Page 489 Clinical Applications And Worldview......Page 490 Xenophobia......Page 492