Encyclopedia of Entomology

Description

The Encyclopedia of Entomology provides a detailed, global overview of insects and their close relatives, including taxonomy, behavior, ecology, physiology, history, and management. It covers all the major groups of arthropods, as well as many important families and individual species. The encyclopedia also covers physiology, genetics, ecology, behavior, insect relationships with people, medical entomology, and pest management. cover-large.TIF front-matter.pdf HalfTitle.pdf Encyclopedia of Entomology TitlePage.pdf Encyclopedia of Entomology Volume 1 Encyclopedia of Entomology Volume 4 Copyright.pdf Editorial.pdf Editorial Board Acknowledgment.pdf Acknowledgments Preface.pdf Preface Highlights.pdf Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Major Taxa of Insects and Their Near Relatives Other Groups Morphology and Anatomy Physiology Genetics Behavior Ecology and Evolution Microbiology and Pathology Humans and Insects Notable and Pioneer Entomologists Pest Management Pesticides and Pesticide Application Pests Groups and Their Management Medical and Veterinary Entomology Arthropods of Economic Importance List of Contributors.pdf List of Contributors fulltext.pdf Abafi-Aigner, Lajos (Ludwig Aigner) Reference Abaxial Surface Abbott, John Reference AbbottŁ s Formula Abdomen Abdomen of Hexapods The Pregenital Region The Genital Region References Abdominal Pumping Abiotic Disease Abiotic Factors Abnormality Abrocomophagidae Absolute Methods of Sampling Acanaloniidae Acanthmetropodidae Acanthopteroctetidae Acanthosomatidae Acaricide Acaricides or Miticides Acaricide Classification Insecticides as Acaricides Acaricide Types Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Essential Oils Inorganics Petroleum Oils Organosulfurs Organotins Insecticides with Acaricidal Activity Organophosphorus Pesticides Carbamates Formamides Pyrethroids Pyrroles Other Acaricides Azadirachtin Avermectin Clofentezine and Hexythiazox Tebufenpyrad Acaricides and Fungicides Resistance in Mites Methods for Evaluating Resistance Slide Dip Bioassays Leaf Dip or Leaf Spray Bioassays Whole Plant Bioassays Field Tests References Accessory Cell Accessory Circulatory Organ Accessory Gland Accessory Vein Accessory Hearts Accidental Host Accidental Species Acclimation Accuracy Acephalous Acerentomidae Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Esterase Achilidae Aclerididae Acoustical Communication in Heteroptera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Production of Vibrational Signals and Songs Reception of Vibrational Signals and Songs Transmission of Vibratory Signals and Songs Acoustic Characteristics of Vibrational Signals Specificity and Variability of Vibratory Signals Vibratory Signaling in the Families of Heteroptera Corixidae Notonectidae Reduviidae Miridae Tingidae Cydnidae Pentatomidae References Acoustic Aposematism (Clicking) by Caterpillars Reference Acoustic Communication in Insects Sound Sound Production Sound Reception Functions of Acoustic Signals References Acrididae Acriology Acrobat Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Acroceridae Acrolepiidae Acrolophidae Acron Acrosternite Action Threshold Active Dispersal Active Ingredient (AI) Active Space Active Ventilation Aculae Aculeus Acute Acute Bee Paralysis Aculeate Acute Toxicity Adaptation Adaptation of Indigenous Insects to Introduced Crops References Adaxial Surface Adeheterothripidae Adelgidae Adelidae Adephaga Aderidae Adfrontal Areas Adelphoparasitism Adherence Adipohemocyte Adipokinetic Hormone (AKH) Adipokinetic and Hypertrehalosemic Neurohormones Historical Perspective Chemistry of the AKH/RPCH Family Physiological Actions References Adjuvants Adoption Substance Adult Adulticide Adultoid Reproductive Adult Transport Adventitious Veins Adventive Aedeagus Aenictopecheidae Aeolothripidae Aepophilidae Aeshnidae Aetalionid Treehoppers Aerial Photography Aeropile Aerosol Aesthetic Injury Level Aesthetic Pest Aestivation Aetalionidae African Armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Biology and Ecology Seasonal Movements and Armyworm Outbreaks Economic Importance of Outbreaks of S exempta Survey and Control References African Honey Bee, Africanized Honey Bee, or Killer Bee, Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Description and Behavior Life Cycle and Genetic Dominance Public Risks Managing African Bee Colonies Conclusion References African Horse Sickness Viruses References Africanized Bees African Mahogany-Feeding Caterpillar, Heteronygmia dissimilis aurivillius (Lepidoptera: Lymantriida) References African Maiden Moths (Lepidoptera: Thyretidae) References African Pine-Feeding Grasshoppers, Plagiotriptus pinivorus (Descamps) and P Hippiscus (Gerst.) (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae) References African Primitive Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Prototheoridae) References African Red Tick, Rhipicephalus evertsi, (Acarina: Ixodidae) African Skipper Moths (Lepidoptera: Apoprogonidae) References African Sleeping Sickness African Slug Caterpillar Moths (Lepidoptera: Chrysopolomidae) References African Swine Fever Agaonidae (Hymenoptera) References Agathiphagidae Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe References Age Polythism Aggregation Aggregation Pheromone Aggregative Response Agnathous Aggressive Mimicry Agonoxenidae Agricolous Agricultural Chemicals Agricultural Consultant Agricultural Crop Pests in Southeast Asia Including Southern China Insects of Rice Rice Leafhopper and Planthopper Complex Sugar Cane Insects Fruit Tree Insects: Mango-Citrus-Banana-Litchi Litchi and Longan Fruit Insects Vegetable Insects References Agroecology Nutrient Cycling Cropping Systems Pest Management Landscape Ecology References Agromyzidae Agyrtidae AI Alarm-Defense System Air Sacs Alarm Pheromone Alarm Pheromones of Insects Hemipteran Alarm Pheromones Alarm Pheromones of Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Alarm Pheromones of True Bugs (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) Alarm Pheromones of Social Insects (Hymenoptera) The Honeybee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Alarm Pheromones of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Alarm Pheromones of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Cockroach Alarm Pheromones (Blattodea: Blattidae) Alarm Pheromones of Beetles (Coleoptera) Lacewing Alarm Pheromones (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Conclusions References Alarm-Recruitment System Alary Muscles Alate (pl., Alatae or Alates) Alderflies Alderflies and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera) References Aldrovandi, Ulisse (Ulysse, Ulysses) References Aldyidae Aleyrodidae Alexander, Charles Paul Reference Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee, Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Life History Domestication Natural Enemies References Alfalfa (Lucerne) Pests and their Management Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Root Weevils, Sitona spp., Atrichonotus taeniatulus (Berg), Others (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Blister Beetles (Epicauta spp.) (Coleoptera: Meloidae) Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) Grasshoppers (Melanoplus spp and Phaulacridium spp) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Cutworms, Armyworms and Budworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Lucerne Flea, Sminthurus viridis (Collembola) Mites (Acari) Pest Management in Alfalfa References Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Alga (pl., Algae) Alien Alienicolae Alimentary Canal and Digestion The Foregut The Midgut The Hindgut Digestive Enzyme Secretion Carbohydrate Digestion Lipid Digestion Protein Digestion Absorption of Digested Products Gut pH Illustrative Examples of Diversity in Food, Form and Function of the Alimentary Canal References Alimentary System Alinotum Alitrunk Allatostatins Allatotropins Alleculidae Allegheny Mound Ant, Formica exsectoides (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) References Allele Allelochemic Allelochemicals A World of Allelochemicals Sequestration and its Consequences Sequestration of Insect Toxins by Vertebrates: A Significant ŁAllelochemicalŽ Phenomenon Initial Processing of Allelochemicals by Specialists Immediate Allelochemical Excretion Allelochemical Metabolism Selective Biomagnification of Allelochemicals in Tissues The Diverse Functions of ŁCapturedŽ Allelochemicals Insect Sequestration of Bacterial Compounds and their Glandular Secretion Additives in Defensive Glands Regurgitation and Defecation of Allelochemicals Allelochemicals as Tissue Colorants Allelochemicals as Inhibitors of Toxin Production Allelochemicals as Pheromonal Precursors Allelochemicals as Structural Paint Allelochemicals as Metabolites in Primary Metabolic Pathways Allelochemicals as Agents of Sexual Development Allelochemical Discharge from Non-glandular Reservoirs Allelochemicals as Defensive Agents of Eggs Allelochemicals as a Copulatory Bonus Allelochemicals as Synergists for Pheromones Allelochemicals as Phagostimulants Allelochemicals as Inducers of Detoxifying Enzymes Allelochemicals as Allomonal Precursors Allelochemicals as Communicative ŁJammingŽ Agents Quenchers of Phototoxic Allelochemicals Antibiotic Functions of Allelochemicals Specialists and Generalists: Two Selected Case Studies The Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus The Lubber Grasshopper, Romalea microptera (also known as R guttata) References Allelopathy AllenŁs Rule Allochronic Speciation Allogenic Succession Allometric Growth Allomone Allopatric Allopatric Speciation Allophagic Speciation Allozyme Almond Seed Wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) References Alpha Taxonomy Alternate Host Alternation of Generations Altruism Alucitidae Alula Amazonian Primitive Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Neotheoridae) References Amber Insects: DNA Preserved? Insect DNA in Amber? References Ambrosia Beetles Ambush Bugs Ameletopsidae Amelitidae Amerasinghe, Felix P Reference American Butterfly Moths (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae) References American Dog Tick American False Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Dioptidae) References American Grasshopper, Schistocerca americana (Drury) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Life History Damage Management References American Foulbrood References American Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Life Cycle and Description Egg Larva Adult Host Plants Damage Natural Enemies Management Sampling Insecticides Cultural Practices References American Silkworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Apatelodidae) References American Swallowtail Moths (Lepidoptera: Sematuridae) References American Tropical Silkworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Oxytenidae) References Ametabolous Ametropodidae Amino Acid Ammophilous Amoebae References Amoebiasis Amorphoscelididae Amphienotomidae Amphiposocidae Amphipterygidae Amphitheridae Amphitoky Amphizoidae Amplification Amplification Hosts Ampulicidae Anagrus Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Taxonomy and Adult Morphology Biology Behavior and Ecology References Anajapygidae Anal Angle Anal Cell Anal Comb Anal Gills Anal Hooks Anal Furrow Anal Legs (Prolegs) Anal Lobe Anal Loop Anal Plate Anal Tube Anal Vein Anamorphosis Anaxyelidae Ancistrosyllidae Andean Moon Moths (Lepidoptera: Cercophanidae) References Andesianidae Andrenidae Andrewartha, Herbert George Reference Androconia Androparae Anemometer Anemotaxis Angel Insects (Zoraptera) Characteristics Biology References Angoumois Grain Moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Angulate Anholocyclic Life Cycle Animal Sleeping Sickness Anisembiidae Anisopodidae Anneal Annual Anobiidae Anomosetidae Anoplura Anostostomatidae Anteclypeus Antagonist Antecosta (pl., antecostae) Antenna (pl., antennae) Antennae of Hexapods Segmented Type Annulated Type Filiform Moniliform Setaceous Aristate Stylate Clavate Capitate Serrate Pectinate Flabellate Lamellate Plumose Geniculate References Antennal Club Antennal Fossa Antennal Sclerite Antennation Antennule Anterior Anthelidae Anther Smut of Carnations Anthicidae Anthocoridae Anthomyiid Flies Anthomyiidae Anthomyzid Flies Anthomyzidae Anthophilous Anthribidae Anthrophagy Anthrophoridae Anthropocentric Anthropomorphism Anthropophilic Antibiosis Antibiotic Anticodon Antidote Antidiuretic Hormones Anti-Drift Agent Antixenosis Antlike Flower Beetles Antlike Leaf Beetles Antlike Stone Beetles Antlions Ant-plant Interactions Ants as Seed Predators Early ŁFarmersŽ (Attines) Pastoralists Biotic Defenses of Plants Some Definitions and Constructs Factors Driving Evolutionary Specialization Conflicts of Interest between Partners Long-Term Evolutionary Histories of Ant-Plant Associations Implications of Exudate-Feeding for the Evolutionary Ecology of Ants Some Parallels Between Ants and Plants Nutritional Benefits to Plants (Myrmecotrophy) Ants as Seed Dispersers, Pollinators and Partners of Insectivorous Plants Seed Dispersal Ants as Pollinators Relationships Between Ants and Insectivorous Plants Effects of Ant-Plant Interactions on the Diversification of Ants References Ants Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Morphology Life/Colony Cycle Control References Anus Aorta Apatelodidae Aphelinidae Aphelocheiridae Aphicide Aphididae Aphidivorous Aphidophagous Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Classification Distribution Origin and Evolution Metamorphosis External Morphology Internal Anatomy Digestive System Bacteriocytes Nervous System Reproductive System Excretion Ingestion and Digestion Sex Determination Parthenogenesis Life Cycles Host Plant Alternation Polymorphism and Polyphenism Soldiers Color Morphs Aphid Influence on Host Plants Negative Effect Nutrient Drain Pathogen Transmission Salivary Toxins Honeydew Excretion Beneficial Effect Galling Ant-Aphid Mutualism Natural Enemies of Aphids Predators Ladybird Beetles (Order Coleoptera, Family Coccinellidae) Lacewings (Order Neuroptera, Families Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae) Hoverflies (Order Diptera, Family Syrphidae) Cecid Flies (Order Diptera, Family Cecidomyiidae) Anthocorid Bugs (Order Hemiptera, Family Anthocoridae) Parasitoids Hyperparasitoids Aphid Defenses Control of Aphids Chemical Control and Resistance Application of Aphicides Resistance Biological Control Host Plant Resistance (HPR) Modifying Aphid Behavior Cultural Control Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Important Aphid Species Green Peach Aphid Black Bean Aphid Cotton or Melon Aphid Oleander or Milkweed Aphid Pea Aphid Summary References Aphid Flies Aphodius Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Aphrophoridae Aphylidae Apiary Apical Apiculture (Beekeeping) Products of the Hive The Honey Bee Colony Major Developments in Beekeeping Sources of Information Equipment Building Equipment Protecting Wooden Equipment Wearing Protective Equipment Management A Model Bee Yard Inspecting Honey Bees Honey Bee Ecotypes Africanized Bees Smoking Bees Moving Bees Package Bees Dividing Colonies Feeding Colonies Producing the Honey Crop Extracting the Honey Crop Managing Swarming Managing and Rearing Queens Managing Wintering Nectar and Pollen Sources Commercial Pollination Honey Contrasted to Pollination Conclusion References Apidae Apioceridae Apivorous Apneumone Apodal Apodeme Apodous Larva Apoidae Apoid Larva Apoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Spheciformes) Heterogynaeidae Ampulicidae Sphecidae Crabronidae Reproductive Biology of Females Communal and Social Species Mating Strategies Economic Significance of Apoid Wasps References Apolysal Space Apolysis Apomorphic Apomorphy Apophysis Apoprogonidae Aposematism References Aposymbiotic Apotome Apparent Resources Appeasement Substance Apple Maggot Apple Pests and their Management Major Economic Pests Rosy Apple Aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) Biology and Impact Decision Making Control Spotted Tentiform Leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabricius) Biology and Impact Decision Making Control Obliquebanded Leafroller, Choristoneura Rosaceana (Harris) Biology and Impact Decision Making Control Typhlodromus pyri (Scheuten) Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) Zetzellia mali (Ewing) Stethorus punctum (Leconte) Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) Biology and Impact Decision Making Control Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) Biology and Impact Decision Making Control Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) Biology and Impact Decision Making Control References Apple Proliferation Apple Rust Mite, Aculus Schlechtendali (Acarnia: Eriophyidae) Apposition Eye Appressorium Apterae Apteropanorpidae Apterous Apterygote Apystomyiidae Aquatic Entomology and Flyfishing Terminology: Entomology Versus Flyfishing Morphological Importance Ecological and Behavioral Importance References Aquifer Aradidae Arbovirus Archaic Bell Moths (Lepidoptera: Neopseustidae) References Archaic Sun Moths (Lepidoptera: Acanthopteroctetidae) References Archeognatha Archipsocidae Arctics Arctiidae Arculus Area-Wide Insect Pest Management Characteristics of Area-Wide Pest Management Benefits of Area-Wide Pest Management Contingencies Often Dictate Changes in Strategy Legal Authority for Area-Wide Pest Management Apathy, Outrage and Area-Wide Pest Management Invasive Pests, Global Trade and Area-Wide Pest Management Selected Episodes in the History of Area-Wide Pest Management Migratory Locusts Insect Vectors of Human Diseases Mosquito-Borne Diseases Onchocerciasis Control Program in West Africa Chagas Disease Vectors Cattle Ticks Contributions of Natural Enemies Lasting Suppression of Cottony Cushion Scale by Vedalia Beetle Lasting Suppression of Cassava Mealybug by Epidinocarsis lopezi Area-Wide Conservation of Predators of the Brown Planthopper Bark Beetles Boll Weevil Eradication in the USA Attempts to Sharply Define the Area-Wide Pest Management Strategy Benefit-Cost Assessment and Discounting Net Returns KniplingŁs Imperative References Argasid (Soft) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae) Ecology Feeding Behavior Medical Importance Veterinary Importance Human Response to Tick Feeding Management of Tick Populations References Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) Identification and Taxonomy Distribution Biology Effects Management References Argidae Argyresthiidae Arista Armored Scales Army Ants Army Cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Host Plants Natural Enemies Life Cycle and Description Egg Larva Pupa Adult Damage Management References Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Life History Damage Management References Arnett, Jr., Ross Harold References Arolium Arrestant Arrhenogenic Arrhenophanidae Arrhenotoky Artematopididae Artheneidae Arthropleidae Arthropod-Associated Plant Effectors (AAPEs): Elicitors and Suppressors of Crop Defense Volicitin Caeliferins Inceptin and Related Peptides Bruchins Glucose Oxidase Other Systems for Consideration Significance of AAPEs References Arthropods Articulation Ascalaphidae Ascosphaera apis References Ascoviruses References Asexual Ash-Gray Leaf Bugs Ash Whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) References Asiatic Garden Beetle, Maladera castanea (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae) Asilidae Asiopsocidae Asiopsocidae Asparagus Aphid, Brachycorynella asparagi (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Life History Damage Management References Aspergillus spp Fungi Aspirator Assassin Bugs, Kissing Bugs and Others (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Taxonomy Morphology Biology Some Aspects of Distribution Ecological and Economic Significance References Assemblage Associative Learning Assimilation Efficiency Astatidae Asteiid Flies Asteiidae Aster Leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Life History Damage Management References Asterolecaniidae Aster Yellows Ateluridae Athericid Flies Athericidae Astrotaxis Asymmetric Competition Asymmetric PCR Asynchronous Muscle ATP Atrophy Attelabidae Attenuation Attractant Attraction of Insects to Organic Sulfur Compounds in Plants Glucosinolates Organic Sulfur Compounds in Allium Plants References Audinet-Serville, Jean-Guillaume Reference Audouin, Jean-Victor Reference Augmentation Augmentative Biological Control Examples of Augmentative Releases Controversies about Augmentative Releases When and Where are Releases Made? Some Logistical and Ethical Issues Time is of the Essence Costs of Releasing Natural Enemies Key Research Needs Future of Augmentation References Auricular Openings Australian Archaic Sun Moths (Lepidoptera: Lophocoronidae) References Australian Lappet Moths (Lepidoptera: Anthelidae) References Australian Primitive Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Anomosetidae) Reference Australian Realm Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann (Diptera: Calliphoridae) References Australian Silkworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Carthaeidae) References Austrophasmatidae Autecology Autocidal Control Autoecious Life Cycle Attevidae Aulacidae Aulacigastrid Flies Aulacigastridae Australembiidae Australian Parasite Moths (Lepidoptera: Cyclotornidae) References Australimyzidae Austremerellidae Austroniidae Austroperlidae Austropetaliidae Autogenic Succession Autogenous Autoradiography Autoregulatory Control Autosomes Autotomy Autotroph Auxiliary Vein Auxiliae Avermectins Avian Malaria, Bird Malaria References Axenic Axenic Culture Axiidae Axillary Axon Azadirachtin fulltext_2.pdf Babesia Babesiosis Bacillary Paralysis Bacillus larvae (=Paenibacillus larvae; Bacteria) Bacillus sphaericus Taxonomy Target Range Field Use The Insecticidal Toxins References Bacillus thuringiensis References Backswimmers Bacterial Conjugation Bacterial Wilt of Corn Bacterial Wilt of Cucumbers Bacteremia Bacteriophage Bacteriophage Wo References Baculoviridae Baculoviruses References Baetidae Baetiscidae Bagworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) References Bait Balanced Mortality Hypothesis Balance of Nature References Banana Pests and Their Management Banana Weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Sugarcane Weevil, Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Biology Pest Status Trapping and Monitoring Chemical Control Cultural Control Biological Control Entomopathogens Natural Enemies Banana Pseudostem Weevil, Odoiporous longicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Biology Pest Status Control Measures Cultural Control Chemical Control Host Plant Resistance Banana Scab Moth, Nacoleia octasema (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Biology Pest Status Control Measures Chemical Control Biological Control Host Plant Resistance The Banana Skipper, Erionota thrax (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) Biology Pest Status Control Measures Banana Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Biology Pest Status Control Measures The Banana Aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Biology Pest Status Control Measures Chemical Control Biological Control References Banana Weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) The Host Crop Biology and Life Cycle Adult Stage Immature Stages Semiochemicals Monitoring Damage Assessment Population Densities Pest Status Integrated Pest Management Cultural Control (Habitat Management) Crop Sanitation Trapping Biological Control Classical Biological Control Indigenous Natural Enemies Microbial Control Host Plant Resistance Botanical Control Chemical Control References Band Band Application Banded Thrips Bandwinged Grasshoppers Banks Grass Mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks) Barb Barber, Herbert Spencer Reference Barberry Whitefly, Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) Bark Beetles Bark Beetles in the Genus Dendroctonus References Bark-Gnawing Beetles Bark-Lice, Book-Lice or Psocids (Psocoptera) Morphology Head Thorax Abdomen Systematics Suborder: Trogiomorpha Suborder: Troctomorpha Suborder: Psocomorpha Reproductive Biology Courtship and Mating Eggs, Oviposition, Hatching, Viviparity, Parthenogenesis Postembryonic Development Feeding Natural Enemies Parasites Parasitoids Ectoparasites Predators Defense Mechanisms Dispersal Ecology Habitats Trees and Shrubs (Foliage-Frequenting and Bark-Frequenting Psocids) Low Vegetation Litter Rock Surfaces Caves Bird and Mammal Nests Domestic Habitats Ecological Distribution Altitudinal Distribution Substrates and Plant "Preferences" Humidity Psocids and Humans References Barley Thrips, Limothrips cerealium (Haliday) Basal Basalare Base Pair (bp) Basement Membrane Basic Reproductive Rate Bat Bugs Bates, Henry Walter References Batesian Mimicry Bates, Marston References Bat Fleas Bat Flies B Chromosomes Beach Flies Beaded Lacewings Beak Beauveria References Beck, Stanley Dwight Reference Bed Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Cimex spp) Morphology Life Cycle Behavior Bed Bug History Geography of the Bed Bug Public Health Importance Control History Current Pest Status Current Management Practices Summary References Bee Bread Bee Flies Bee Lice Bee Louse, Bee Fly, or Braulid, Braula coeca Nitzsch (Diptera: Braulidae) Bee Louse Life Cycle and Behavior Reference Bee Milk Bee Mites Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes) Evolutionary History Diversity and Distribution Development and Life Cycle Nesting Mating Biology Sociality Foraging Pollination Diseases, Parasites and Predators Conservation The Families of Bees Family Colletidae: Yellow-Faced, Masked and Plasterer Bees Family: Andrenidae Family Halictidae: Sweat Bees, Alkali Bee, etc Family Megachilidae: Leaf-Cutting Bees, Mason Bees, Carder Bees and Others Family Apidae: Carpenter Bees, Orchid Bees, Bumble Bees, Stingless Bees, Honey Bees Subfamily Nomadinae: Cuckoo Bees Subfamily Xylocopinae: Carpenter Bees The Corbiculate Apinae: Orchid Bees, Bumble Bees, Stingless Bees, Honey Bees Tribe Euglossini: Orchid Bees Tribe Bombini: Bumble Bees Tribe Meliponini: Stingless Bees Tribe Apini: True Honey Bees References Beesoniidae Beeswax Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Life History Damage Management References Beetles (Coleoptera) Anatomy Life Cycle Evolution Classification Archostemata Myxophaga Adephaga Polyphaga Series: Staphyliniformia Series: Scarabaeiformia Series: Elateriformia Series: Bostrichiformia Series: Cucujiformia Superfamily: Tenebrionoidea Superfamily: Chrysomeloidea Superfamily: Curculionoidea References Behavior of Insects: Genetic Analysis by Crossing and Selection Crossing Experiments Selection Experiments Behavior Determined by One or a Few Genes Susceptibility to American Foulbrood in the Honeybee House-Entering Behavior in Aedes aegypti Foraging in Drosophila Other Behaviors Influenced by One or a Few Genes Behaviors Determined by Multiple Genes Host Plant Specialization in Drosophila sechellia Other Behaviors Determined by Multiple Genes References Behavior: Molecular Genetic Analyses The Insect Nervous System The Photoperiodic Clock The Period (Per) Gene of Drosophila Song Cycle Behavior in Drosophila Other Effects of Per Learning in Drosophila Functional Genomics of Odor Behavior in Drosophila Learning in Apis mellifera Pheromones in Insects Divergent Functions of Est-6 and Est-5 in Drosophila Species Courtship Behavior in Drosophila Studies of Human Neurodegenerative Diseases and Addictions in Drosophila Molecular Analyses of Complex Behaviors References Behningiidae Beklemishev, Vladimir Nikolayevich References Belidae Bell, William J References Belostomatidae Beneficials Benthic Community Bertha Armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Importance Biology Management References Berytidae Bequaert, Joseph Charles References Beraeidae BergmannŁs Rule Berlese, Antonio References Berlese Funnel Bernhauer, Max References Berothidae Bertram, Douglas Somerville References Bess Beetles (Coleoptera: Passalidae) References Beta Taxonomy Bet-Hedging Bethylidae Bias Bibionidae Bicaudate Biddies Biennial Bifid Bifurcate Big-Headed Flies Bilateral Symmetry Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Sampling Biphyllidae Bioassay Biocenology (Biocoenology) Biocenosis (Biocoenosis) Biocides Bioclimatic Models in Entomology Temperature Models Distributional Models Multivariate Models Computational Intelligence References Biocontrol Biogeographic Realms Biogeography Insect Biogeography References Bioinformatics Biointensive Pest Management Biological Amplification Biological Clock Biological Clock of the German Cockroach, Blattella Germanica (L) What Is a Biological Clock? Characters of Circadian Clocks Molecular Clock Mechanisms Ecological Significance Biological Clock of the German Cockroach Conclusion References Biological Control Biological Control by Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) References Biological Control of Invasive Plants in Latin America Biological Control Activities Against Invasive Plants in Latin America Exportation of Latin American Biological Control Agents Limitations on the Implementation of Biological Control of Invasive Plants in Latin America Potential for Biological Control of Invasive Plants in Latin America Reference Biological Control of Weeds Procedures in a Classical Weed Biological Control Project Importance of Host Specificity Taxa Used in Classical Biological Control of Weeds Classical Biological Control of Weeds in Aquatic Habitats Classical Biological Control of Weeds in Stable and Ephemeral Habitats References Biological Insecticides Biology Bioluminescence Biomagnification Biomass Biome Biopesticide Biorational Pesticides Biosphere Biosystematics Biota Biotechnology Biotic Disease Biotic Potential Biotic Release Biotope Biotype Bipectinate Bird and Rodent Fleas Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Bird Lice Bird Malaria Birnaviruses References Bíró, Lajos Reference Bisexual Biting Midges, Culicoides spp (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Classification and Recognition Distribution Ecology and Behavior Mating Behavior Host Finding and Feeding Behavior Biting Behavior: Implications for Man and Animals Disease Transmission Animal Welfare Human Annoyance Control Chemical Control Habitat Manipulation Repellents Traps Biological Control References Biting Rate Bittacidae Bivoltine Bivouac Blaberidae Black Bean Aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Blackburn, Thomas Reference Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Life History Damage Management References Black Earwigs Black Fig Fly (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) References Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) References Damage Biology Management References Blackheaded Fireworm, Rhopobota naevena (Hübner) (Lepidoptera; Tortricidae) Black Grain Stem Sawfly, Trachelus tabidus (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) Blacklight Trap Black Parlatoria Scale, Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Black Pod of Cacao Black Scale, Saissetia spp (Hemiptera: Coccidae) Black Scavenger Flies Black Turfgrass Ataenius Blackwelder, Richard Elliot Reference Blaisdell, Frank Ellsworth Reference Blasticotomidae Blastobasidae Blastoderm Blatchley, Willis Stanley Reference Blattaria Blattellidae Blattidae Blattodea Blephariceridae Blind Springtails Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) Characteristics Life Cycle Natural Enemies Damage Caused by Blister Beetles Beneficial Effects of Blister Beetles Management References Blister Beetle Antennal Twisting Behavior References Blood Gill Blow Flies Blueberry Maggot, Rhagoletis mendax (Curran) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Bluebottle Flies Bluegrass Billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Blues Bluetongue Disease Insect Vectors The Disease The Viruses Impact and Problems References Boat Flies Bodenheimer, Friedrich (Frederick) Simon Reference Body Lice Bogong Moth, Agrotis diffusa (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Life Cycle and Description Economic Importance References Bohart, Richard M Reference Bohartillidae Boheman, Carl Heinrich References Boisduval, Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour De References Bokor, Elemér References Bolitophilidae Boll Rot of Cotton Boll Weevil, Anthonomous grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Description and Life History Host Plants Damage Management References Bombycidae Bombyliidae Bonnet, Charles Reference Book-Lice Boopidae Boreal Bootstrapping Bootstrap Values Boreidae Borgmeier, Thomas Reference Boric Acid References Boridae Bostrichidae Botanical Botanical Insecticides Pyrethrum Rotenone Neem Tobacco Other Botanicals References Bot Flies Bothrideridae Boutonneuse Fever Bovine Babesiosis Bovine Hypodermosis: Phenology in Europe References Bøving, Adam Giede Reference Brachelytry Some Examples Among Chrysomelidae References Brachodidae Brachycentridae Brachypsectridae Brachypteridae Brachypterous Brachytosis Brackish Braconidae Bradynobaenidae Brahmaeidae Brahmin Moths (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) References Brain Brain Hormone Brauer, Friedrich Moritz Reference Braulidae Brentidae Bristle-Legged Moths (Lepidoptera: Schreckensteiniidae) References Bristletails (Archeognatha) Classification Characteristics Biology References Broadcast Application Broad-Headed Bugs Broadleaf Plant Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) Broad-Shouldered Water Treaders Broad-Winged Damselflies Broad-Winged Thrips Bromeliad Fauna Aquatic Animals Using Bromeliad Phytotelmata as Habitat for their Immature Stages Rotifera Annelida Crustacea Acari Odonata Hemiptera Coleoptera Trichoptera Diptera Anura (frogs) Terrestrial Animals Using Bromeliad Terraria as Habitat for their Immature Stages Terrestrial Animals Using Bromeliads as Occasional Habitat, the Visitors Terrestrial Animals Eating Bromeliads Animals as Dispersers of Bromeliad Seed Animals as Pollinators of Bromeliads Animals as Food for Bromeliads (Carnivory) Conclusion References Bronzed Cutworm, Nephelodes minians Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Brood Brood Cell Brooding Brood Sac Broun, Thomas References Brown Citrus Aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) References References Brown Lacewings Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Brown Rot of Fruit Brown Wheat Mite, Petrobia latens (Müller) (Acari: Tetranychidae) Brown-Banded Cockroach, Supella longipalpa (Fabricius) (Blattodea, Blattellidae) Bruch, Carlos Reference Bruchidae Brues, II, Charles Thomas Reference Brulle, Gaspard Auguste Reference Brunner Von Wattenwyl, Carl References Brush-Footed Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Distinguishing Characteristics and Relationships Morphology Adult Immature Stages Diversity, Distribution and Biogeography Habitats Ecology Immature Stages Adults Economic Importance Conservation References Brush Organ Bryopsocidae Bt Bubo Bubonic Plague Buccal Cavity Bucculatricidae Budding Buffalo Gnats Buffalograss Chinch Bug, Blissus occiduus Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Buffer Zone Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc (Comte De) References Bugs (Hemiptera) Classification Suborder Sternorrhyncha Aphidoidea (Aphidoids) Aleyrodoidea (Whiteflies) Coccoidea (Scale Insects) Psylloidea (Jumping Plant Lice) Suborder Fulgoromorpha Suborder Cicadomorpha Cicadoidea-Cicadas Cercopoidea-Froghoppers Membracoidea-Treehoppers and Leafhoppers Suborder Coleorhyncha-Moss Bugs Suborder Heteroptera Defense Feeding Medically Important Species Development and Cytogenetics References Bulb Mites, Rhizoglyphus (Acari: Acaridae) References Bulldog Ant or Bull Ant, Myrmecia spp (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Bullet Ant, Paraponera clavata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Bumble Bees Bunchy Top of Papaya Buprestidae Burgess, Albert Franklin Reference Burmeister, Carl Hermann Conrad References Burnet Moth Biology (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) External Morphology Life History and Habits Cyanogenesis Predators and Parasitoids Economic Importance References Burnet Moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) Burrower Bugs Burrowing Water Beetles Bursa Copulatrix Bursicon Bush Crickets Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) References Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera) Classification Evolution Characteristics Adults Larvae Eggs Pupae Ecology Biodiversity Primitive Moths Micropterigoidea Agathiphagoidea Heterobathmioidea Eriocranioidea Lophocoronoidea Myoglossata Neopseustina Neopseustoidea Exoporia Mnesarchaeoidea Hepialoidea Monotrysian Moths Andesianoidea Nepticuloidea Tischerioidea Palaephatoidea Incurvarioidea Ditrysia Tineina Tineoidea Gelechioidea Copromorphoidea Yponomeutoidea Immoidea Pyraloidea Pterophoroidea Sesiina Sesioidea Zygaenoidea Cossina Cossoidea Castnioidea Tortricoidea Bombycina Calliduloidea Uranioidea Geometroidea Papilionoidea Drepanoidea Bombycoidea Sphingoidea Noctuoidea References Butterfly Counts References Butterfly Gardening The Butterfly Life Cycle The Elements of a Butterfly Garden Adult Nectar Sources Larval Host Plants Other Attractants Water Shelter Keeping the Butterfly Garden Productive Choice of Butterfly Plants List of Plants to Attract Butterflies in Nebraska Annual Flowers Biennials Shrubs Perennial Herbaceous Plants Plants For ­Butterfly Gardening in Florida Trees Shrubs Vines Herbaceous Perennials Some Larval Host Plants and Species Supported: References Buxton, Patrick Alfred Reference Byrrhidae fulltext_3.pdf Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) References Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Description and Life Cycle Egg Larva Pupa Adult Host Plants Damage Natural Enemies Management References Cabbage Maggot or Cabbage Root Fly, Delia radicum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Life History Damage Management References Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Life Cycle and Description Egg Larva Pupa Adult Damage Host Plants Natural Enemies Management References Cactus Flies Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Biology Distribution Control References Caddisflies (Trichoptera) Family: Brachycentridae (Humpless Caddisflies) Family: Glossosomatidae (Saddle-case Caddisflies) Family: Helicopsychidae (Snail-case Cadisflies) Family: Hydropsychidae (Net-spinning Caddisflies) Family: Hydroptilidae (Microcaddisflies) Family: Lepidostomatidae (Lepidostomatid Caddisflies) Family: Leptoceridae (Long-horned Caddisflies) Family: Limnephilidae (Northern Caddisflies) Family: Molanidae (Hood-case Caddisflies) Family: Philopotamidae (Finger-net Caddisflies) Family: Phyrganeidae (Large Caddisflies) Family: Polycentropodidae (Trumpet-net Caddisflies) Family: Rhyacophilidae (Primitive Caddisflies) References Cadelle, Tenebroides mauritanicus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Caeciliidae Caecum (pl., caeca) Caenidae Calamoceratidae Calcaria Calibrate California Red Scale, Aonidiella auranti (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspidae) Calipharixenidae Callidulidae Calliphoridae Callirhipidae Callow Calophllidae Calopsocidae Calopterygidae Calvert, Philip Powell References Calypter (pl., calypteres) Calyptodomous Camel Crickets Cameron, Malcolm References Cambrian Period Camillid Flies Camillidae Campestral Campodeidae Campodeiform Larva Canacidae Candeèze, Ernest Charles Auguste References Canine Babesiosis Canine Piroplasmosis Cannibalism Population Regulation Nutrition Trophic Eggs Sexual Cannibalism Costs of Cannibalism References Canopidae Canopy Canthariasis Cantharidae Cantharidin Canthus Cape Honey Bees, Apis mellifera capensis Escholtz Identification Distribution Reproduction in Cape Bees Biology and Behavior Problems for Beekeepers References Capitate Capniidae Capsid Capsids Capsomere Carabidae Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as Parasitoids References Carabiform Larva Caraboid Larva Carapace Carayonemidae Carbamate Insecticide Carbohydrate Carboniferous Period Carcinogen Carcinophoridae Cardo Careers in Entomology Qualifications and Skills Research Teaching Extension Regulatory Industry Opportunities Educational Institutions Land Grant Universities and Cooperative Extension Other Public and Private Research Universities Undergraduate Colleges and Universities with a Focus on Teaching United States Government US Department of Agriculture Armed Forces Other Agencies Industry Urban Pest Control and Landscape Maintenance Pesticide and Pest Control Device Manufacturers Food, Tobacco, and Drug Companies International Aid Organizations Independent Entomologists Research and Development of Products Lectures, Workshops and Other Courses Writing and Photography Urban Pest Control Consultant and Contract Work Non Profit Organizations Retail or Wholesale Business Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Carina (pl., Carinae) Carnid Flies Carnidae Carnivore Carnivore Fleas Carnivorous Carnivorous Plants References Carnivory and Symbiosis in the Purple Pitcher Plant Sarracenia Species in North America The Purple Pitcher Plant, Sarracenia purpurea Carnivory in Purple Pitcher Plants Limnological Characteristics in Pitchers of the Purple Pitcher Plant Aquatic Pitcher Inhabitants Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae): The Pitcher Plant Mosquito Metriocnemus knabi Coquillet (Diptera: Chironomidae): The Pitcher Plant Midge Fletcherimyia fletcheri (Aldrich) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae): The Pitcher Plant Flesh Fly Other Pitcher Plant Inhabitants Pitcher Plants as "Model Ecosystems" Summary References Carob Midge Complex, Asphondylia spp (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Cyprus Damage Mortality Factors References Carotenoids Carpenter Ants, Camponotus spp (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Colony Development Home Range Foraging Trophallaxis Pest Management References Carpenter Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae) References Carpenter, Frank Morton Reference Carpenterworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) References Carposinidae Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) Distinguishing Characteristics and Relationships Morphology Adult Larvae Classification, Diversity, and Distribution Ecology Conservation Recent Research References Carsidaridae Carter, Herbert James References Carthaeidae Carton Carrier Carrying Capacity Casebearer Moths (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) References Casey, Thomas Lincoln Reference Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Morphology and Biology Damage Control Options The Solution: Biological Control References Cassava Pests and their Management The Cassava Arthropod Pest Complex and Crop Damage Management of Cassava Arthropod Pests Foliage Feeders Whiteflies Damage Biology and Behavior Control Host Plant Resistance Biological Control Cultural Control Chemical Control Cassava Mites Damage Biology and Behavior Management Host Plant Resistance Biological Control Cassava Mealybugs Damage Biology and Behavior Management Thrips Damage Management Cassava Lacebugs Damage Biology and Behavior Management Cassava Hornworms Damage Biology and Behavior Management Stemborers and Stem Feeders Stemborers Damage Biology and Behavior Management Scale Insects Damage Management Fruit Flies Shoot Flies Damage Management Soil-Borne Pests Cassava Burrower Bug Damage Biology and Behavior Management White Grubs Damage Biology and Behavior Management Cassava Root Mealybugs Secondary Pests Grasshoppers Damage Biology and Behavior Control Gall Midges Leaf-cutter Ants Termites Leafhoppers Future Trends and Considerations References Caste Castes Ants Social Bees and Wasps Termites References Castniidae Caterpillar Cat Flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouché (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) References Cattle Grub, Hypoderma spp (Diptera: Oestridae) Cattle Ticks Cauda Caudal Caudal Filaments Caudal Lamellae Caudate Caudell, Andrew Nelson Reference Cave Adapted Insects References Cave Habitat Colonization References Cayenne Tick, Amblyomma cajennense Fabricius (Ixodida: Ixodidae) cDNA cDNA Library Cecidomyiidae Cecidosidae Cedar Beetles Cell Cell Culture Cell Culture of Insects Physical Conditions Chemical Conditions Characteristics of Cells Practical Applications References Celyphidae Cement Cenchrus (pl., Cenchri) Census Centipedes (Class Chilopoda) Characteristics Classification Ecology Reference Central Body Central Dogma Central Nervous System (CNS) Centromere Cephalothorax Cephidae Cerambycidae Cerambycoid Larva Ceraphronidae Ceratocanthid Scarab Beetles Ceratocanthidae Ceratocombidae Ceratophyllidae Ceratopogonidae Cercoccidae Cercophanidae Cercopidae Cercus (pl., cerci) Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Cereal Stem Moths (Lepidoptera: Ochsenheimeriidae) References Cerebellum Cerebrum Cerococcidae Cerumen Cervical Shield Cervix Cervical Sclerites Cerylonidae Cestodes or Tapeworms References Chaeta (pl, chaetae) Chaeteessidae Chaetotaxy Chaff Scale, Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Chafers Chagas, Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro References Chagas Disease: Biochemistry of the Vector Feeding Protein Metabolism Reproduction Lipid Composition, Metabolism, and Transport The Integument References Chagas Disease or American Trypanosomiasis References Chalaza (pl., chalazae) Chalcididae Chalkbrood Reference Chamaemyiidae Chaoboridae Charipidae Chaudoir, Maximilien Stanislavovitch De References Champion, George Charles Reference Chapman, Reginald Frederick Checkered Beetles Cheek Chela Chelating Agent Chelicera (pl chelicerae) Chelisochidae Chelonariidae Cheloniform Larva Chemical Ecology of Insects References Chemigation Chemokinesis Chemoreceptor Chemotaxis Chestnut Gall Wasp Classical Biological Control in Japan References Chevrolat, Louis Alexandre Auguste Reference Classification Chewing and Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera) Characteristics Biology References Chewing Mouthparts Chiang, Huai C Reference Chigger Chikungunya Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention Epidemiology References Chilli Thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Economic Importance Recognizing S dorsalis Infestations Life History Host Plants Monitoring and Management References Chimaeropsyllidae Chinaberry, Melia azedarach L, A Biopesticidal Tree Classification Geographic Distribution Botanical Characteristics Phytochemical Properties Production of Meliaceous Trees Medicinal and Other Uses Bioactivity of the Melia azedarach Tree Against Insects Bioactivity of Extracts of Melia azedarach Bioactivity of Melia azedarach components against insects Integration With Natural Enemies Potentials in Sustainable Systems References China, William Edward Reference Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus (Say) (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Life History Damage Management References Chironomidae Chironomids as a Nuisance and of Medical Importance References Chitin Chitinase Chitinous Chittenden, Frank Hurlbut Reference Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Chloroperlidae Chloropidae Chlorosis Choreutidae Cholinesterase Chordotonal Sensory Organs References Choriogenesis Chorion Choristidae Christophers, (Sir) Samuel Rickard Reference Chromatids Chromomere Chromosome Imprinting Chromosome Puffs Chromosomes Chronic Chronic Bee Paralysis Chronic Toxicity Chronotoxicology Historical Perspective Coincidence of Insecticide Susceptibility Rhythms and Other Biological Rhythms Biological Rhythms and Measuring Toxicity Parameters Concluding Remarks References Chrysalis Chrysididae Chrysomelidae Chrysopidae Chrysopolomidae Chyromyid Flies Chyromyidae Cibarium Cicada Parasite Beetles Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) Classification Family Tettigarctidae White Family Cicadidae Latreille Chararacteristics Adults Immature Stages Natural History Agricultural Importance References Cicadellidae Cicindelidae Cigarette Beetle Ciidae Cimbicidae Cimicidae Circadian Rhythm Circulative Virus Circumesophageal Connective Citricola Scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) Citrus Blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi (Ashby) (Hempitera: Aleyrodidae) Citrus Greening Disease Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae)" Citrus Mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hempitera: Pseudococcidae) Citrus Peelminer, Marmara gulosa (Guillen and Davis) (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae) Citrus Pests and their Management History of Citrus Pest Descriptions Acari Eriophyidae Tetranychidae Tenuipalpidae Tarsonemidae Orthoptera Acrididae Tettigoniidae Gryllidae Isoptera Rhinotermitidae Kalotermitidae Hemiptera Coreidae Lygaeidae Pentatomidae Cicadellidae Flatidae Psyllidae Aleyrodidae Aphididae Margarodidae Coccidae Diaspididae Pseudococcidae Thysanoptera Thripidae Coleoptera Diptera Cecidomyiidae Tephritidae Lepidoptera Gracillariidae Tortricidae Megalopygidae Papilionidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Helicidae Citrus Pest Management Fresh or Processing Market Sampling and Thresholds Management Strategies References Citrus Rust Mites (Acari: Eriophyidae) Citrus Snow Scale, Unaspis citri (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Citrus Stubborn Disease Citrus Whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Cixiidae Cladistic Analysis Clade Cladiopsocidae Cladistics Cladogenic Speciation Cladogram Clambidae Class Classical Biological Control Naturally Occurring Biological Control Classical Biological Control Assumptions of Classical Biological Control Steps in Classical Biological Control Cooperation Between Scientists Aids in Citrus Blackfly Project Classical Biological Control and the Gypsy Moth Continent-Wide Control of the Cassava Mealybug in Africa Conservation of Natural Enemies Effective Natural Enemies Biological Control in Relation to Other Pest Management Approaches Evaluating Classical Biological Control Programs Exclude, Eliminate, or Reduce Natural Enemies Correlation Modeling Risk Assessments References Classification Variations on this System of Classification Characteristics of the Major Groups Clastopteridae Claustral Colony Founding Clavate Clavate Larva Clavola Clavus Claw Clearwing Moths(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) References Cleptobiosis Cleptoparasite Cleridae Click Beetles Clicking by Caterpillars Reference Climatic Release Climax Cline Cloaca Clone Closed Cell Clothes Moths Clothodidae Clover Mite, Bryobia praetiosa Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) Club Fleas Clubtails Clumped Distribution Clusiid Flies Clusiidae Cluster Analysis Cluster Fly, Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) and P pseudorudis Rognes (Diptera: Calliphoridae) References Clypeofrontal Suture Clypeus Coarctate Larva Coarctate Pupa Coccidae Coccinellidae Coccoidae Cochineal Insects Cockerell, Theodor Dru Alison Reference Cockroaches (Blattodea) Classification Characteristics Habitats and Food Parental Care Ecological Importance Domiciliary Cockroaches Cockroaches as Pests The Principal Cockroach Pest Species Management Exclusion and Sanitation Toxicants Cockroach Baits Insect Growth Regulators Inorganic Dusts Traps Biological Control Oothecal Parasitoids References Cockroaches and Disease Important Species Public Health Importance of Cockroaches Domestic Nuisance Cockroach Bites Accidental Invasion of the Body Disease Carriers Allergies Focus on Sanitation References Cocoon Coconut Mite, Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae) Distribution Description Hosts Biology and Ecology Damage and Economic Importance Management Chemical Control Mechanical Control Cultural Control Host Plant Resistance Biological Control References Cocoon Breaker Coding Strand Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Codon Coelomomyces References Coelopidae Coenagrionidae Coevolution Coffee Bean Rot Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) References Coffee Pests and their Management Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Infested Berries Cultural Control Biological Control Insect Traps Chemical Control Coffee Leaf Miner, Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Damaged Leaves Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control Root Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseodococcidae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Biological Control Plant Resistance to Insects Chemical Control Scale Insects, Mealybugs and Related Foliage Pests (Hemiptera) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Pest Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control Cutworms and Armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Pest Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Mechanical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Brown Coffee Borer, Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control Stem Borers Plagiohammus spp (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control White Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Pest Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Physical-Mechanical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Black Citrus Aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer De Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control Leaf-Cutting Ants, Atta and Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Pest Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control Long-Horned Grasshoppers or Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Mechanical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Bush Crickets, Paroecanthus spp (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control Leaf-Eating Caterpillars (Lepidoptera) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Mechanical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Leaf Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control Coffee Bean Weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Bilogical Control Chemical Control Spider Mites (Acari) Distribution Damage and Economic Importance Description Biology and Ecology Natural Enemies Management Sampling Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control References Cold Tolerance in Insects Classification of Cold Tolerance Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance References Cole Crops Collectors Coleophoridae Coleoptera Collecting and Preserving Insects Key elements to successful insect collecting Collecting Techniques Living Insects Killing Methods Recording Preserving Insects Vials Mounting Techniques Pinning Storage in Transparent Envelopes Pointing Card Mounts Adhesives Card Mounts, Card Points, and Labels Genitalia Slides Soft-Bodied Specimens Labeling Specimens Information on Labels Pinning Blocks Storing Collections Storage Containers and Cabinets Supply Houses Permits References Collembola Colleterial Glands Colletidae Collophore Colobathristidae Coloburiscidae Colonization Colony Colony Fission Colony Odor Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) References Colorado Tick Fever Columnar Cells Colydiidae Comb Comb-Clawed Beetles Commensalism Common Fleas Common Name Common Oviduct Common Sawflies Common Scorpionflies Common Skimmers Common Stoneflies Common Thrips Common (Vernacular) Names of Insects Vernacular Names Derived from Scientific Names "Official" Common Names Reference Common Walkingsticks Communal Behavior Community Companion Planting Competitive Displacement Complex Metamorphosis Compliance Procedure (for a Consignment) Compound Eyes Compsocidae Compound Nest Comstock, John Henry Reference Concealer Moths (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) References Conchaspididae Conditional Lethal Conditioned Stimulus Condyle Confused Flour Beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Congeners Congo Floor Maggot, Auchmeromyia senegalensis (luteola) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Congener Conidiophore Conidium Conifer Bark Beetles Conifer Sawflies Coniopterygidae Conjunctiva Connexivum Conopidae Conservation Biological Control Practices Detrimental to Natural Enemies Practices that Enhance Natural Enemy Effectiveness References Conservation of Ground Beetles in Annual Crops References Conservation of Insects Cites The Importance of Subspecies Butterflies as an Index Group in Conservation Case Studies of Four Endangered Swallowtail Butterflies (Papilionidae) from Different World Regions Ornithoptera alexandrae, New Guinea, and other birdwing butterflies Homerus swallowtail, Papilio homerus, Jamaica Parnassius apollo, Europe Schaus' Swallowtail, Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus Schaus, Florida References Conspecific Construction Behavior of Insects Types of Structure and Nest Architecture Building Materials Function and Evolution of Insect Structures Regulation of Construction Behavior Conclusions References Consumption Efficiency Contact Poison Contagious Disease Containment Contamination Continental Drift Controlled Atmosphere Technologies for Insect Control Low Oxygen High Carbon Dioxide Modified Atmosphere Packaging Temperature Combinations Ozone, Other Chemicals and Processes Machinery Approved Treatments References Convergent Evolution Cooloola Monsters Cooloolidae Cooties Coppers Copromorphidae Coprophagous Coprophagy Coptopsyllidae Copularium Coquillett, Daniel William Reference Coral Treaders Corazonin Role of Corazonin in the Control of Body-Color Polymorphism in Locusts Effect of Corazonin on Body Shape Effect of Corazonin on the Formation of Antennal Sensilla Corazonins in Other Insects References Corbicula Cordulegastridae Corduliidae Coreidae Stenocephalidae Coreidae Alydidae Rhopalidae Hyocephalidae References Coremata Corethrellidae Corioxenidae Corium Corixidae Corn Delphacid, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) References Cornea Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Life Cycle and Description Egg Larva Pupa Adult Host Plants Damage Natural Enemies Management Sampling Insecticides Biological Control Host Plant Resistance References Cornicles Corn Leaf Aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Life History Damage Management References Corn Leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (Delong and Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) References Corn Stunt Corpora Pedunculata Corpus Allatum (pl., Corpora Allata) Corpus Cardiacum (pl., Corpus Cardiaca) Corpus Pendunculatum Corydalidae Corylophidae Cosmetic Damage Cosmet Moths (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) References Cosmopolitan Cossidae Costa Costal Break Costal Cell Costal Margin Costs and Benefits of Insects The Negative Effects of Insects on Crops and Livestock Yield Loss Nonindigenous (Invasive) Pests Pesticides The Negative Effects of Insects on Wildlife Biting and Stinging Disease Transmission Pesticides The Negative Effects of Biting Pests and Vectors of Human Disease The Negative Effects of Urban (Structural, Household, and Landscape) Pests The Benefits of Pollination and Honey Production Pollination Honey The Benefits of Animal Dung Decomposition The Benefits of Insects for Recreation The Benefits of Biological Control by Insects Other Benefits of Insects Silk production (sericulture) Shellac Dyes Human and Animal Food Medical Treatment References Cost-Benefit Analysis Cotton or Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) Life History Damage Management References Cotton Stainers Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Cottony Cushion Scale, Iceryi purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) Cover, Border and Trap Crops for Pest and Disease Management The Role of Mulches for Suppression of Pest Populations Organic mulches Synthetic Mulches The Role of Cover Crops in Suppressing Pest Populations The Role of Barrier or Border Crops in Suppressing Pest Populations The Role of Trap Crops in Suppressing Pest Populations Economics of Sustainable Agriculture References Cover Crops Coxa Crab Lice, Phthirus pubis (Linnaeus) (Phthiraptera: Pthiridae) Crabronidae Cranberry Fruitworm, Acrobasis vaccinii Riley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Cranberry Girdler, Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Cranberry Tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Crane Flies (Diptera: Tipulidae and Others) Ecology Geological Record Taxonomic Divisions References Cranium Crapemyrtle Aphid, Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) References Craw, Alexander Reference Crawler Crawling Water Beetles Creeping Myiasis Creeping Water Bugs Cremaster Crenulate Crenulate Moths (Lepidoptera: Epiplemidae) References Crepuscular Cresson, Ezra Townsend Reference Cretaceous Period Cribellum Cribrate Crickets Criddle, Norman Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Cristate Critical Period Crochets Crop Diversity and Pest Management References Crop Crop Loss Assessment Crop Residue Crossing Over Cross-Resistance Cross-Striped Cabbageworm, Evergestris rimosalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Cross Vein Crotch, George Robert Reference Crowson, Roy Albert Reference Crucifer Crucifer Flea Beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Crucifer Pests and their Management Leaf or Foliage Feeders: Caterpillars and Flea Beetles The Imported Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L) (Pieridae) The Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae) Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L) (Plutellidae) Cross-striped Cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée) (Pyralidae) Cabbage Webworm, Hellula rogatalis (Hulst) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Occasional Caterpillar Pests Flea Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Sap Feeders: Harlequin Bugs, Aphids Harlequin Bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Cabbage Aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Root Feeder: Cabbage Maggot Cabbage Maggot, Delia radicum (L) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) References Crypsis References Cryptobiosis References Cryptoceridae Cryptochetid Flies Cryptochetidae Cryptophagidae Cryptorhamphidae Crystalliferous Csiki, Ernõ; (Ernst Dietl) References Ctenidium (pl. ctenidia) Ctenoplectidae Ctenostylidae Cubitus Cuckoo Bees Cuckoo Wasps Cucujidae Cucurbit Cucurbit Yellow Vine Disease Culicidae Culicifuge Culicinomyces clavisporus References Cultivar Cultivation Cultural Control of Insect Pests References Cultural Entomology Reference Culture of Natural Enemies on Factitious Foods and Artificial Diets References Cuneus Cupedidae Curculionidae Curculionoid Larva Curran, Charles Howard Reference Cursorial Curtis, John Reference Curtonotid Flies Curtonotidae Cushman, Robert Asa Reference Cuticular Lipids Cuticle Cuticulin Cutworm Cutworm Moths Cuvier, (Baron) Georges Léopold Chretien Frédéric Dagobert Reference Cyclical Polymorphism Cyclidiidae Cycloalexy References Cyclo-Developmental Transmission Cyclo-Propagative Transmission Cyclorrhapha Cyclotornidae Cydnidae Cylindrical Bark Beetles Cymidae Cyphoderidae Cypselosomatid Flies Cypselosomatidae Cyrtocoridae Cystocyte Cytochrome Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus Cytosol fulltext_4.pdf Dactyl Dactylopiidae Daddy Long-Legs Dahlbom, Anders Gustav Reference Dalceridae Dampwood Termites Damsel Bugs Damselflies Distinguishing Characters Morphology ƒ Adults Morphology ƒ Immatures Ecology Mating Behavior Diversity, Evolution and Distribution References Dark Mealworm, Tenebrio obscurus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Adults Immature Stages Habitats Food References Dark-Winged Fungus Gnats Darlington, Jr., Philip J References Darners Darwin, Charles References Darwinism Dascillidae Geographic Distribution Symptoms and Economic Importance Biology Control References Davis, William Thompson Reference Day-Degree DDT Dead-End Hosts Dead Log Bark Beetles Dealate Dealation Death Feigning Death-Watch Beetles Debach, Pau l Hevener Reference Decomposer Insects Decomposers of Plant Remains The Entomofauna of Excrement and Corpses Decomposers of Corpses Forensic Entomology Decomposers of Excrement Beneficial Actions of Decomposer Insects in Ecosystems References Decumbent Decurved Deer Flies Deer Fly Fever Deer Keds Deer Midges Deficiency Disease Deflection Marks References Defoliant Defoliation DeGeer, Carl (Carolus, Karl, Charles) Reference Degree-Day Delimiting Survey Dejean, Pierre François Marie Auguste Reference Delphacidae Delusory Parasitosis Deme Deimatic Behavior Reference Denaturation Dendrites Dendrogram Dengue The Pathogen and Disease Vectors Evolution, History, and Spread Maintenance and Transmission Risk Factors for Dengue Economic Impact and Prevention References Density Density Dependence Density Independence Dentate Dentition Denver Billbug, Sphenophorus cicastriatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deposit Depressed Derbidae Dermal Dermaptera Dermatitis Linearis References Dermestid Beetles Dermestidae Derodontidae Desensitization Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Plagues References Desert Longhorned Grasshoppers Detection Survey Deterministic Model Deterrent Dethier, Vincent Gaston Reference Detoxification Mechanisms in Insects Phase I Reactions Oxidation Epoxidation Hydroxylation N-Dealkylation O-Dealkylation Desulfuration Sulfoxidation Reduction Hydrolysis Phase II Reactions Glucose Conjugation Sulfate Conjugation Phosphate Conjugation Amino Acid Conjugation Glutathione Conjugation Induction of Detoxification Enzymes Enzyme Induction as Detoxification Mechanism Metabolism of Allelochemicals by Detoxification Enzymes Role of Detoxification Enzymes in Insecticide Resistance References Detritivore Detritivory Deutocerebrum Deuterophlebiidae Deutonymph Developmental Threshold Diadocidiidae Diagnosis Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Life History Damage Management References Diamondback Moths (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) References Diamphipnoidae Diapause A Photoperiodically Controlled Phenomenon A Temperature-Dependent Syndrome Influence of Food Genetic Control of Diapause Hormonal Aspects of Diapause References Diapause Hormone Diaprepes Root Weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Host Plants Natural Enemies Life Cycle and Description Eggs Larva Pupa Adults Damage Management Sampling Insecticides Cultural Practices Host Plant Resistance Biological Control References Diaprepes Weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Diapriidae Diaspididae Diastatidae Diastatid Flies Diatomaceous Earth Why is Diatomaceous Earth Insecticidal? Environmental Interactions Variability Among Diatomaceous Earths What is Affected by Diatomaceous Earth? Safety References Dichotomous Keys Dicondylic Articulation or Joint Dicot Dicteriadidae Dictyopharidae Dictyoptera Differential Grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Life History Damage Management References Digger Bees Digitate Dilaridae Dimboa Dimorphic Dinidoridae Diopsidae Dioptidae Diphyllostomatid Beetles Diphyllostomatidae Diploid Diplurans (Diplura) Classification Characteristics Biology References Diprionidae Dipsocoridae Diptera Dipteromimidae Direct Flight Muscles Directive Coloration Direct Pests Dirofilariasis References Discal Cell Discrete Generations Disease Diseases of Grasshoppers and Locusts Bacteria Fungi Beauveria bassiana Entomophaga grylli Complex Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum Protozoa Viruses Grasshopper Thermal Ecology References Disjunct Populations Disk Dispersal Dispersion Disruptive Coloration Distal Distiproboscis Ditomyiidae Diuretic Hormones Diurnal Diverticulum Dixid Midges Dixidae DNA DNA Probe DNAse Dobsonflies Dobzhansky, Theodosius Grigorievich Reference Dockage Dog Heartworm Dolabellopsocidae Dolichopodidae Dominance Hierarchy Dominant Dominant Species Donisthorpe, Horace St. John Kelly Reference Dormant Dormant Oil Dorsal Dorsal Diaphragm Dorsal Longitudinal Muscles Dorsal Vessel: Heart and Aorta References Dorsoventral Muscles Dorsum Double-Eye Moths (Lepidoptera: Amphitheridae) References Double Sampling References Douglasiidae Douglas, John William Reference Douglas Moths (Lepidoptera: Douglasiidae) References Dragonflies Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) Family Calopterygidae (Broad-winged Damselflies) Family Lestidae (Spreadwinged Damselflies) Family Coenagrionidae (Narrowwinged or Pond Damselflies) Family Aeshnidae (Darner Dragonflies) Family Gomphidae (Clubtail Dragonflies) Family Libellulidae (Skimmer Dragonflies) References Drake, Carl John Reference Drench Treatment Drepanidae Driver Ants (Dorylus subgenus Anomma) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Taxonomy and Phylogeny Morphology Workers Males Queens Behavior Ecology Habitat and Distribution Economic Importance References Droplet Spermatophore Drosophilidae Drumming Communication and Intersexual Searching Behavior of Stoneflies (Plecoptera) References Dry Bark Beetles Dry-Fungus Beetles Dryinidae Dryopidae Drywood Termites dsDNA Dubas Bug (Old World Date Bug), Ommatissus lybicus Bergerin (Tropiduchidae: Hemiptera) Description Symptoms and Economical Importance Biology Control References Dudgeon Carpenterworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Dudgeoneidae) References Dudgeoneidae Dudich, Endre References Dufour, Léon Jean Marie References Dufour's Gland Dulosis Dung Beetles Dung Flies Dunnage Duponchel, Philogène August-Joseph References Dust Duster Dustywings Dutch Elm Disease Dyar, Harrison Grey References Dyar's Rule Dytiscidae fulltext_5.pdf Ear Tag Earth-Boring Dung Beetles Earwigflies (Mecoptera: Meropeidae) References Earwigs (Dermaptera) Classification Characteristics Biology References East Coast Fever Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Mosquito Vectors Bird Hosts Transmission Cycle Disease in Humans Disease in Horses Disease in Birds Detection/Diagnosis Epidemics and Epizootics Future Outlook References Eastern Lubber Grasshopper, Romalea microptera (Beauvois) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Life History Damage Management References Ecdysial Line Ecdysis Ecdysone Ecdysone Agonists, A Novel Group of Insect Growth Regulators Chemistry and Physical Properties Insecticidal Mode of Action Insecticidal Properties and Efficacy Against Target Pests Safety to Non-target Organisms References Ecdysozoa Reference Ecdysteroids Origin and Site of Synthesis The Regulation of Ecdysteroid Synthesis Ecdysteroids Metabolism Activation Inactivation Mechanism Storage Mechanisms Mode of Action of Ecdysteroids: Molecular Aspects Involvement of Ecdysteroids in the Control of Reproduction and Embryogenesis Ecdysteroids in Non-arthropods Metazoans Phytoecdysteroids References Echinophthiriidae Eclosion Eclosion Hormone Ecnomidae Ecological Community Ecological Homologues Ecological Management Ecological Niche Ecological Succession Ecology Economic Injury Level (EIL) Economic Damage Economic Injury Level (EIL) and Economic Threshold (ET) Concepts in Pest Management References Economic Threshold (ET) Ecosystem Ecotone Ectadene (pl ectadenia) Ectophagous Ectopsocidae Ecotype Ectognathous Ectotherm Ectoparasite Edaphic Edwards, Henry Reference Edwards, William Henry Reference Eelworm Efficiency Egg Egg Burster Egg Case Egg Pod Eggs of Insects The Egg Shell Defenses of Eggs Size of Eggs Number of Eggs Oviposition Distribution of Eggs References Ehrlichiosis Eickwort, George C Reference Ejaculatory Duct Elachistidae Elasmidae Elateridae Elateriform Larva Elaters Elbowed Antennae Electrophoresis Elenchidae Elephantiasis Elfins Elipsocidae Elmidae Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca (=Pyrrhalta) luteola (Müller) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) References Elongate-Bodied Springtails Elytron (pl elytra) Elytron/Femur Ratio (E/F) Emarginate Embiidae Embiidina Embolium Embioptera Embryogenesis References Embolemidae Embonychidae Emergence Emerson, Alfred Edwards Reference EmeryŁs Rule Emigration Emperor Moths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) References Empididae Empusidae Empodium Emulsifier Emulsion Emulsifiable Concentrate Encapsulated Pesticide Encapsulation Encephalitis Encyrtidae Endangered Area Endangered Species Endemic Endemism Enderleinellidae Endocrine Gland Endocrine Regulation of Insect Reproduction Sites Where Hormones are Released in insects Endocrine Regulation of Male Reproduction Endocrine Regulation of Female Reproduction References Endogenous Endogenous Rhythm Endomychidae Endoparasite Endophagous Endophallus Endophytic Fungi and Grass-Feeding Insects References Endocuticle Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Endoproteases Endopterygota Endoskeleton Endotherm Endotoxins Endro di, Sebo (Sebastian Endro di) References Endro dy-Younga, Sebastian (Sebestyén Endro dy-Younga, Sebestyén Endro dy) References Endromidae Enemy Impact Hypothesis English Grain Aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Enhanced Biodegradation of Soil-Applied Pesticides Enhanced Biodegradation An Example Implications References Enicocephalidae Ensiform Ensign Coccids Ensign Wasps Enteric Entognatha Entognathous Entomobryidae Entomodeltiology Entomogenous Entomoparasitic Entomopathogenic Entomopathogenic Fungi and their Host Cuticle Fungal Enzymes Involved in Cuticle Degradation Mycoinsecticide Improvement References Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Insect Management Biology Commerical Develoment and Efficacy References Entomophagous Entomophagy Entomophagy: Human Consumption of Insects References Entomophilic Entomophobia Entomophthorales References Entomopoxvirus References Entotrophi Enumeration Sampling Envelope Envenomization Environmental Sex Determination Environmental Influences on Behavioral Development in Insects Background Courtship Behavior in Drosophila Effects of Homosexual Courtship During the First Hours of Adult Life on the Male Effects of Visual Experience During the First Days of Adult Life Ecological Implications of Mate Choice Developmental Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Lead Conclusions References Enzootic Disease Enzyme Eomeropidae Eosentomidae Epermeniidae Ephemerellidae Ephemeridae Ephemeroptera Ephemerythidae Ephydridae Epicopeiidae Epicranial Suture Epicranium Epicuticle Epicuticular Filaments Epidemic Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever Epidemic Relapsing Fever Epidemic Typhus Epidemiology Epidermis Epigaeic Epigynum Epimeron Epimorphosis Epipharynx Epiphysis Epiplemidae Epipleura (pl epipleurae) Epiproct Epipsocidae Epipyropidae Episternum (pl episterna) Epistoma Epizootic Epizootic Bovine Abortion Epizootiology Equilibrium Position (EP) Eradication Ergatogyne Eremiaphilidae Ergatoid Reproductive Ergot of Cereals Erichson, Wilhelm Ferdinand Reference Eriococcidae Eriocottidae Eriocraniidae Eri Silkworm, philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) References Ermine Moths (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) References Erotylidae Eruciform Larva Esaki, Teiso Reference Esophagus Essential Amino Acids Essential Oils Estimation Estuarine Community Ethiopian Realm Etiology Eucharitidae Eucinetidae Eucnemidae Eucoilidae Eukaryote Eulichadid Beetles Eulichadidae Eulophidae Eumastacidae Eupelmidae Euplantulae Eupterotidae Hibernation Voltinism Breeding Pheromones Govern Beetle Attacks The Epidemic Threshold Fungal Associates Host Tree Defense Control of Damage References European Castor Bean Tick, Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus) (Acari: Ixodidae) European Chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis Razoumowsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) European Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L) (Diptera: Tephritidae) References European Earwig, Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) Life History Damage Management References European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Host Plants Natural Enemies Life Cycle and Description Egg Larva Pupa Adult Damage Management Sampling Insecticides Cultural practices Host plant resistance Biological control References European Honey Bee European Foulbrood Reference European Red Mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) European Sheep Tick, Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus) (Acari: Ixodidae) European Wheat Stem Sawfly Eurybrachidae Eurychoromyiidae Eurytomidae Eusocial Behavior Eustheniidae Euthyplociidae Evagination Evaniidae Evans, Howard Ensign Reference Eversible Excitorepellency Ex Larva Eye-Cap Moths (Lepidoptera: Opostegidae) References Eye Gnats Exarate Pupa Excretion Exocrine Gland Exocuticle Exogenous Exogenous DNA Exopeptidases Exopterygota Exoskeleton Exotic Exotoxins Exploratory Learning Exploratory Trail Exponential Growth Expression Vector Extra-oral Digestion Extrafloral Nectary Extrinsic Factors Exuviae Eyes Eyes and Vision Compound Eye Structure Visual Acuity The Optic Lobe Ocelli and Stemmata The Chemical Cascade Leading to Vision Color Vision Detection of Plane Polarized Light by Insects References fulltext_6.pdf Fabre, Jean-Henri Casimir References Fabricius, Johann Christian References Face Face Fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae) Distribution and Colonization of North America Reproductive Biology Phenology and Overwintering Veterinary Significance Management References Facet Factitious Factitious Host Facultative Agents Facultative Diapause Facultative Myiasis Facultative Parasitism Facultative Predators Insect and Arachnid Groups Containing Facultative Predators Functions and Role of Facultative Predation Facultative Predators for Biological Pest Control Conclusions References Fairchild, Alexander Graham Bell Reference Fairmaire, Léon Reference Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Diagnosis Classification Life History and Habits Economic Importance References Falciform Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Life Cycle and Description Egg Larva Pupa Adult Host Plants Damage Natural Enemies Management Sampling Insecticides Cultural Techniques Biological Control References Fall, Henry Clinton Reference Fallow False Blister Beetles False Burnet Moths (Lepidptera: Urodidae) References False Click Beetles False Clown Beetles False Darkling Beetles False Diamondback Moths (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) References False Firefly Beetles False Flower Beetles False Ground Beetles False Katydids False Long-Horned Beetles False Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles False Owlet Moths (Lepidoptera: Thyatiridae) References False Pit Scales False Plume Moths (Lepidoptera: Tineodidae) References False Skin Beetles False Soft Scales False Wireworm Family Fanniidae Fast-Footed Bugs Fastigium Fat Body Fatty Acid Binding Proteins References Fauriellidae Fauvel, Charles Adolphe Albert Reference Feather-Winged Beetles Feces Fecundity Feeding Deterrents Felt, Ephraim Porter Reference Femur (pl, femora) Fenichel, Sámuel Reference Fennah, Ronald Gordon References Feral Fergusoninidae Fernald, Charles Henry Reference Fern Scale, Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Ferris, Gordon Floyd Reference Ferruginous Fertility Fertilization Festoons Fetid Fibroin Fideliidae Field Capacity Field Crickets Fig Rots Fig Wasps References Filariasis File Filiform Filter Chamber Filter Feeders Filter Rearing System for Sterile Insect Technology References Filth Fly Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in North America References Finger-Net Caddisflies Fingerprinting Fire Blight Fire-Colored Beetles Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Life history Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults Sexual Communication Daytime-Dark Fireflies Glowworm Fireflies Lightningbug Fireflies Flash Pattern Specificity Female Flash Response Supernumerary Flash Patterns, Pattern Change-Over and Defaulting Miscellaneous Flashes Aggressive Mimicry Flash Pattern Mimicry Conclusion Fireflies and Intrusive Light Noise Illumination Misinformation Intrusive Light as a Synergistic Aggravator Essences of Lumens Applications of Firefly Chemistry Common Questions Asked About Fireflies Fireflies and Human Culture References Fireflies: Control of Flashing Morphology and Physiology of the Photuris lantern Firefly Flash Control References First Grub Fischer Von Waldheim, Gotthelf References Fishflies Fitch, Asa Reference Fixed-Sample Size Sampling Plan Flabellate Flabellum Fitness Flacherie Flagellomere Flagellum Flannel Moths (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae) References Flapping Flight Flash Colors References Flat Bark Beetles Flat Bugs Flat Flies Flat Grain Beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) Flat-Footed Flies Flatidae Flea Beetles Flea Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) Crucifer Flea Beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) Morphology Host Range and Food Selection Biology Damage Economic Impact Management Economic Thresholds Monitoring Cultural Practices Host Plant Resistance Biological Control Chemical Control References Flea Collar Fleas (Siphonaptera) Classification Characteristics Biology Problems Associated With Domestic Fleas Domestic Fleas Management of Fleas Affecting Household Pets Treating the Pet Treating the Home Treating the Yard References Flesh Flies Fletcher, James Reference Flies (Diptera) Classification Characteristics Biology and Importance Important Taxa Crane Flies (Tipulidae) Mosquitoes (Culicidae) Black Flies (Simuliidae) Biting Midges (Ceratopogonidae) Fungus Gnats (Mycetophilidae) Gall Midges (Cecidomyiidae) Horse or Deer Flies (Tabanidae) Robber Flies (Asilidae) Bee Flies (Bombyliidae) Flower or Hover Flies (Syrphidae) Small Fruit Flies (Drosophilidae) Warble or Bot Flies (Oestridae) Blow Flies (Calliphoridae) Tachinid Flies (Tachinidae) Leaf Miners (Agromyzidae) Large Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) References Flocculant Florida Red Scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Floristic Kingdoms Flour Beetle Flowable Flower Beetles Flower Flies Flower Moths (Lepidoptera: Scythrididae) References Flower Strips as Ecological Compensation Areas for Pest Management Flower Strips Establishment of Flower Strips Seed Mixtures Maintenance Flower Strips and Farmers Weeds Response of Beneficial Insects to Flower Strips Economic Impact of Flower Strips References Flower Thrips, Frankliniella spp (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Flower-Loving Flies Flutter Flies Fly Paper Focus (pl, foci) Foliar Application Folivory Follicular Epithelium Food-Based Poisoned Baits for Insect Control History Different Types of Baits Advantages of Baits References Food Canal Food Chain Food Habits of Insects What do Insects Eat? Insects That do not Eat Insects That Eat Living Plants Insects That Eat Living Animals Insects That Eat Dead Plants and Animals References Food Web Foote, Richard H Reference Footman Moths Foramen Magnum Forbivory Forbes, Stephen Alfred Reference Forceps Ford, Edmund Brisco Reference Foregut Foreign Exploration for Insects that Feed on Weeds Criteria for Successful Exploration Plant Ecology Geographic Origin and Climate References Forel, Auguste Henri Reference Forensic Entomology References Forest Flies Forficulidae Formicary Formicidae Formosan Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) References Formulation Fossil Record of Insects References Fossorial Founder Effect Foundress Fourcroy, Antoine-François (Comte De) Reference Four-Legged Mites (Eriophyoidea or Tetrapodili) Leaf injury Vectors of Plant Disease Some Major Pests Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Citrus Rust Mite) Aculus cornutus (Peach Silver Mite) Aculops lycopersici (Tomato Rust Mite) Aculus schlechtendali (Apple Rust Mite) Pesticides and Pesticide Resistance Invasive Species Biological Control of Weeds by Eriophyoids Identification of Eriophyoids References Fovea Frass Frenate Frenular Hook Frenulum Fringe-Tufted Moths (Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae) References Fringe-Winged Beetles Frisch, K Von Reference Frit Fly, Oscinella frit (L) (Diptera: Chloropidae) Frivaldszky, Imre References Frivaldszky, János Reference Froggatt, Walter Wilson References Froghoppers Frons Front Frontal Suture Frugivory Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Adult Immature stages Plant Relationships Life History Behavior Control Evolutionary Studies Importance to Humans References Fruit Stalk Borer, Oryectes elegans Prell (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Importance and Damage Biology Control References Fruitworm Beetles Fruitworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) References Fulgoridae Fulgoroidea Fuller Rose Beetle, Asynonychus godmani (Crotch) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Fumigant Fumigation Functional Genomics Functional Response Fundatrix (pl, fundatrigeniae) Fungal Pathogens of Insects Life Cycle and Invasion of the Host Epizootics, Biological Control, and Population Regulation Ecology Techniques for Studying Fungal Pathogens of Insects References Fungicide Fungivorous Fungivory Fungus Beetles Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae and Others) References Fungus Moths (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) References Furanocoumarins Occurrence in Plants Effects of Furanocoumarins Insects Domestic Animals Photodynamic Therapy Mode of Action Risks and Benefits Associated With Furanocoumarins Side Effects of Photodynamic Therapy References Furcate Furcula Furniture Beetles Fused Fusiform fulltext_7.pdf Gahan, Arthur Burton Reference Galápagos Islands Insects: Colonization, Structure, and Evolution Colonization Processes Aerial Transport (Actively by Flight and/or Passively by Wind) Marine Transport Transport on or in Other Animals Human Mediated Transport Sources of the Colonists Stochastic (Random) Processes in Colonization and Distribution Structure of the Insect Fauna An Unbalanced Fauna Trophic Generalists Trophic Specialists Ecological Escape Parthenogenesis Vegetational Zonation and Diversity Seasonality Evolutionary Dynamics Genus Level Endemism Species Level Endemism Speciation Winged Endemic Species Loss of Wings Speciation and Flightlessness Adaptive Radiation Subterranean Arthropods Extinction Future Research References Galea (pl galeae) Gall Gall Formation Studies of Insect Extracts and Secretions Studies of Auxin and Cytokinin Involvement in Insect Gall Formation References Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Classification Morphology Biology Economic Importance References Gall Moths (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) References Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) Gall Diversity Biology Gall Inhabitants Abundance and Distribution Economic Importance References Gamagrass Leafhopper, Dalbulus quinquenotatus Delong & Nault (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) References Gallinipper Gamete Gamma Taxonomy Ganglbauer, Ludwig Reference Ganglion (pl ganglia) Garden Symphylan, Scutigerella immaculata (Newport) (Symphyla: Scutigerellidae) Gaster Gasteruptiidae Gastric Caecum (pl gastric caeca) GauseŁs Principle Gelastocoridae Gelechiidae Gel Electrophoresis Gena Gene Amplification Gene Cloning Gene Duplication Gene Expression Gene Flow Gene Gun Gene Library Gene Regulation General-Use Pesticide Generalist Generation Genetic Modification of Drosophila by P Elements P Elements are Disposable Elements Hybrid Dysgenesis P Element Structure Varies Transposition Method How Did P Elements Invade D melanogaster? P Element Vectors and Genetic Modification of D melanogaster Uses for P Element Vectors Transformation of Other Insects by P Elements Evolution of Resistance to P Elements Using P Elements to Drive Genes into Populations References Genetic Code Genetic Control Genetic Distance Genetic Engineering Genetic Linkage Genetic Marker Genetic Sexing Structure of GSS Based on the Selectable Markers wp and tsl References Genetic Transformation References Gene Transfer Gengidae Geniculate Genitalia Genome Genomes of Insects Nuclear Genome Size and Content Sequencing Nuclear Genomes Chromosome Systems in Arthropods Parthenogenesis Endopolyploidy in Arthropods Noncoding DNA Mitochondria Transposable Elements Symbionts of Arthropods References Genomics Genotype Genus (pl genera) Geographic Information System (GIS) Geological Time Reference Geometer Moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) References Geometridae Geophilous Georeference Geotaxis Geotrupidae Geridae German Cockroach, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (Blattodea: Blattelidae) Germar, Ernst Friedrich Reference Germarium Germ Band Ghilarov, Mercury Sergeevich Reference Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) References Giant Axons Giant Coccids Giant Butterfly Moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) References Giant Hooktip Moths (Lepidoptera: Cyclidiidae) References Giant Lacewings Giant Lappet Moths (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae) References Giant Leaf Katydids Giant Mealybugs Giant Northern Australia Termite Giant Silkworm Moths Giant Stoneflies Giant Water Bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha Belostomatidae) Morphology Taxonomy Biology Natural Enemies Distribution Ecological and Economic Significance Evolution References Gill Girault, Alexandre Arsène References Gizzard Glabrous Gladiators (Mantophasmatodea) Characteristics Biology Taxonomy References Glaphyridae Glaresid Beetles Glaresidae Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) References Glial Cell Global Positioning System (GPS) Globular Springtails Glory Moths (Lepidoptera: Endromidae) References Glossa (pl glossae) Glossinidae Glossosomatidae Glossy Glover Scale, Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard) (Hemiptera: Diaspidae) Glover, Townend Reference Glowworms References Glycogen GLP Glyphipterigidae Gmelin, Johann Friedrich Reference Gnat Bugs Gnotobiotic Culture Goat Moths Goblet Cells Goblets Gobryidae Goeldi, Emil (Emilio) August References Gold Moths (Lepidoptera: Axiidae) References Gomphidae Gonad Gondwanaland Moths (Lepidoptera: Palaephatidae) References Gonopod Gonopore Gorgas, William Crawford References Gossamer-Winged Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) References Gracillariidae Gradual Metamorphosis Graham, Marcus William Robert De Vere Reference Grain Beetles Grain Borers Grain Weevils Gramineous Lepidopteran Stem Borders in Africa Distribution of Major Stem Borers of Maize, Sorghum, Rice and Pearl Millet Distribution and Pest Status of African Sugarcane Stem Borers Pest Status of Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot, a Cob-borer of Maize in Western Africa Displacement of Native Stem Borers by Chilo partellus Damage and Pest Status Busseola Fusca Chilo Spp Sesamia spp Eldana Saccharina Stem Borer…Fungal Interactions Larval Diapause Pest Management Use of Synthetic Sex Pheromones Cultural Control Managing Crop Residues Manipulation of Sowing Dates and Plant Densities Fertilizers Intercropping and Habitat Management Host Plant Resistance Introduction of Biological Control of Chilo partellus in Africa Biological Control of Chilo sacchariphagus on the Indian Ocean Islands and Africa Biological Control Attempts: Lessons from the Past The Imoprtance of Predation by Ants Revised Biological Control with the Use of Trichogramma sp C sacchapriphagus in Mozambique: a Threat to the South African Sugar Industry References Graminivory References Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Granivory Granular Formulation Granule Granulocyte Granulosis Granulovirus Granulovirus Infection (Granulosis) General Aspects of Granulovirus Molecular Biology of Granulovirus Genome Structural Proteins Cycle of GV Infection in Susceptible Insects Primary Cycle of Infection Secondary Cycle of Infection Use of Baculovirus against Lepidoptera A Case Study: Use of Choristoneura fumiferana Granulovirus (ChfuGV) in Canada Production of Granulovirus-based Insecticides Standardization and Quantification of Granulovirus-based Insecticides Methods of Application of Granuloviruss-based Insecticides The Future of Granulovirus References Grape Berry Moth, Endopiza viteana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Grape Leafhopper, Erythroneura sp (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Phylloxeridae) Life Cycle and Biology Native Range Vineyards Damage and Management References Grape Root Borer, Vitacea polistiformes (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Grapevine Leafhopper Complex (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Cyprus References Grass Grass Flies Grasshopper and Locust Pests in Africa Desert Locust, Schistocera gregaria (Forskål) Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche & Fairmaire) Red Locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serville) Brown Locust, Locustana pardalina (Walker) Moroccan Locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg) Tree Locust, Anacridium melanorhodon (Walker) Senegalese Grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss) Sudan Plague Locust, Aiolopus simulatrix (Walker) Variegated Grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (Linnaeus) Damage Management References Grasshopper and Locust Pests in Australia Pest Species of Grasshoppers in Australia Australian Plague Locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) Spur-Throated Locust, Austracris guttulosa (Walker) Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche & Fairmaire) Wingless Grasshopper, Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt) Management Strategies References Grasshopper Pests in North America Identity of Crop-Feeding Grasshoppers (Families Acrididae, Romaleidae, Tettigoniidae) Life Cycle of Crop-Feeding Grasshoppers Management of Crop-Feeding Grasshoppers Identity of Rangeland Grasshoppers Life Cycle of Rangeland Grasshoppers Management of Rangeland Grasshoppers References Grasshoppers Grasshoppers and Locusts as Agricultural Pests Grasshopper and Locust Control Chemical Control Biological Control References Grasshoppers, Katydids and Crickets (Orthoptera) Suborder Caelifera Family Acrididae Subfamily Acridinae (Silent Slantfaced Grasshoppers) Subfamily Calliptamine Subfamily Catantopinae (Old World Spurthroated Grasshoppers) Subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae Subfamily Eyprepocnemidinae Subfamily Gomphocerinae (Stridulating Slantfaced Grasshoppers) Subfamily Melanoplinae (New World Spurthroated Grasshoppers) Subfamily Oedipodinae (Bandwinged Grasshoppers) Subfamily Oxyinae Family Eumastacidae Family Pamphagidae Family Pyrgomorphidae Family Romaleidae Family Tanoceridae Family Tetrigidae Family Tridactylidae Suborder Ensifera Family Anostostomatidae Family Cooloolidae Family Gryllacrididae Family Gryllidae Subfamily Eneopterinae (Bush Crickets) Subfamily Gryllinae (Field Crickets) Subfamily Nemobiinae (Ground Crickets) Subfamily Oecanthinae (Tree Crickets) Subfamily Trigoniinae (Sword-Tail Crickets) Family Gryllotalpidae Family Mogopistinae Family Myrmecophilidae Family Rhaphidophoridae Family Stenopelmatidae Family Tettigoniidae Subfamily Conocephalinae (Meadow and Coneheaded Katydids) Subfamily Meconematinae (Quiet-Calling Katydids) Subfamily Phaneropterinae (False Katydids) Subfamily Phyllophorinae (Giant Leaf Katydids) Subfamily Pseudophyllinae (True Katydids) Subfamily Saginae (Stick Katydids) Subfamily Tettigoniinae (Shield-Backed Katydids) Evolution of Orthoptera Natural Enemies of Orthoptera Importance of Orthoptera to Humans Management of Orthoptera Pests References Grasshoppers of the Argentine Pampas References Grassi, Giovanni Battista Reference Grass Miner Moths (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) References Grass Moths Gravenhorst, Johan Ludwig Christian Reference Gravid Gray Mold of Grapes Graybacks Greater Date Moth, Arenipses sabella Hmps (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Description Behavior Biology and Damage Control References Greater Fritillaries or Silverspots, Speyeria [=Argynnis] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Life History Conservation References Greenbottle Flies Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondoni) (Hempitera: Aphididae) Green-Eyed Skimmers Green Flies Greenheads Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Life History Damage Management References Green June Beetle, Cotnius nitida (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Green Lacewings Green Muscardine Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Life History Natural Enemies Damage Management References Green Stoneflies Green Vegetable Bug Gregarines of Insects References Gregarious Behavior Gregarious Behavior in Insects Benefits of Gregarious Behavior Mate Finding Facilitation of Feeding Microhabitat Modification Protection from Natural Enemies Costs of Gregarious Behavior Intraspecific Competition Pathogen Transmission Increased Conspicuousness to Predators Physiological Costs Population Level Consequences of Gregarious Behavior The Desert Locust The Mormon Cricket References Gregarious Parasitoid Gressitt, Judson Linsley Reference Grid Mapping Gripopterygidae Grooming Grote, Augustus Radcliffe Reference Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Feeding Ecology General Feeding Ecology Feeding Preferences Searching for Food Prey Capture Digestion Applied Feeding Ecology Predation of Aphids and Leafhoppers Predation of Flies Predation of Beetles Predation of Moths Conclusion References Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Taxonomy References Ground Beetles Ground Crickets Ground Pearls Group Predation Group Selection Grouse Locusts Grub Gryllacrididae Gryllacridoids Gryllidae Grylloblattodea Gryllotalpidae Gryropidae Guenée, Achille Reference Guérin-Méneville, Félix Edouard Reference Guest Guild Guinea Pig Lice Gula Gundlach, Johannes (Juan) Christopher Reference Gustatory Gut pH Gyllenhal, Leonhard Reference Gynandromorph Gyne Gynopara (pl gynoparae) Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Biology Dispersal Hosts Damage Nuisance Factors Natural Enemies Control References Gyrinidae Gyropidae fulltext_8.pdf Habitat Habitat Diversity Habituation Haddow, Alexander John Reference Haematomyzidae Haematopinidae Hagen, Hermann August References Hagen, Kenneth Sverre References Hahn, Carl Wilhelm Reference Hair Pencil Hair Plate Hairstreaks Hairy Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus hirtus Montandon (Hempitera: Lygaeidae) Hairy Fungus Beetles Hale Carpenter, Geoffrey Douglas Reference Half Life Halictidae Halictophagidae Haliday, Alexander Henry Reference Halimococcidae Haliplidae Haltere Hamophthiriidae Hamulus Handling Time Handlirsch, Anton Reference Handsome Fungus Beetles Hangingflies Hansen, Viktor Reference Haplodiploidy Haploid Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Harlequin Bug Harlequin Bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Life History Damage Management References Harris, Thaddeus William References Harvester Ants Harvester Ants, Pogonomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) References Harvesters Hatch, Melville Harrison References Haustellate Haustellum Hawk Lice Hawk Moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) References Hazelnut and Walnut Twig Borer, Oberea linearis L (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) References Head Head Lice, Pediculus humanus capitus DeGeer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) Head of Hexapods References Heart Hebridae Hedylidae Heel Flies Heer, Oswald Reference Heleomyzidae Helgrammite Helicopsychidae Helicosporidium References Heliodinidae Heliomyzid Flies Heliozelidae Heloridae Helosciomyzidae Helotrephidae Hematophagous Hematophagy Hemelytron (pl hemelytra) Hemerobiidae Hemipsocidae Hemiptera Hemimetabolous Development Hemocoel Hemocoelic Insemination Hemocytes of Insects: Their Morphology and Function References Hemolymph Hemolytic Anemia Hemophagous Henicocoridae Henneguy, Louis Félix Reference Hennig, Willi References Hepialidae Heptageniidae Heptapsogastridae Herbaceous Vegetation Herbicide Herbivore Herbivory Herman, Ottó References Hermaphrodite Hermatobatidae Herrich-Schäffer, Gottlieb August Reference Hesperiidae Hesperinidae Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Life History Injury to Wheat Control Hessian fly Resistance in Wheat Hessian fly Biotypes Management and durability of resistance References Heterobathmiidae Heteroceridae Heteroecious Life Cycle Heterogamy Heterogastridae Heterogynaidae Heterogynidae Heteronemiidae Heteroptera Heterosis Heterotroph Heterothripidae Heterozygosity Heterozygous Hewitt, Charles Gordon Hexapoda Hibernaculum Hilarimorphid Flies Hilarimorphidae Hilltopping Hilltopping Taxa Definition of Hilltopping Hilltopping Behavior General Effectiveness of Hilltopping for Males Seeking Mates Evidence for Hilltopping Timing and Weather Distances Covered Site Tenacity Survey of Hilltopping Insects Conservation References Himantopteridae Hindgut Hinton, Howard Everest References Hippoboscidae Hirsutella References Hister Beetles Histeridae Histopathology History and Insects America, the French and Yellow Fever Yellow Fever and the Transatlantic Slave Trade Insects, Greece, Rome and the Mongols Bubonic Plague The Black Death Changes Europe Insects and Armies Napoleon in Russia The Mexican War of 1847 The Crimean War The American Civil War World War I The Russian Revolution Lice Mosquitoes Tsetse Fly Black Flies Mosquitoes, Disease and Society The Continuing Effects of Insects on Society References History of Biological Control of Wheat Stem Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) Sawfly Natural Enemies Previous Biological Control Programs Summary References Hobby, Bertram Maurice References Hocking, Brian Reference Hodotermitidae Holarctic Realm (Nearctic and Palearctic Realms) Holcopogonidae Holdfast Holidic Diet Holland, William Jacob References Holocyclic Life Cycle Holometabolous Development Holoptic Holotype Homeostasis Homeothermic Homeotic Gene Homeotic Genes in Coleoptera References Homologous Chromosomes Homologous Genes Homology Homoplasy Homoptera Homotomidae Homozygous Honey Bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Anatomy Life History Behavior and Physiology Genetics and Breeding References Honey Bees Honey Bee Sexuality: An Historical Perspective References Honeydew Honey Pot Hood Hoogstraal, Harry References Hooktip Moths (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae) References Hope, Frederick William References Hopkins, Andrew Delmar References Hopperburn Hoplopleuridae H-Organ References Horizontal Gene Transfer Horizontal Transmission Hormoligosis References Hormone Horned Powder-Post Beetles Hornets Horn Fly, Haematobia irritans (L) (Diptera: Muscidae) References Horn, George Henry References Horn, Hermann Wilhelm Walther Reference Horntails Hornworm Horse Flies Horse Flies and Deer Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) Control References Horsehair Worms (Nematomorpha) Horsfall, William R Reference Horticultural Oil Dormant Oils Summer Oils Stylet Oils Vegetable Oils Phytotoxicity Horticultural Oil Host Host Feeding Host Location in Parasitic Wasps References Host Plant Resistance Host Plant Selection by Insects Description and Discussion of the Seven Earlier Hypotheses Physical Obstruction Visual Camouflage Masking of Host Plant Odors Repellent Chemicals Altering the Profiles of the Host Plant Odors The Resource Concentration Hypothesis The Enemies Hypothesis Conclusions From Recent Work Description and Discussion of the New Theory General Discussion Future Work References Host Specific Host Specificity Host Specificity of Weed-Feeding Insects Adaptations of Insects to Plants, and of Plants to Insects Host Selection Learning Plant Defenses Weed-Feeding Insects References House Dust Mite House Fly, Musca domestica L (Diptera: Muscidae) Life History Damage Management References Hover Flies Howard, Leland Ossian Reference Hübner, Jacob References Huffaker, Carl Barton Reference Human Botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Linneaus, Jr.) (Diptera: Oestridae) References Human Lice Biology Habitat and Epidemiology Pediculus humanus Pediculus capitis P(h)thirus pubis Disease Transmission Pediculus humanus Pediculus capitis and P(h)thirus pubis Treatment Pediculus humanus Pediculus capitis P(h)thirus pubis Phthiriasis palpebrarum References Humeral Humeral Angle Humeral Cross Vein Hummingbird Lice Hummingbird Moths Humpbacked Flies Human Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis) References Human Scabies Biology Injury and Spread Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis Control Treatment References Hungerford, Herbert Barker References Hunting Billbug, Sphenophorus venatus vestitus Chittenden (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Hyaline Hyblaeidae Hybosorid Scarab Beetles Hybosoridae Hybothiridae Hybrid Vigor Hydraenidae Hydrobiosidae Hydrometridae Hydrophilidae Hydropsychidae Hydropyle Hydroscaphidae Hydrostatic Skeleton Hygrokinesis Hygrotaxis Hymenopodidae Hymenoptera Hyocephalidae Hypericin Biological Activity Effects on Insects Medicinal Use and Potential Effects on Domestic Animals Mode of Action References Hypermetamorphosis Hyperparasitoid Hyperplasia Hypertely References Hypertrehalosemic Hormone (Hth) Hypertrophy Hypha (pl., hyphae) Hypochthonellidae Hypodermosis in Deer Effects of Hypodermosis Deer Health Rural Development in Poor Areas Deer Farming Species and Hosts of Hypoderma spp Biology Chronobiology Prevalence Other Negative Effects of Hypodermosis Control References Hypogaeic Hypogastruridae Hypognathous Hypopharynx Hypostomal Bridge Hypostome Hypsypterygidae Hystrichopsyllidae fulltext_9.pdf Ibaliidae Ichneumonid Wasps Ichneumonidae Ichthybotidae Identification of Insects Insect Keys Examples of Keys References Idiobiont Idiostolidae Ihering, Hermann Von Reference Ileum Imaginal Disc Imago (pl. imagoes) Immaculate Imma Moths (Lepidoptera: Immidae) References Immature Immidae Immigrant Immiscible Immigration Imms, Augustus Daniel Reference Immunity Imported Cabbageworm Pieris (Artogeia) rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Import Permit Incense-Cedar Wood Wasps Incidence Incipient Species Inclusion Body Incomplete Metamorphosis Incubation Period Incurvariidae Index of Similarity Indian Meal Moth Plodia interpunctella Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Indicator Species Indifferent Species Indigenous Indirect Flight Muscles Indirect Pests Induced Food Preference Induction Industrial Melanism Infection Infectivity Infestation Inflorescence Innate Capacity for Increase Innate Immunity Pattern-Recognition Receptors of Nonself Signaling Pathways Antimicrobial Response Lysozyme Antibiotic Peptides Linear Peptides (Cecropins) Disulfide-Linked Peptides Proline-Rich Peptides Glycine-Rich Peptides Genetics and Biosynthesis of Antibacterial Peptides and Proteins Cellular Defense Systems The Phagocytic Process Cell Surface Receptors and Ligands Immunoglobulin-like Molecules and Humoral Lectins in Insects Prophenoloxidase (proPo) Cascade Systems Cellular Encapsulation Nodulation Clotting Phagocytosis of Nonself Killing of Engulfed Microorganisms Microbial Evasion of Cellular Immune Response Summary References Inocelliid Snakeflies Inocelliidae Inoculative Biological Control Inoculum Inorganic Inorganic Insecticide Inornate Inquilines and Cleptoparasites References Insecta Insect Growth Regulator Insecticide Insecticide Application: The Dose Transfer Process Consumer Usability Spray Tank Atomization Measurement Characterization Post-atomization Impaction and Retention Redistribution and Deposit Formation Degradation Toxicant Acquisition and Biological Result References Insecticide Bioassay References Insecticide Formulation References Insecticide Resistance References Insecticides Definitions Pesticide Pest Active Ingredient MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) Lethal Dose Value Exposure Type Formulation Restricted Use Pesticide Mode of Action Insecticide Toxicity Categories Pesticide Nomenclature Formulations Emulsifiable Concentrates (ec) Water-Miscible Liquids (Includes Water-Soluble Concentrates [WSC], Liquids [L], Soluble Concentrates [SC], and Solutions [S Water-Soluble Powders (sp) Wettable Powders (wp) Oil Solutions Flowables (F) Ultralow-Volume (ulv) Dusts (D) Granular (G) Aerosols Fumigants Baits Controlled-Release (cr) Insecticides Organochlorines Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) Group Chlorinated Cyclics Organophosphates Carbamates Formamidines Pyrethroids Insect Growth Regulators Juvenoids Ecdysone Agonists Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSI) Pyridine Azomethines Chloronicotinyls Inhibitors of Cellular Respiration Pyrroles Amidinohydrazones Halogenated Alkyl Sulphonamides Sulfluryl Fluoride Additional Inhibitors of Cellular Respiration Avermectins Phenylpyrazoles Miscellaneous/Botanicals Toxicity References Insecticide Toxicity References Insectivore Insectivorous Plants Nepenthaceae: Nepenthes Sarraceniaceae: Darlingtonia, Heliamphora, and Sarracenia Cephalotaceae: Cephalotus Bromeliaceae: Brocchinia and Catopsis Byblidaceae: Byblis Roridulaceae: Roridula Dioncophyllaceae: Triphyophyllum Drosophyllaceae: Drosophyllum Droseraceae: Aldrovanda, Dionaea, and Drosera Lentibulariaceae: Genlisea, Pinguicula, and Utricularia Conclusion References Insectoverdin Insects as Aphrodisiacs References Insight Learning Inspection Instar Instinct Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Cultural Control Biological Control Mechanical Control Chemical Control with Enticements or Deterrents Chemical Control with Pesticides Regulatory Control References Integument Integument: Structure and Function Epicuticle Exocuticle Mesocuticle Endocuticle Pore Canals and Wax Channels Epidermal Cells References Intercalary Vein Intercropping Interference Competition Intergenic Region Internal Anatomy of Insects Muscular System Fat Body Digestive System Circulatory System Respiratory (Ventilatory) System Nervous System Glandular Systems Reproductive System Interneurons Interspecific Competition Interstitial Intertidal Dwarf Bugs Intima Intraspecific Competition Intrinsic Rate of Increase Introduced Introgression Intron Inundative Biological Control Invader Invasion Area Invasive Species Some Terminology Why Invasive Species Are So Abundant Enemy Release Competitive Advantage Novelty Preadaptation Pathways of Dispersal Ecological and Taxonomic Patterns of Dispersal Establishment and Spread Frequency of Inoculation Climatic Suitability of the New Environment Biological Characteristics of the New Environment Biological Characteristics of the Potential Invaders Latency Impacts High-Profile Pests Cumulative Effects Increased Environmental Awareness Risk Assessment and Quarantines Production Management Techniques Pre-border Clearance Disinfestation Border Treatments Restricted Distribution of Commodities Eradication Risk Mitigation for Avocado: An Example Field Survey Trapping Sanitation Host Resistance Post-harvest Safeguards Phenology Port of Arrival Inspection Limited Distribution References Invasive Inversion Invertebrates Inverted Copulation Lepidoptera Coleoptera Conclusion References In Vitro In Vivo IPM Iridescent Virus Disease Iridoviruses References Ironclad Beetles Ironomyiidae Ischnopsyllidae Island Biogeography Iso-Amyl Acetate Isonychiidae Isoptera Isotomidae Isozyme Issidae Iteroparous Ithonidae Ithycerid Beetles Ithyceridae fulltext_10.pdf Jacquelin Du Val, Pierre Nicolas Camille Reference Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) References Japanese Encephalitis References Japygidae Jeannel, René Reference Jerusalem Crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae) Origin of Common Name Determination of the Adult Stage Karyotype Life Cycle Ecology Drumming and Communication Mating Systematics Endangered Species References Jewel Beetles Jewel Bugs Jewel Wasp, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) References Johannsen, Oskar Augustus Reference JohnstonŁs Organ Joppeicidae Jordan, Heinrich Ernst Karl Reference Jugal Lobe Jugal Veins Juglar-Horned Beetles Jugum Jumping Spiders (Class Arachnida, Order Araneae, Family Salticidae) References June Beetles, Phyllophaga spp (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Melolonthini) References Jumping Genes Jurassic Period Juvenile Juvenile Hormone References Juvenoid fulltext_11.pdf Kairomone Kala-Azar Kalotermitidae Kaolin Kaolin-Based Particle Films for Arthropod Control Development of Particle Film Technology Action of Particle Films on Arthropods Particle Film Applications for Arthropod Pest Control Multi-Functionality of Particle Films References Kaszab, Zoltán References Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) References Kaufmann Effect References Kauri Moths (Lepidoptera: Agathiphagidae) References Ked Keel Kellogg, Vernon Lyman References Kennedy, John S Reference Kermesidae Keroplatidae Kershaw, John Crampton Wilkinson References Kerriidae Kevan, Douglas Keith Mcewan References Key Factor Key Pests Keystone Species Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) Damage Management References Kiesenwetter, Ernst August Hellmuth Von References King Crickets and Wetas Kinnaridae Kin Selection Kinesis (pl., kineses) Kirby, William References Kissing Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) References Klee, Waldemar Reference Knipling, Edward Fred Reference Knockdown Koch's Postulates Koinobiont Koebele, Albert References Kraatz, Ernst Gustav Reference Kring, James Burton Reference K-Strategists Kyasanur Forest Disease fulltext_12.pdf Labellum Labial Glands Labial Palpi Labiduridae Labiidae Labium Laboubeniales References Labrum Lace Bugs (Hemiptera: Tingidae) Diagnosis Biology Economic importance References Lacewings, Antlions and Mantispids (Neuroptera) References Lachesillidae Lacinia Lackey Moths Lacquers and Dyes From Insects Some Basic Terminology of Dyes and Finishes Production and Use of Insect Dyes and Lacquers References La Crosse Encephalitis The Virus Transmission Cycle Symptomology and Treatment Preventing Infection References Lac Scales Lacturidae Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) Classification Description Life Cycle and Behavior Food Pest Species … Feeding on Plants Innocuous Species … Feeding on Mildews Predatory Species … Feeding on Mites Predatory Species … Feeding on Whiteflies Predatory Species … Feeding on Cottonycushion Scale Predatory Species … Feeding on Mealybugs Predatory Species … Feeding on Armored Scale Insects Predatory Species … Feeding on Scale Insects Predatory Species … Feeding on Aphids Alternative Food Natural Enemies Use of Ladybirds in Biological Control Commercial Availability The Downside of Ladybirds References Laemobothriidae Laemophloeidae Lagenidium giganteum Lag Phase Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste References Lamella Lamellate Lampyridae Lanceolate Lance-Wing Moths (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae) References Languriidae Lappet Moths (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) References Large Cabbage White Butterfly, Pieris brasicae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Life history Damage Management References Large Caddisflies Large-Legged Thrips Large Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) References Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) Biology, Ecology and Damage Potential Conventional Control Strategies Classical Biological Control References Largidae Larva Larvicide Larviform Larviporous Lasiocampidae Lasiochilidae Latent Infection Latent Learning Lateral Oviduct Lathridiidae Latreille, Pierre André References Lauxaniid Flies Lauxaniidae LC50 LD50 Lea, Arthur Mills Reference Lea, H Arnold Reference Leaching Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Classification Bruchinae Donaciinae Criocerinae Hispinae Chrysomelinae Galerucinae Eumolpinae Lamprosomatinae Cryptocephalinae Chrysomelidae and Pest Management References Leaf Blotch Miners Leafcutter Moths (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae) References Leaf-Cutting Ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini) The Colony The Queen The Workers Winged Sexual Individuals The Super-Organism The Uninvited Guests The Nest Atta Nests The Nests of Acromyrmex and Trachymyrmex The Life Cycle Reproduction The Birth of a Colony The Life Cycle of a Worker The Life Cycle of a Colony Communication Pheromones Alarm Pheromones Recruitment Pheromone Territorial Pheromones Individual Recognition Other Pheromones Visual Communication Communication by Sound Trophalaxis and Antennal Contacts Foraging The Decision Making System Orientation Defense Ecology Control of Leaf-Cutting Ants References Anchor 259 Life History and Habits Anchor 261 Economic Importance Anchor 263 Leaf-Footed Bugs Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) References Anchor 265 Leafcutting Bees Anchor 267 Biology and Economic Importance Anchor 269 Leaf Mines Anchor 271 Diagnosis and Classification Anchor 273 Leafminer Moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Anchor 275 Leafminers Anchor 277 Leafroller Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Anchor 279 Leaf-Rolling Crickets Anchor 281 Leaf-Rolling Weevils Anchor 283 What is Learning and How Does an Animal Learn? Anchor 285 When Should Insects Learn? Anchor 287 Can Learning Evolve? Anchor 289 References Anchor 291 Learning and Development: Brain RNA Synthesis and the Retention of Learning Through Metamorphosis in Holometabolous Insects Anchor 293 Learning, Experience, and Brain Morphology Anchor 295 References Anchor 297 Lecanicillium Anchor 299 Lecanodiaspididae Anchor 301 Leconte, John Lawrence Anchor 303 Leech, Hugh Bosdin Anchor 305 Lefroy, Harold Maxwell Anchor 307 Anchor 309 Running and Jumping Legs Anchor 311 Raptorial Legs Anchor 313 Legs of Hexapods References Anchor 315 Leishmaniasis Anchor 317 Mechanisms that Promote Parasite Persistence Anchor 319 Immune Evasion by Limitation of Infected Cell Recognition Anchor 321 Lek Anchor 323 Leng, Charles William Anchor 325 Lentic Community Anchor 327 Lepeletier, Amédée Louis Michel Anchor 329 Lepidopsocidae Anchor 331 Lepidostomatidae Anchor 333 Lepismatidae Anchor 335 Leptophlebiidae Anchor 337 Leptopsyllidae Anchor 339 Lerp Anchor 341 Lesion Anchor 343 Description Anchor 345 Economic Importance Anchor 347 References Anchor 349 Lesser Mealworm, Aphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Anchor 351 Lestobiosis Anchor 353 Lethal Yellowing of Coconut Palms Anchor 355 Life History Anchor 357 Management Anchor 359 Leucospidae Anchor 361 Libellulidae Anchor 363 Lice Anchor 365 Life History Anchor 367 References Anchor 369 Lignicolous Anchor 371 Limacodidae Anchor 373 Limnephidae Anchor 375 Limoniidae Anchor 377 References Anchor 379 Lingula Anchor 381 References Anchor 383 Linsley, Earle Gorton Anchor 385 Liopteriidae Anchor 387 Liposcelidae Anchor 389 Entomologist, Writer, or A Little of Both? Anchor 391 Strong Images Anchor 393 A Full Circle Anchor 395 Litter Anchor 397 References Anchor 399 Littoral Zone Anchor 401 Lock and Key Hypothesis Anchor 403 Skeletal Muscle Structure and Physiology Anchor 405 Neural Control of Muscles Anchor 407 Flight in Dragonflies, Damselflies, and a Few Other Groups of Insects Anchor 409 Lift Produced by the Motion of the Wings Anchor 411 References Anchor 413 Locust Borer, Megacyllene robiniae (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Anchor 415 Life Cycle Anchor 417 Ecological Overview Anchor 419 Lodging Anchor 421 References Anchor 423 Logistic Model Anchor 425 Loiasis Anchor 427 Lonchaeidae Anchor 429 Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus (Acari: Ixodidae) Anchor 431 Longhorned Fairy Moths (Lepidoptera: Adelidae) Anchor 433 Longhorned Grasshoppers Anchor 435 External Morphology Anchor 437 Habitats and Food Anchor 439 Reproduction Anchor 441 Economic and Ecological Importance Anchor 443 Longitudinal Veins Anchor 445 Distinguishing Characters and Relationships Anchor 447 Morphology Anchor 449 Feeding Ecology and Economic Importance Anchor 451 References Anchor 453 Long-Tailed Burnet Moths (Lepidoptera: Himantopteridae) Anchor 455 Long-Toed Water Beetles Anchor 457 Lophocoronidae Anchor 459 Lorguin, Pierre Joseph Michel Anchor 461 Lotic Community Anchor 463 Louse Anchor 465 Lovebug, Plecia nearctica Hardy (Diptera: Bibionidae) Anchor 467 Lovebug Myths Anchor 469 University of Florida Researchers Genetically Engineered Lovebugs to Kill Mosquitoes Anchor 471 Dispersing Lovebugs Move Great Distances and are Attracted to Homes Anchor 473 The Body Fluids of Lovebugs are Acidic and Immediately Dissolve Automobile Paint Anchor 475 Insecticides are Effective in Controlling Lovebugs Anchor 477 References Anchor 479 Loxoscelism Anchor 481 Lucanidae Anchor 483 Reference Anchor 485 Lutrochidae Anchor 487 Lycidae Anchor 489 Lygaeidae Anchor 491 Lygus Bugs, Lygus spp (Hemiptera: Miridae) Anchor 493 Lyme Borreliosis Anchor 495 Etiology Anchor 497 Emergence, Expansion and Control of Lyme Disease Anchor 499 Lyme Disease Anchor 501 Lyonetiidae Anchor 503 References Anchor 505 fulltext_13.pdf Machadorythidae Machaerotidae Machilidae Mackenzie Globular Springtails Mackenziellidae Macleay (Sir) William John References Macquart, Pierre Justin Marie Reference Macrofauna Macropsyllidae Macropterous Macroveliidae Maculate Maggot Maggot Therapy References Mahogany Pests and Their Management Hypsipyla spp (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) Mahogany Webworm, Macalla thyrsisalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae) Mahogany Leafminer, Phyllocnistis meliacella Becker (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Mahogany Bark Weevil, Copturus floridanus (Fall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) West Indies Mahogany Scale, Conchaspis cordiae Mamet (Hemiptera: Conchaspididae) Other Insects References Maindroniide Maize (Corn) Pests and Their Management Stem Borers Rootworms Corn Earworms Armyworms Cutworms Aphids, Leafhoppers and Delphacids Mites Other Pests Pest Management in Maize References Major Worker Malacopsyllidea Malaise Trap Malaria References Malaya Disease Malcidae Malignant Jaundice Mallis, Arnold Reference Mallophaga Malpighian Tubules Mammal Chewing Lice Mammilla (pl., mammillae) Management of Insect-Vectored Pathogens of Plants Chemical Control Biological Control Host Plant Resistance Cultural Control Regulatory Measures Integrated Management References Mandible Mandibular Glands Mandibulate Mandibulate Archaic Moths (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae) References Mange Mango Mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Morphology and Biology Damage Control Options The Solution: Biological Control References Manicapsocidae Manitoba Trap Mann, William M Reference Mannerheim, Carl Gustav Von References Manotidae Mantidae Mantidflies (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) References Mantids Mantispidae Mantodea Mantoididae Mantophasmatidae Many-Plumed Moths (Lepidoptera: Alucitidae) References March Flies Margarodidae Marginal Cells Marginal Vein Marginidae Marine Bugs Marine Insects and the Sea-Skater Halobates (Hemiptera: Gerridae) Surviving the Marine Environment Sea-skaters, Halobates spp General Biology References Mariner Marker (DNA Marker) Marker (Genetic) Marking Insects for Studying Ecology and Behavior Visually Detected Markers Rubidium Radiotracers Dipping and Painting Disc and Wire Attachments Ingestion Water Culture Trans-life Stage Transmission Neutron Activation Analysis Carbohydrate Profiling Immunoglobulin References Marking Pheromones References Marlatt, Charles Lester Reference Marsh Beetles Marsh Flies Marsh Treaders Marsupial Chewing Lice Marsupial Lice Marx, George Reference Masked Chafers, Cyclocephala spp (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Mason Wasps Mass Provisioning Mass Rearing of Natural Enemies References Masters, George Reference Mastotermitidae Maternally Inherited Matheson, Robert Reference Mating Disruption Matsumura, Shonen Reference Maxilla Maxillary Palp (or palpus; pl., maxillary palpi) Maximum Parsimony Methods May Beetles Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) Family Ameletidae (Ameletid Minnow Mayflies) Family Baetidae (Small Minnow Mayflies) Family Caenidae (Small Squaregill Mayflies) Family Ephemeridae (Common Burrower Mayflies) Family Ephemerellidae (Spiny Crawler Mayflies) Family Heptageniidae (Flatheaded Mayflies) Family Isonychiidae (Brushlegged Mayflies) Family Leptohyphidae (Little Stout Crawler Mayflies) Family Leptophlebiidae (Pronggilled Mayflies) Family Siphlonuridae (Primitive Minnow Mayflies) References McDunnough, James Halliday Reference McGlashan, Charles Fayette Reference McPhail Trap Meadow and Coneheaded Grasshoppers Mealworms Mealybugs Mean-Variance Model Measuring Worm Moths Mechanical Control Mechanical Protection of Humans from Arthropod Attacks and Bites Environmental Design Protective Clothing and Bed Nets Arthropod Behavior and Protection Human Motivation References Mechanical Transmission Meconium Mecoptera Media Media Workers Median Median Furrow Mediocubital Mediterranean Burnet Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterogynidae) References Mediterranean Flannel Moths (Lepidoptera: Somabrachyidae) References Mediterranean Flour Moth, ŁEphestia kuhniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)Ž Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Origin and Geographical Distribution Morphology Hosts and Economic Importance Biology Control References Mediterranean Spotted Fever Mediterranean Theileriosis Medocostidae Meenoplidae Megachilidae Megafauna Megalodontidae Megalopodid Beetles Megalopodidae Megaloptera Megalopygidae Megalyridae Megamerinidae Megapodagrionidae Megarididae Megaspilidae Meigen, Johann Wilhelm Reference Meinertellidae Meiosis Meiotic Drive in Insects Meiotic Drive as a Pest Management Tool? Hybrid Sterility and Meiotic Drive References Melander, Axel Leonard Reference Melandryidae Melanothripidae Melissococcus pluton (Bacteria) Melittidae Melittin Melittology Melittophile Melizoderidae Mellanby, Kenneth Reference Mellinidae Meloidae Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Systematics and Biology Common Names Description Genetics Host Range and Utilization Population Growth Nutrition Abiotic Environment Production of Winged Aphids (Alates) Behavior Flight Light Host Plant Feeding Egg Laying Biotic Interactions Virus Transmission Mortality References Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Life History Damage Management References Melon Thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Life History Damage Management References Melonworm, Diaphania hyalinata Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Life History Damage Management References Melsheimer, Frederick Valentine Reference Melyridae Membracidae Membrane Ménétriés, Edouard Reference Mengenillidae Menoponidae Mentum Meridic Diet Meristem Meroistic Ovaries Meropeidae Merothripidae Mesadene (pl., mesadenia) Mesenteron Mesepimeron Mesepisternum Meson Mesonotum Mesopleuron Mesopsocidae Mesoscutellum Mesothorax Mesoveliidae Messenger RNA (mRNA) Metabolism of Insect Cuticular Lipids Methodology References Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles Metallyticidae Metalmark Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) Morphology Diversity and Biogeography Adult Ecology Immature Stages and Myrmecophily References Metalmark Moths (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) References Metamorphosis Evolution Morphology and Physiology Hormonal Control Genes and Metamorphosis Regulatory Genes Effector Genes References Metanotum Metarbelidae Metarhizium References Metatarsus Metatentorium (pl., metatentoria) Metathorax Metcalf, Clell Lee Reference Metcalf, Zeno Payne Reference Methodology Methods for Measuring Crop Losses by Insects Observation of Natural Populations Modification of Existing Populations Creating Artificial Populations Simulated Damage Natural Enemies and Crop Loss Assessment General References Metretopodidae Meyrick, Edward References Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna varivestris Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Host Plants Natural Mortality Factors Life Cycle and Description Egg Larva Pupa Adult Damage Management References Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Microbial Control of Insects Advantages and Disadvantages of Entomopathogens for Insect Control Advantages Disadvantages Entomopathogens Commonly Used for Microbial Control Bacteria Viruses Fungi Nematodes General Considerations References Microbial Control of Medically Important Insects References Microbial Pesticide Microbiota Microbivores Microcaddisflies Micrococcidae Microcoryphia Microdon spp (Diptera: Syrphidae) References Microencapsulation Microfauna Micromalthidae Micropezidae Microphysidae Micropterigidae Micropterous Micropyle Microspines Microsporidae Microsporidia (Phylum Microsporida) References Microsporidiosis Microthoraciidae Microtrichia Middorsal Midges Midges as Human Food References Midgut Midgut and Insect Pathogens References Migration Life History Damage Management References Milichiid Flies Milichiidae Milk Gland Milkweed Butterflies Milky Disease of Scarabs Miller, David Reference Miller Moths Millipedes (Class Diplopoda) Classification Life History Ecology References Mimallonidae Mimicry Batesian Mimicry Müllerian Mimicry Aggressive Mimicry Wasmannian Mimicry References Mineral Oil Miniature Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Palaeosetidae) References Minima Minor Workers Minute Bark Beetles Minute Black Scavenger Flies Minute Bog Beetles Minute Brown Scavenger Beetles Minute Fungus Beetles Minute Marsh-Loving Beetles Minute Moss Beetles Minute Pirate Bugs (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Classification and Distribution of the Anthocoridae Family Anthocoridae … Tribe Almeidini Anthocorini Blaptostethini Dufouriellini Oriini Scolopini Xylocorini Family Lasiochilidae Family Lyctocoridae Morphology Biology and Life History Reproduction, Mating, and the Paragenital System Economic Importance References Minute Tree-Fungus Beetles Miridae Mite Pests of Crops in Asia References Mites (Acari) Evolution and Diversity of Mites Generalized Life History Classification: The Orders of Mites Anactinotrichida Oplioacarida Holothyrida Ixodida Gamasida Actinotrichida Actinedida Oribatida Acaridida Dispersion of Mites External Anatomy Gnathosoma Idiosoma Legs Integument Physiology of Mites Glands Muscles Fat Body Circulatory System Respiratory System Digestive System Excretory System and Osmoregulation Nervous and Sensory System Reproductive System Economic Importance Skin Parasites Stored Product Pests House Dust Mites Pests of Agricultural Crops Bee Mites References Miticide Mitochondrion, (pl., Mitochondria) Mitosis Mixed Infection MŁLachlan, Robert Reference Mnesarchaeidae Mode of Action Molannidae Molar Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) and Their Biological Control Larra (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Imported into Hawaii Larra (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Imported into Puerto Rico Larra (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Imported into Florida Ormia depleta (Diptera: Tachinidae) Imported into Florida Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Imported into Florida Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Imported into Puerto Rico Conclusion for Florida Conclusion for Other Southeastern States of the USA Conclusion for Puerto Rico Conclusion for Eastern Australia, Islands of the Lesser Antilles, and the Dominican Republic Conclusion for South America Conclusion for Hawaii Conclusion for Africa and Southern Asia Including the Philippines and Indonesia References Molecular Biology Molecular Diagnosis The Species Concept Molecular Methods for Diagnosis DNA Barcoding References Molecular Genetics Molecular Phylogeny Molicutes Molt Molting Fluid Molting Hormone Mompha Moths (Lepidoptera: Momphidae) References Momphidae Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus L (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) Monarch Migration Conservation Concerns Monarchs Among Other Butterflies References Moniliform Monitoring Monkey Grasshoppers Monoclonal Antibody Monocondylic Articulation or Joint Monocot Monoculture Monoecious Monogyny Monomachidae Monommidae Monomorphic Monomorphism Monophagous Monophyletic Monophyletic Group Monotomidae Monotypic Mordellidae Morgan, Thomas Hunt References Moribund Mormon Cricket, Anabrus simplex Haldeman (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) Distribution Host Plants Natural Enemies Life Cycle and Description Egg Nymph Adult Damage Management Sampling Insecticides Cultural Practices References Morphogenesis Morphology Morphotype Morrison, Herbert Knowles Reference Morse, Albert Pitts References Mortality Rate Mosquito Larval Feeding Ecology Mosquito Larval Habitats Mouthpart Morphology and Feeding Modes Larval Dietary Components References Mosquito Overwintering Ecology Life Histories Eco-Physiology and Behavior References Mosquito Oviposition References Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Distribution Metamorphosis Morphology and Physiology Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults Internal Systems of the Mosquito Respiratory System Circulatory System Digestive System Nervous System Reproductive System Mosquito Behavior Feeding Oviposition Mating Disease Transmission Methods of Control References Mosquitoes as Vectors of Viral Pathogens Factors Associated with the Biological Transmission of Arthropod-Borne Viruses Infection Process Abortive Midgut Infections Viral and Vector Genetics Associated with Differences in Midgut Infection Dissemination from the Midgut Viral and Mosquito Genetic Basis for Lack of Dissemination Infection of the Salivary Glands Vertical Transmission of Arboviruses Elements of Vectorial Capacity References Moss Bugs Moth Flies Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) References Motile Motor Neurons Motschulsky, Victor Ivanovich References Mountain Midges References Mouth Beard Mouth Cone Mouth Hooks Mouthparts of Hexapods Chewing Mouthparts Chewing-Sucking Mouthparts Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts Sucking Mouthparts Siphoning-Sucking Mouthparts References Mud Daubers Mulch Müller, Johann Friedrich Theodor Reference Müller, Josef Reference Müllerian Mimicry Mulluscicide Mulsant, Etienne References Multifunctional Semiochemicals The Parsimonious Activities of Eclectic Alarm Pheromones Activity Inhibitors Cryptic Alarm Pheromones in Solitary Insects Robbing Agents Alarm Pheromones as Trail Pheromones Releasers of Digging Behavior Antimicrobial Alarm Pheromones Alarm Pheromones as Attractants Defensive Allomones as Alarm Pheromones Sex Pheromones as Parsimonious Agents Pheromonal Parsimony in the Honey Bee Defensive Secretions as Sexual Pheromones A Highly Toxic Anhydride with Pronounced Vesicatory Parsimony Multifunctional Venom Alkaloids References Rhinocyllus conicus Froel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Multiparasitism Multiple Resistance (to pesticides) Multivoltine Mummy Murine Typhus Murray Valley Encephalitis Musapsocidae Muscardine Muscid Flies Muscidae Muscoid Larva Mushroom Bodies Musk Thistle Suppression Using Weevils for Biological Control References Mutagen Mutant Mutation Mutillidae Mutual Interference Mutualism Mycangium Mycelium Mycetocyte Mycetome Mycetophagidae Mycetophilidae Mycosis Mycotoxin Mycteridae Mydas Flies Mydidae Myerslopiidae Myiasis An Entomological Classification of Myiasis Specific or Obligatory Myiasis Semi-Specific or Facultative Myiasis Accidental, Pseudomyiasis or False Myiasis An Anatomical Classification of Myiasis Dermal or Subdermal Myiasis Intermedia Anatomical Position Myiasis Creeping Myiasis Ocular Myiasis Aural Myiasis Nasal Fossae (nostrils), Mouth, Frontal Sinuses Myiasis and Surface of Brain Urogenital, Anal and Vaginal Myiasis Migratory Myiasis Intestinal Myiasis Atypical Sanguinivorous Myiasis Diagnosis The Taxa Responsible for Myiasis Family Calliphoridae … Blowflies or Bluebottle Flies Family Muscidae … (Houseflies) Family Oestridae-(Bot and Warble Flies) Family Phoridae … (Scuttle or Humpbacked or Phorid Flies) Family Sarcophagidae … (Flesh Flies) References Mymaridae Mymarommatidae Myndus crudus Van Duzee (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) Damage and Economic Importance Management References Myofibrils Myopsocidae Myriapods Myrmecodomatia Myrmecolacidae Myrmecology Myrmecomorphy Signal Properties of Myrmecomorphic Arthropods Spiders Insects Transformational Mimicry Sexual Dimorphism Taxonomic and Geographic Distribution of Myrmecomorphy Adaptive Significance Batesian Mimicry Wasmannian Mimicry Aggressive Mimicry References Myrmecophiles Ecological Categories Evolutionary Trends Chemical Communication Morphological Mimicry Behavioral Traits References Myrmeleontidae Mystax Mythicomyiidae Mythology and Insects References Myxomatosis fulltext_14.pdf Nabidae Nagana Naiad (pl., naiads) Nairobi Eye Nairobi Sheep Disease Nanitic Workers Nannochoristidae Naphthalene Narrow-Waisted Bark Beetles Narrow-Winged Damselflies Nasus Nasute Natatorial Native American Culture and Insects Insects in Mythology Big Fly (Diptera: Tachinidae) Cornbug (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Butterflies (Lepidoptera) Spiders (Arthropoda: Arachnida) Cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) Insects as Food: Entomophagy Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Mormon Crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) Caterpillars (Lepidoptera) Shore Flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) Mesquite Beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Insects in Art The Medicinal Properties of Insects Cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae, Gryllacrididae, and Tettigoniidae) Jerusalem Crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopalmatidae) Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Hornworms (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera) Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Flies (Diptera) Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Velvet Ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) Wasps (Hymenoptera) Spiders (Arthropoda: Arachnida) References Natural Control Natural Enemies Natural Enemies Important in Biological Control Parasites or Parasitoids? Categories of Parasitoids Predators Pathogens Nematodes that Attack Insects References Natural Enemy Attraction to Plant Volatiles Plant Volatiles Signal of Beneficial Insects Parasitoids Learn the Rewards of Host Odor Cues Adaptive Advantages of Volatile Emissions for Plants Exploitation of Plant Volatiles in Agriculture References Natural Host Natural Products Used for Insect Control History of the Use of Natural Products Natural Products in Current Use Agricultural Uses Medically Important Uses Conclusions References Natural Selection Naucoridae Naupliform Larva Nearctic Realm Necrophagous Necrosis Necrophoresis Nectar Guide Nectary Needham, James George Reference Neelidae Neem References Negro Bugs Nematicide Nematode Nematode Parasites of Insects Nematode Associations with Insects Facultative Parasitism Obligate Parasitism Phoresy Commensalism and Mutualism Effects of Nematode Parasitism Evolution of Insect-Nematode Associations Nematodes Associated with Insects Order Rhabditida Order Spirurida Order Tylenchida Order Aphelenchida Order Oxyurida Order Mermithida References Nematomorphs (Nematomorpha: Gordioida: Several Families) References Nemestrinidae Neminidae Nemonychidae Nemopteridae Nemouridae Neoclassical Biological Control Neolinognathidae Neonate Neopetaliidae Neophemeridae Neopseustidae Neopterous Neoteinic Neoteny Neotheoridae Neotropical Brown Stink Bug, Euschistus heros (F) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) References Neotropical Realm References Nepidae Nepticulidae Neriidae Nervous System Gross Structure The Cephalic Ganglia The Nerve Cord Embryonic Origin Histology The Synapses The Giant Fibers The Neuroglia and Nervous Sheath Function of the Central Nervous System Larval Nervous System The Visceral Nervous System References Nesameletidae Nest Odor Nest Parasitism Net-Spinning Caddisflies Net-Winged Beetles Net-Winged Midges Neurochaetidae Neurogenic Flight Muscles Neurohemal Organ Neurohormone Neurological Effects of Insecticides and the Insect Nervous System Structure of the Insect Nervous System Function of the Nervous System The Resting Potential The Action Potential Synaptic Transmission Post-Synaptic Potentials Integration and Summation General Neurological Effects of Insecticides Neurological Target Sites and Specific Neurological Effects of Insecticides Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels GABA and Glutamate-Gated Chloride Channels Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Conclusions References Neuron Neuropile Neuroptera Neurorthidae Neurosecretory Cell Neurotoxin Neurotransmitter Net Primary Production Newell, Wilmon Reference Newman, Edward References Newsom, Leo Dale Reference New Zealand Primitive Moths (Lepidoptera: Mnesarchaeidae) References Niche Niche Differentiation Niche Overlap Nidicolous Nicoletiidae Night Blooming Plants and Their Insect Pollinators References Ninidae Nitidulidae Noctuid Moths Noctuidae Nocturnal Nodus Nogodinidae Nomenclature Nomen Conservandum Nomen Dubium Nomen Inquirendum Nomen Novum Nomen Nudum Nomen Oblitum Nomuraea References Non-Indigenous Non-Occluded Virus Nonpersistent Virus Nonpreference North Asian Tick Typhus Northern Caddisflies Life History Damage Management References No-See-Ums Norticolidae Nosema apis (Protozoa: Microsporidia) Nosema locustae (Protozoa: Microsporidia) Reference Nosemosis Nosema Disease Reference Nosodendrid Beetles Nosodendridae Noteridae Nothybidae Notodontidae Notoligotomidae Notonectidae Notonemouridae Notopleuron Notoptera Reference Notum Nozzle Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Nucleic Acid Nucleocapsid Nucleolus Nucleoside Nucleotide Nucleus Nulliparous Numerical Response Nuptial Nuptial Flight Nuptial Gift Nurse Cells Nutrient Content of Insects References Nutrient Cycling Nutritional Castration Nutrition in Insects Qualitative Nutrition Amino Acids and Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Sterols Fatty Acids Vitamins Nucleic Acids Minerals Regulation of Nutrient Intake Nutrient…Allelochemical Interactions Extreme Foods Conclusions References Nuttalliellidae (Acari) References Nycteribiidae Nygma (pl., nygmata) References Nymph Nymphalidae Nymphidae Nymphomyiid Flies Nymphomyiidae Nyssonidae fulltext_15.pdf Oak Wilt Oakworms Obligate Myiasis Obligate Parasitism Obliquebanded Leaf Roller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Obligatory Diapause Obtect Pupa Occiput Occluded Virus Occult Virus Ocellus (pl ocelli) Ochodaeidae Ochraceous Ochsenheimeriidae Ochteridae Ockham's Razor Odiniid Flies Odiniidae Odonata Odontoceridae Oecophoridae Oedemeridae Oenocytoids Oestridae Oil Old House Borer, Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Old World Butterfly Moths (Lepidoptera: Callidulidae) References Old World Harvester Termites Old World Spiny-Winged Moths (Lepidoptera: Eriocottidae) References Oleander or Milkweed Aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Olfactometer Oligidic Diet Oligoneuriidae Oligophagous Oligotomidae Olive Fruit Curculio, Rhynchites cribripennis Desbrochers (Coleoptera: Attelabidae) References Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (=Dacus oleae) (Diptera: Tephritidae) References Olive Knot Olive Psyllids, Euphyllura spp (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) References Omaniidae Omethridae Ommatidium (pl ommatidia) Omnivorous Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever Onchocerciasis References Onion Maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Life History Damage Management References Oncopoduridae Onisciform Larva Oniscigastridae Onychiuridae Oocytes Oogenesis Ovary Structure Major Stages of Oogenesis Structure of the Mature Egg Regulation of Oogenesis References Oogonia Oötheca Operating Characteristic Operculum (pl. opercula) Opetiidae Opisthognathous Opomyzid Flies Opomyzidae Opossum Beetles Opostegidae Optic Lobe Optimal Foraging Oral Cavity Oral Filter Oral Hooks Oral Vibrissae Orangedog Orb Orbicular Orbicular Spot Orchid Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) References Orders Organic Organic Agriculture References Organochlorine Organophosphate Oriental Beetle Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Life history Damage Management References Oriental Parnassian Moths (Lepidoptera: Ratardidae) References Oriental Realm Oriental Swallowtail Moths (Lepidoptera: Epicopeiidae) References Ormerod, Eleanor Anne References Ormyridae Ornate Pit Scales Orsodacnid Beetles Orsodacnidae Ortheziidae Orthoptera Orussidae Oryctes Virus and Other Nudiviruses References Ornate Osborn, Herbert References Osmeterium (pl. osmeteria) Osmoregulation Osmosis Osmylidae Osten Sacken, CR References Ostia Accessory Pulsatile Hearts Ostiole Otitidae Outbreak Outbreaks of Insects Gradient Outbreaks Eruptive Outbreaks Management Implications References Ovacide Ovariole Ovary Overwintering in Insects Cues Where to Overwinter Location of Sites Coping with Cold Cold Hardiness Overwintering Stages Clocks References Oviduct Ovipara Oviparous Oviposition Ovipositor Ovisac Ovisorption Ovoviviparous Ovum (pl ova) Owlflies Owlet Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) References Oxaeidae Oxycarenidae Oxychirotidae Oxytenidae fulltext_16.pdf Pachygronthidae Pachyneurid Flies Pachyneuridae Pachynomidae Pachytroctidae Packard, Alpheus Spring References Paecilomyces References Paederina Reference Paederus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae) References Paedogenesis Paedomorphosis Paenibacillus References Paenibacillus larvae = (Bacillus larvae) Bacteria Painter, Reginald Henry Reference Palaeosetidae Palaeosetode Palaephatidae Palearctic Realm Paleoentomology Pale Lice Paleopterous Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia (Morrison) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Palidium Palindrome Pallopteridae Palm Beetles Palmetto Beetles Palm Insects Palms as Hosts of Insects The Insect Fauna of Palms Defoliators Sap-Feeders Pests of Flowers and Fruits Bud, Petiole, Stem and Root Borers Pollinators References Palm Moths (Lepidoptera: Agonoxenidae) References Palm Scales Palm, Thure Reference Palp (pl, palps) Palpifer Palpiger Palpus (pl, palpi) Pamphilidae Pamphiliidae Panoistic Ovaries Panorpidae Panorpodidae Panthophthalmidae Panzootic Paper Wasps Papilionidae Papilla (pl, papillae) Parabiosis Paradichlorobenzene Paraglossa Parajapygidae Parallel Evolution Parameres Paraphrynoveliidae Paraphyletic Paraphyletic Group Parapodium Paraproct Parasite Parasitic Castration Parasitic Flat Bark Beetles Parasitic Hymenoptera (Parasitica) Adult Morphology Immature Stages Biology Biological Control Fossil Parasitica References Parasitic Wood Wasps Parasitism References Parasitization Parasitoid Parasitoidism Parasocial Behavior Parasporal Body Paratype Parental Care In Heteroptera (Hemiptera: Prosorhynche) Models of Parental Care in the Heteroptera Origin of Parental Care in Heteroptera Costs of Parental Care Behavior Benefits of Parental Care Behavior Replacement of Parental Care by Other Protective Strategies Persistence of Maternal Care Groups That Display Maternal Care in Heteroptera Examples of Maternal Care Tingidae Coreidae Cydnidae Acanthosomatidae Phloeidae Tessaratomidae Paternal Care Groups That Display Paternal Care Belostomatidae Reduviidae Coreidae Aradidae References Parental Investment Parietals Parnassian Moths (Lepidoptera: Pterothysanidae) References Paronellidae Parsimony Pars Intercerebralis Parthenogenesis Parthenogenetic Reproduction Parvovirus References Pass, Bobby Clifton Reference Passalidae Passandridae Passive Dispersal Passive Flight Patagium (pl, patagia) Patch Dynamics Patch, Edith Marion References Patchy Environment Patella Pathogen Pathogenesis Pathogenicity Pathogen Transmission by Arthropods References Pathogens of Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) References Pathology Pathotype Pathway Patrolling Patronym Paurometabolous Development Paykull, Gustaf Reference Pban PCR PCR-RFLP Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Life History Damage Management References Peach Silver Mite, Aculus cornutus Banks (Acarina: Eriophyidae) Peairs, Leonard Marion Reference Pea Leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) References Pear Decline Pear Psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) References Pebrine Pecaroecidae Peccary Lice Peck, William Dandridge References Pecten Pectinate Pederin References Pedicel Pedicinidae Pediculosis Pediculidae Pedipalps Pelagic Community Pedunculate Pelecinidae Pelecinid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) Fossil Pelecinids Ecology and Natural History Geographic Patterns References Pelecorhynchid Flies Pelecorhynchidae Peloridiidae Peltoperlidae Pemphredonidae Penis (pl, penes) Pentatomidae Penultimate Pepper Weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) References Peradeniidae Perennial Pergidae Pericardial Cells Pericardial Sinus Perikaryon (pl, perikarya) Perilampidae Perilestidae Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) Morphology and Classification Distribution Species Broods Predator Satiation Juvenile Life History Nymphal Development Life Cycle Timing Emergence and Teneral Period Adult Life History and Behavior Chorusing and Mating Oviposition Ecology Control Measures Fungal Infection by Massospora Life Cycle Plasticity and Speciation Evolution of Periodicity References Peripsocidae Periscelidid Flies Periscelididae Perissommatidae Peristome Peritreme Peritrophic Membrane Perlidae Perlodidae Peroral per os Persistent Virus Pest Free Area Pesticide Pesticide Hormoligosis References Pesticide Resistance Management Research on Resistance in Arthropods Resistance Management and IPM Pesticide-Resistant Natural Enemies References Pest Resurgence Pest Risk Analysis (Assessment) References Pests and their Natural Enemies (Parasitoids and/or Predators) in the Middle East Key insect and mite pests and their determined natural enemies in the Middle East (natural enemies are indented under their h Alliaceae Garlic Onion Anacardiaceae Pistachio Tree Arecaceae/Palmae Palm Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Cabbage Cauliflower Kohlrabi (Brassica oleraceae var caularapa) Chenopodiaceae Sugarbeet Cucurbitaceae Cucumber Melon Squash Watermelon Fagaceae Cork oak Oak Gramineae/Poaceae Barley Corn Rice Sorghum Sugarcane Wheat Leguminoseae Alfalfa Beans Chickpeas Lentils Soybeans Lythracaea Pomegranate Malvaceae Cotton Okra Oleaceae Olives Pedaliaceae Sesame Pinaceae Cedars Pine Rosaceae Almond Apple Peach Pear Plum Quince Strawberry Rutaceae Citrus Solanaceae Eggplant Potato Tomato Urticaceae Figs Mulberry Vitaceae Grapes Miscellaneous Stone fruit trees Storage pests Beans (Leguminosaea) Chickpeas (Leguminosaea) Cotton (Malvaceae) Cowpeas (Leguminosaea) Lentils (Leguminosaea) Sesame (Pedaliaceae) Sunflower (Asteraceae/Compositae) Wheat (Gramineae/Poaceae) Vegetables References Pest Species Petaluridae Petiolate Petiole Petrunkevitch, Alexander Reference Phacopteronidae Phage (Bacteriophage) Phalacridae Phagocytes Phagostimulant Phagocytosis Phallus Phantom Crane Flies Phantom Midges Pharate Pharynx Phase Polymorphism in Locusts Dispersal Polymorphism Environmental Factors Inducing Phase Differentiation in Locusts Differences Between Phase States: Solitarious Versus Gregarious Developmental and Reproductive Differences Metabolic Differences Morphological Differences Chromatic Differences Behavioral Differences Stimuli Inducing or Enhancing Phase State Tactile Stimuli Visual Stimuli Chemical Stimuli: Olfactory and Contact Chemicals Some Physiological Mechanisms Behind Phase Polymorphism Juvenile Hormone (JH) and its Analogues Ecdysteroids Corazonin Proliferation of the Gregarious State References Phasic Receptors Phasmatidae Phasmatodea Phenacoleachiidae Phengodidae Phenogram Phenological Asynchrony Phenological Synchrony Phenology Phenology Models for Pest Management Growth and Development of Populations Constructing Phenology Models Through the Conduct of Laboratory Experiments Predicting Insect Development with a Linear Thermal Unit Function Predicting Insect Development with a Nonlinear Developmental Function Constructing Phenology Models Through the Use of Field Studies Concluding Remarks References Phenotype Phenotypic Plasticity References Pheromone Pheromones Types of Pheromones The Early Days of Pheromone Research Pheromone Biosynthesis Use of Pheromones by Insects and Humans References Pheromone Parsimony Phialides Philanthidae Philopotamidae Philopteridae Philotarsidae Phlaeothripidae Phloeidae Phoenician Billbug, Sphenophorus phoeniciensis Chittenden (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Phoenicococcidae Phonotaxis Phoracantha longicorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) External Morphology Biodiversity and Distribution Habitat, Host and Life Cycle Insect Natural Enemies Economic and Ecological Importance References Phoresy Phoridae Phryganeidae Phosphorylation Photodynamic Action in Pest Control and Medicine O2 Metabolism Light Absorption Mechanisms Effects of Photosensitizers and Light on Cells How Do Photosensitizers and Light Kill Cells? Multiple Mechanisms of Xanthene Dyes in Insects Photodynamic Dyes Photodynamic Effect of Rose Bengal and Erythrosin Against Insects Practical Aspects of Erythrosin B in lnsect Control Mode of Action of Photosensitizing Dyes in Insects Persistence of Erythrosin in Biological System Effect of Photosensitizing Dyes on Other Organisms Photodynamic Therapy Extent of Penetration Mode of Action in Photodynamic Therapy Effect on Tumor and Non-target Tissues Risks and Benefits References Photokinesis Photoperiod Photoperiodism Photosynthesis Phototaxis Phragma (pl, phragmata) Phragmosis Phthiriasis Phthiraptera Phyletic Lines Phyletic Speciation Phylogenetic Tree Phylogenetics What Types of Data Are Used in Insect Phylogenetics? Morphological Data Molecular Data Combined Analysis or Total Evidence What Are the Major Modern Methodologies Used in Phylogenetics? Maximum Parsimony Statistical Approaches Bayesian What Is Going on in Insect Phylogenetic Studies? References Phylogeny Phylosphere Phylloxerans Phylloxeridae Phylum (pl, phyla) Physical Control Physical Gill Physical Management of Insect Pests Insect-Proof Screens and Covers Specifications of Insect Exclusion Covers Microperforated and Unwoven Sheets Woven Screens (Whitefly Exclusion Screens) Knitted Shade Screens Knitted-Woven Screen Thrips Exclusion Greenhouse Ventilation, Insect Invasion and Screens Insect Suction Devices Insect Glue (Polybutene) Electromagnetic Energy Longwaves: Radio Frequencies (RF) and Infrared (IR) Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Gamma Irradiation: A Postharvest Treatment Air Ion Stimulation Visible Light Attractive Colors Ground Colors and Whitefly Trapping Mass Trapping Colored Screens Mulches Whitewashes Photoperiod Chemically Induced Behavior Modifiers References Phytoecdysones Phytophage Phytophagous Phytophagy References Phytosanitary Procedure Phytosanitary Regulation Phytoseiid Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Classification Ecology References Phytotelmata References Phytotoxemia Phytotoxicity Piceous Pickett, Allison Deforest Reference Pickleworm, Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Life History Damage Management References Picture-Winged Flies Picture-Winged Leaf Moths (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) References PierceŁs Disease Of Grape Pieridae Piesmatidae Pile Pileiform Pilifer Pill Beetles Pillbugs and Sowbugs, or Woodlice (Isopoda) Classification Life Cycle and Description Ecology References Pilose Pine and Spruce Aphids Pine Tip Moths, Rhyacionia spp (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) References Pine Weevil, Hylobius abietis Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Migration Oviposition Development Damage to the Conifer Seedlings Control References Pine Wilt Pine-Flower Snout Beetles Pin-Hole Borers Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) References Piophilidae Pipunculidae Piroplasmosis: Babesia and Theileria Babesia Theileria References Pistachio Seed Wasps Eurytoma plotnikovi NikolŁ Skaya (Eurytomidae) Megastigmus pistaciae Walker (Torymidae) References Pit Scales Plague: Biology and Epidemiology References Planidiiform Larva Planidium Planta (pl, plantae) Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) Morphology Habitats and Host Plants Life History and Habits Economic Importance Natural Enemies References Plant Compensation Plant Extrafloral Nectaries Some Plant Families with Extrafloral Nectaries Location and Morphology Some Species with Extrafloral Nectaries The Location of Some Extrafloral Nectaries on the Plant Composition and Periodicity Function and Ecological Interactions References Planthopper Parasite Moths (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae) References Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) Morphology Phylogeny Habitats Hosts Pest Species Communication Wax Production Other Behavior Predators and Parasites Family Synopsis Acanaloniidae Achilidae Achilixiidae Caliscelidae Cixiidae Delphacidae Derbidae Dictyopharidae Eurybrachidae Flatidae Fulgoridae Gengidae Hypochthonellidae Issidae Kinnaridae Lophopidae Meenoplidae Nogodinidae Ricaniidae Tettigometridae Tropiduchidae Current Status Further Information References Plant Lice Plant Resistance to Insects The Nature of Insect Damage to Plants: Direct Versus Indirect Damage Definitions of Plant Resistance to Pests Mechanisms of Resistance Vector Resistance Methodology: Evaluating Plant-Resistance to Insects Plant Resistance to Pests Causing Direct Damage Evaluation of Vector Resistance Sources of Resistance Soybeans Cotton Engineered Resistance Environmental Factors Affecting Resistance The Effect of Light Intensity and Photoperiod The Effect of Plant Nutrition Aphids References Plant Secondary Compounds and Phytophagous Insects References Plant Viruses and Insects Components Involved in Disease Epidemiology Insect Feeding Mechanisms Tools to Understand Feeding (Electronic Monitoring of Insect Feeding) Insect Vector…Plant Pathogen Interactions Some Insect-Transmitted Viral Plant Diseases Leafhoppers Whiteflies Thrips References Plasmatocyte Plasmid Plasterer Bees Plastron Plataspidae Plate-Thigh Beetles Platygastridae Platypezidae Platypodidae Platystictidae Platystomatidae Pleasing Fungus Beetles Pleasing Lacewings Plecomidae Plecomidae Plecoptera Pleidae Pleiotropic Pleural Plesiomorphy Pleuron (pl, pleura) Plica Plokiophilidae Plumaridae Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Life Cycle Host Plants Damage and Economic Impact Management of the Plum Curculio Behavioral Studies Treatment of Peripheral Zones of Apple Orchards Trapping Methods Attractants Biological Control References Plume Moths (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) Morphology and Family Characters Adults Immature Stages Host Plant Associations Distribution Life Histories, Habits and Behavior Adults Larvae Sundew Plume Moths Economic Species References Plumose Plutellidae Poduridae Poikilothermic Polar Filament Pollen Basket Pollenose Pollen Pot Pollen Rake Pollination and Flower Visitation Evolutionary Overview Taxonomic Diversity Floral Advertising Floral Rewards Other Floral Rewards: Heat, Floral Tissue, Sex Energetics: Time and Motion Ecosystems, Community and Co- Evolutionary Ecology Pollination for Food and Fiber Production Insect Conservation References Pollination by Osmia Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Osmia Biology Field Pollination Pear Apricot Chinese-Japanese Plum Cv ŁAngelenoŽ Oil-Rape Cultivation in Greenhouses Blackberry, Strawberry and Raspberry Blueberry Seed and Red Cabbage Lucerne and White Clover Inhibition of Pollen Germination References Pollination by Yucca Moths References Pollinator Pollution and Terrestrial Arthropods Air Pollutants Pollutants that Transfer from Water to Soil The Special Case of Metals Conclusion References Polyacetylenes (and Their Thiophene Derivatives) Structure Occurrence in Plants Activity Mode of Action of Polyacetylenes and Thiophene Derivatives References Polyacridamide Gel Electrophoresis Polyandry Polycentropodidae Polyctenidae Polyculture Types of Polyculture Systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Polyculture Polyculture and Insect Pest Management Theory Polyculture for Insect Management in Practice References Polydnaviruses (Parasitoid Related Viruses) References Polydomous Polyembryony Polyethism Polygenic Resistance Polyhedron (pl, polyhedra) Polyhedrosis (pl, polyhedroses) Polygyny Polymer Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Polymitarcyidae Polymorphism Polyphaga Polyphagidae Polyphagous Polyphenism in Insects and Juvenile Hormone (JH) References Polyphenism References Polyphyletic Group Polyplacidae Polyploidy Polypodous Polypore Fungus Beetles Polystoechotidae Polytene Chromosomes References Polythoridae Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Pomace Flies Pomerantsev, Boris Ivanovich Reference Pompilidae Popularity of Insects References Population Population Density Population Dynamics Population Ecology Population Index Population Pyramid Population Regulation Population Resilience Pore Canal Porrect Post-Emergence Treatment Posterior Postoccipital Suture Postocular Area Postpetiole Post-Plant Postscutellum Potamanthidae Potamocoridae Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Life History Damage Management References Potato Flea Beetle, Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Potato Pests and Their Management Colorado Potato Beetle Biology Management Crop Rotations Control of Volunteers and Weeds Chemical Control and Management of Insecticide Resistance Biological Control Green Peach Aphid Biology Management Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control and Management of Insecticide Resistance Wireworms Biology Management Secondary Pests in Alphabetical Order Blister Beetles Cutworms and Armyworms Flea Beetles Management Garden Symphylan Management Grasshoppers Management Leafhoppers Management WitchesŁ Broom and Leafhoppers Leather Jackets Management Loopers Management Lygus Bugs Management Potato Aphid Management Thrips Management Twospotted Spider Mite Management White Grubs Management References Potato Tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Life History Damage Management References Potter, Charles Reference Potter Wasps Poultry Lice Pour-On Powassan Encephalitis Powderpost Beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae: Lyctinae) External Morphology Life History and Habits Predators and Parasites Economic Importance Control Measures References Powderpost Termites Powdery Mildew Praying Mantids (Mantodea) Distinguishing Characteristics Life History Ecology and Economic Importance References Precinction Precinctive Precision Preclearance Precocenes Predaceous (Predacious) Predaceous Diving Beetles Predation: The Role of Generalist Predators in Biodiversity and Biological Control The Niche of Generalist Predators The Predator Guild and Community Interactions Generalist Predators and Biological Control Value of Predators to Biodiversity References Predator Predatory Guild Predatory Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae) External Morphology Habitat and Food Life History Prey Location and Capture Pheromones Economic Importance References Predisposing Factors Pre-Emergence Treatment Pre-Planting Treatment Prepupa Prescutum Presocial Behavior Prevalence Pretarsus Prey Primary Parasitoid Primary Production Primary Productivity Primary Reproductives Primer Primer Pheromone Primitive Caddisflies Primitive Carrion Beetles Primitive Crane Flies Primitive Dampwood Termites Primitive Weevils Prionoglaridae Probability Model Probe Proboscis Process Proctodeum Proctotrupidae Procuticle Prodoxidae Profitability Concept Prognathous Progressive Provisioning Prohemocyte Projapygidae Prokaryote Prokopy, Ronald J Reference Prolarvae Proleg Prominence Prominent Moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) References Promoter Pronotal Comb Pronotum Pronunciation of Scientific Names and Terms References Propagative Transmission Propagule Prophylactic Control Propleuron Propolis Proprioreceptor Propupa Prosopistomatidae Prosternum Prostomidae Prostomium Protease Protein Protelean Parasite Proteneuridae Protentomidae Proteomics Prothoracic Glands Prothoracicotropic Hormone PTTH-Prothoracic Gland Interactions The PTTH Transductory Cascade References Prothoracic Plate Prothorax Protocerebrum Protonymph Protopodite Prototheoridae Protuberance Proturans (Protura) References Provancher, (LŁ abbé) Léon References Proventriculus Proximal Pruinose Psephenidae Pseudergate Pseudironidae Pseudoantagonism Pseudocaeciliidae Pseudococcidae Pseudocopulation Pseudo-Curly Top Treehopper, Micrutalis malleifera (Fowler) (Hemiptera: Membracidae) References Pseudomyiasis Pseudophasmatidae Pseudopod Pseudopositor Pseudoparasitism Pseudostigmatidae Psilidae Psilopsocidae Psocidae Psocids Psocoptera Psoquillidae Psychiatry and Insects: Phobias and Delusions of Insect Infestations in Humans References Psychidae Psychodidae Psychomyiidae Psychopsidae Psyllidae Psyllids Psyllipsocidae Pteridophagy Pterolonchidae Pteromalidae Pteronarcidae Pterophoridae Pterostigma Pterothorax Pterothysanidae Pterygote Pthiraptera Pthiridae Ptiliidae Ptilinum Ptilodactylid Beetles Ptilodactylidae Ptiloneuridae Ptinidae PTTH Ptychopteridae Pubescence Pubescent Pubic Lice Puddling Behavior by Lepidoptera References Puffing Pulicidae Pulsatile Organ Pulvillus (pl, pulvilli) Punctate Punkies Pupa Pupariation Puparium (pl, puparia) Pupation Pupiparous Purple Scale, Cornuaspis beckii (Newman) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Push-Pull Strategy for Insect Pest Management Management of Cereal Stemborers in Africa Through Push-Pull Strategy How Push-Pull Strategy Works Benefits of Push-Pull Strategy Reduced Soil Erosion and Increased Soil Fertility Striga Weed Control Enhanced Biodiversity Livestock Production and Human Health Economics of Push-Pull Future Directions References Putoidae Putzeys, Jules Antoine Adolphe Henri Reference Pygidicranidae Pygidium Pygiopsyllidae Pygmy Backswimmers Pygmy Grasshoppers Pygmy Mole Crickets Pygmy Moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae) References Pyloric Valve Pyralidae Pyrethroids Pyrethrum Pyrethrum and Persian Insect Powder History Use and Formulations Synergists The Pyrethrum Plant Pyrethrum Production Active Ingredients Pyrethroids References Pyrgotid Flies Pyrgotidae Pyrochroidae Pyrophilous Insects Sensory Receptors and Behavior Ecology and Natural History References Pyrrhocoridae Pythidae Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) References fulltext_17.pdf Q-Fever Quadrat Qualitative Defenses (of Plants) Quantitative Defenses (of Plants) Quarantine Quarantine Facility Quarantine Pest Quasisocial Behavior Quaternary Period Queen Queensland Tick Typhus Queen Substance Quiescence Quiet-Calling Katydids fulltext_18.pdf Rabb, Robert Lamar Reference Rabbit Fever Race Radiolabeling Radial Cell Radial Sector Radius Radoshkowsky, Octavius John Reference Rain Beetles Rallidentidae Random Distribution Random Sampling RAPD-PCR Raphidiid Snakeflies Raphidiidae Raphidioptera Rapsmatidae Raptorial Rasorial Raspberry Cane Borer, Oberea bimaculara (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidea) Raspberry Fruit Worm, Byturus unicolor (Say) (Coleoptera: Byturidae) Raster Ratardidae Ratemiidae Rearing of Insects Selecting an Insect to Rear Founding a Colony Facilities and Equipment Materials and Supplies Insect Rearing Procedures Food for Immature and Adult Insects Isolation and Sanitation Quality of Reared Insects References De ReŁ Aumur, René Antoine Ferchault Reference Recapture Technique of Sampling Recombinant DNA Technology Recombination Recruitment Trail Rectal Gill Rectal Myiasis Rectal Pad Rectum Recurrent Vein Red Bugs Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquilin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Redi, Francesco Reference Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Description Spread Colony Formation Life Cycle Habitat and Food Source(s) Pest Status Medical Importance Equipment Damage Agricultural and Ecological Impact History of Spread History of Control Efforts in the US References Red Imported Fire Ant Territorial Behavior References Redlegged Grasshopper, Melanoplus femurrubrum (Degeer) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Life History Damage Management References Red Muscardine Red Palm Mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae) Description of Stages Life Cycle Seasonality Dispersal Damage Chemical Control Natural Enemies References Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Distribution of Red Palm Weevil Life Cycle Eggs Larva (grub) Cocoon Pupa Adult Economic Importance and Damage Methods of Control Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Plant Quarantine Cultural Control Mechanical Control Trapping Weevils Biological Control Chemical Control Training and Education References Red Ring of Coconut Palms Redtenbacher, Ludwig Reference Reduviidae Red Water Fever Reed, Walter References Reflex Bleeding (Autohemorrhage) Reflex Bleeding in Plecoptera Reflex Bleeding in Homoptera: Cercopidae Reflex Bleeding in Lepidoptera Reflex Bleeding in Hymenoptera: Symphyta Reflex Bleeding in Coleoptera Lampyridae Lycidae Chrysomelidae Meloidae and Oedemeridae Coccinellidae Evolution of Reflex Bleeding References Refuge (pl., refugia) Regeneration Regenerative Cells Regulated Area Regulation of Sex Pheromone Production in Moths References Regulations Affecting the Implementation of Regulatory Entomology Practices References Regulations Affecting Use of Pesticides in the USA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Certification of Applicators Recall of Suspended Pesticides The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) Pesticide Record Keeping Requirements Endangered Species Act (ESA) Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA Title III) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Worker Protection Standard (WPS) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA) Pesticide Use in the USA A Global Perspective of Pesticide Regulation References Regulatory Entomology References Regulatory Sequence Rehn, James Abram Garfield References Reitter, Edmund Reference Relapsing Fever Relative Humidity Relative Methods of Sampling Releaser Pheromone Remigium Remington, Charles Lee Remote Sensing Removal Trapping for Population Estimation Reniform Reoviruses (Cypoviruses) References Repellents Repellents of Biting Flies Citronella Geraniol Quwenling Neem Soy Bean Oil Oil of Palmarosa Castor Seed Oil Thujic Acid Indian Privet Lemon Oil Tarweed Eucalyptus camaldulensis (+)-Eucamolol Merck 3535 KBR 3023 PMD References Replete Reproduction The Ovary and Egg Production The Male Internal System and Sperm Production Pheromones in Reproduction Determination of Gender References Reproductive Rate Reservoir Resilience Resilin Resistance of Solanaceous Vegetables to Insects The Pests and Their Geographical Origin Mechanisms of Resistance Vector Resistance Breeding for Pest Resistance Aphids Whiteflies Leafhoppers Leafminer Flies Moths and Butterflies Beetles References Resistance to Insecticides Resistant Resource Concentration Hypothesis Resource Partitioning Respiratory Horns Respiratory Siphon Respiratory Trumpet Restricted-Use Pesticide Restriction Endonuclease Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Resurgence of Pests Reticulations Reticulated Beetles Retina Retournement and Deversement of the Aedeagus in Coleoptera References Rey, Claudius References RFLP Rhabdom Rhabdomere Rhabdoviruses References Rhagionidae Rhammatocerus schistocercoides, a Swarm-Forming Grasshopper from South America Biology Behavior Habitat References Rhaphidiporidae Rheotaxis Rhinophorid Flies Rhinophoridae Rhinotermitidae Rhipiceridae Rhipiphoridae Rhopalidae Rhopalopsyllidae Rhopalosomatidae Rhyacophilidae Rhypharochromidae Rhysodidae Rhythms of Insects Examples of Behavioral Circadian Rhythms Developmental Processes in Insects Spectrum of Rhythms Lunar Rhythms Circannual Rhythms Interrelationships of Circadian Rhythms and Insecticide Sensitivity References Ribbed-Cocoon Maker Moths (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae) References Ribosomal RNA Ribosome Ricaniidae Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Richardiid Flies Richariidae Richards, Owain Westmacott Reference Ricinidae Rickettsia Riffle Beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae) Ecology References Riker Mount Riley, Charles Valentine References Ring Gland Ring-Legged Earwigs Riodinidae Ripicolous RNA RNA Interference (RNAi) RNA Polymerase Roach Stoneflies Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae) Classification and Relationships Reproduction and Immatures Predatory Habits of Adults References Robineau-Desvoidy, Jean Baptiste Reference Robust Robust Marsh-Loving Beetles Rock Crawlers (Grylloblattodea) Characteristics Biology References Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever History of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Epidemiology Symptomology Treatment Prevention References Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae) References Rodent Fleas Life Cycle and Control of Rodent Fleas References Rolled-Wing Stoneflies Romaleidae RomañaŁs Sign Rondani, Camillo References Root Maggots Root-Eating Beetles Root-Infecting Fungi Ropalomerid Flies Ropalomeridae Roproniidae Rose-Grain Aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Rosen, David Referencesw Ross, Herbert Holdsworth Reference Rostrum Rosy Apple Aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Rotation Rotenone Rothschild, Miriam Reference Rotoitidae Rottenwood Termites Roubal, Jan Reference Round Fungus Beetles References Rove Beetle Dermatitis Row Cover Royal Cell Royal Jelly Royal Moths Royal Palm Bugs R-Strategists Ruderal Rudimentary Rufous Rugose Runoff Rupicolous Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Rust Diseases Rust Flies Rusty Grain Beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) Ryania Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Adults Immature Stages Habitats Food Presocial or Subsocial Behavior Obligate Relationships with Higher Plants Relationships with Fungi Relationships with Decomposing Plants, Dung, and Carrion Nests of Vertebrates Secretions and Glands Pheromones Prey Capture and Pre-Oral Digestion Natural Enemies Biological Control Fossils Importance to Humans References fulltext_19.pdf Sabrosky, Curtis Reference Sackbearer Moths (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae) References Sacbrood Sacbrood Disease References Saddle Saddle-Case Makers Sagittal Sahlberg, Carl Reinhold Reference Sailer, Reece I Reference Saldidae Saliva Salivary Glands Salpingidae Sample Sample Size Sample Unit Sample Universe Sampling Arthropods Goals of Sampling Sampling Methods Development of a Sampling Plan/Program Sample Plan Components Types of Sampling Plans Allocation of Sampling Units Testing and Evaluation of Sample Plans References Sampling Plan Sanderson, Dwight Reference Sandfly Fever Reference Sand Fly Sanitation Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) Adults Larvae Food Economic Importance References Saprophagous Sapygidae Sarcophagidae Sarcoptic Mange Sarcosomes Saturniidae Satyrs Saucer Bugs Saunders, William Reference Saussure, Henri Louis Frederic De Reference Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) References Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Systematics and Geographic Distribution Morphology Life History and Habits Natural Enemies and Defense Strategies Economic Importance References Say Stink Bug, Chlorochroa sayi Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Say, Thomas References Scabies Scale Scale and Hierarchy in Integrated Pest Management Concepts of Scale and Hierarchy Application of Scale and Hierarchy Concepts to IPM Spatial Scales Homogeneous Sampling Universe Heterogeneous Sampling Universe Spatial Range Extension Temporal Scale Temporal Range Extension Mass Scale Concluding Remarks References Scaled Fleas Scale Insects and Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) Economic Impact of Scale Insects General Morphology Protective Test or Scale Cover Life Cycle and Behavior Host Selection and Distribution Control Key to Families of Coccoidea in the U.S. (Modified from Kosztarab, 1996) References Scaly Crickets Scape Scarabaeiform Larva Scarabaeidae Scarab Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) Morphology and Development Taxonomic Composition Lucanidae Diphyllostomatidae Passalidae Glaresidae Trogidae Pleocomidae Geotrupidae Belohinidae Ochodaeidae Hybosoridae Glaphyridae Scarabaeidae Aclopinae Allidiostomatinae Aphodiinae Cetoniinae Dynamopodinae Dynastinae Euchirinae Melolonthinae Orphninae Pachypodinae Phaenomeridinae Rutelinae Scarabaeinae Ecology Behavior Ecological Importance Agricultural and Medical-Veterinary Importance Cultural Importance References Scatophile Scarabaeidae Scatopsidae Scavenger Moths (Lepidoptera: Blastobasidae) References Scelionidae Scenopinidae Scent Gland Scentless Plant Bugs Scheerpeltz, Otto Reference Schizopteridae Schmidt's Layer Schneiderman, Howard Allen Reference Schizopodid Beetles Schizopodidae School IPM, or Pest Management on School Grounds The Role of Parents The Role of Administrators The Role of School Faculty and Staff The Role of Pest Management Personnel Successful Out-Sourcing of IPM References Schreckensteiniidae Schwarz, Eugene Amandus References Sciadoceridae Sciaridae Scientific Name Scientific Names and Other Words from Latin and Greek Words from Latin and Greek Adopted into English & Singular and Plural Forms Words that are Considered to be Latin (Not English) Names of all Higher Categories are Plural: References Sciomyziidae Scirtidae Sclerite Sclerogibbidae Sclerotin Sclerotization Scolebythidae Scoliidae Scolopidium (pl., scolopidia) Scolus (pl., scolli) Scolytidae Scopa Scopuridae Scorpionflies (Mecoptera) Extant Mecopteran Families and their Continental Distributions Characteristics and Life History Biology References Scorpions (Class Arachnida, Order Scorpiones) References Scouting Scramble Competition Scraper Scrapers Scraptiidae Screwworms, Cochliomyia spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Economic Importance Screwworm Biology The Sterile Insect Technique and Screwworm Eradication Biological Considerations Monitoring Screwworm Abundance and Program Effectiveness Historical Aspects of Screwworm Eradication New World Screwworms in Libya Risks of Screwworm Incursion Screwworm Detection and Treatment References Scrub Typhus Scudder, Samuel Hubbard References Scutelleridae Sculpture Scutate Scutellum Scutum Scuttle Flies, (Diptera: Phoridae) Scydmaenidae Scythrididae Seal Lice Seaside Earwigs Sea Spiders (Pycnogonida) External Anatomy Cephalothorax Abdomen Appendages Integument Articulations and Movement Alimentary Canal, Feeding, and Digestion Circulatory System Respiratory and Excretory Systems Nervous System Reproductive System and Development Embryonic Development Post-Embryonic Development Classification and Taxonomic Affinity References Seaweed Flies Secondary Pests Secondary Plant Substance Secondary Production Secondary Vector Sectorial Cross Vein Sedge Moths (Lepidoptera: Glyphipterigidae) References Seed Beetles Seed Bugs Seed Chalcids Seedcorn Maggot or Bean Seed Fly, Delia platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Life History Damage Management References Seed Predation by Insects References Seed Treatment Segment Selective Pesticide Selective Pressure Self-Regulation Selys-Longchamps, Michel Edmond De Reference Sematuridae Semelparity Semelparous Semilooper Seminal Vesicle Semiochemical Semiochemical Parsimony Semisocial Behavior Senescence Senescent Sensillum (pl., sensilla) Sensorium (pl., sensoria) Sensory Neuron Sentinel Host Sepsidae Septicemia Septobasidium Reference Sequential Sampling Sericostomatidae Sericulture History of Silk Production Silkworm Culture Silk Production References Serosa Serrate Serratia entomophila References Serritermitidae Sesiidae Sessile Seta (pl., setae) Setaceous Setal Map Setose Sex Attractant Pheromones Chemistry Pheromone Function Use of Sex Pheromones for Insect Management References Sex Chromosome Sex Pheromone Sex Ratio Modification by Cytoplasmic Agents Cytoplasmic Agents Distort Normal Sex Ratios Spiroplasmas L-Form Bacteria Wolbachia B Chromosomes and Cytoplasmic Factors Male Killing in Coccinellidae Relevant Website References Sexual Recombination Sexual Reproduction Sexuales Sexual Selection References Sexupara (pl., sexuparae) Shade Tree Arthropods and Their Management Arthropods with Sucking Mouthparts Aphids Soft Scales Armored Scales Leafhoppers Minor Insect Families Bugs (Hemiptera) Spider Mites Eriophyid Mites Gall-Making Arthropods Gall-Making Aphids Adelgids Phylloxerans Psyllids Eriophyid Mites Gall Midges Gall-Making Sawflies Gall Wasps Defoliators Leafminers Bark Beetles Wood Borers Tip and Terminal Borers Root Damaging Species References Soma (pl., somata) Skiff Beetles Sharp, David Reference Sharpshooters Sheath Shelf Life Shelford, Victor Ernest Reference Shellac Shelter Tubes Shield-Backed Bugs Shield-Backed Katydids Shield Bugs Shield Bearer Moths (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae) References Shining Flower Beetles Shining Leaf Chafers Shining or Shiny Shiny Head-Standing Moths (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae) References Ship-Timber Beetles Shore Bugs Shore Flies Short-Faced Scorpionflies Shorthorned Grasshoppers Short-Horned Springtails Short-Winged Flower Beetles Shredders Sialidae Sibling Species References Sidedressing Sierolomorphidae Sieve Plate Sigmoid Curve Sign Signal Word Signiphoridae Sign of Romaña Signoret, Victor Antoine Reference Silent Slantfaced Grasshoppers Silken Fungus Beetles Silken-Tube Spiners Silk Reference Silkworms Silkworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) References Silphidae Silvanid Flat Bark Beetles Silvanidae Silverfish (Zygentoma) Classification Characteristics Ecology References Silverleaf Whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) References Silvestri, Filippo Reference Simple Eyes Simple Metamorphosis Simulidae Simulium spp., Vectors of Onchocerca volvulus: Life Cycle and Control References Siphlaenigmatidae Siphlonuridae Siphon Siphonaptera Siphunculata Siphunculus (pl., siphunculi) Siricidae Sisyridae Sixspotted Spider Mite, Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Skeletonize Skin Beetles Skin Beetles References Skipper Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) References Skipper Flies Slavery Sleeping Sickness or African Trypanosomiasis References Slender Springtails Slug Caterpillar Moths (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) References Small Dung Flies Small Fruit Flies Small Fruit Pests and Their Management Blueberries Pests of Blueberries, Vaccinium spp. (Family Ericaceae) Blueberry Maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) Distribution Biology Damage References Cranberry Fruitworm, Acrobasis vaccinii Riley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Blueberry Gall Midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Cranberries Pests of Cranberries, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (family Ericaceae) Sparganothis fruitworm, Sparganothis sulfureana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Cranberry Girdler, Chrysoteuchia topiaraia (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Blackheaded Fireworm, Rhopobota naevena (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Grapes Pests of Grapes, Vitis spp. (Family Vitaceae) Grape Berry Moth, Endopiza vitana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Grape Root Borer, Vitacea polistiformes (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies Reference Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Grape Leafhoppers, Erythroneura spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Grape Leaffolder, Desmia funeralis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Strawberries Pests of Strawberries, Fragaria spp. (Family Rosaceae) Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Strawberry Sap Beetle, Stelidota geminata (Say) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Strawberry Bud Weevil (Clipper), Anthonomus signatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Brambles Pests of Raspberries and Blackberries (Brambles), Rubus spp. (Family Rosaceae) Raspberry Cane Borer, Oberea bimaculara (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambicidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Raspberry Fruitworm, Byturus unicolor (Say) (Coleoptera: Byturidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies Reference Occasional Pests of Small Fruits Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Flower Thrips, Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Distribution Biology Damage IPM Strategies References Small Green Stink Bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) References Small Hive Beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Nitidulidae: Coleoptera) Description Life Cycle Damage Control References Small Honey Ant, Prenolepis imparis (Say) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Description Behavior Colonies Nutrition Sources References Small Rice Stink Bug, Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) References Small RNA Viruses of Invertebrates Nodaviridae Tetraviridae Picorna-Like Viruses Dicistroviridae (Cricket Paralysis-Like Viruses) Unclassified Viruses Pathology of SRVs Potential for Insect SRVs as Biocontrol Agents and Biopesticides References Small Winter Stoneflies Small-Headed Flies Smicripidae Sminthuridae Smirnoff, Vladimir A. Reference Smith, John Bernhardt References Smith, Harry Scott Reference Smith, Ray F. Reference Smoky Moths Smooth Springtails Snakeflies (Raphidioptera) Reference Snipe Flies Snodgrass, Robert Evans References Snout Beetles Snout Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Libytheidae) References Snout Moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) References Snow Pool Mosquitoes Snow, Francis Huntington Reference Snow Scorpionflies Soaps as Insecticides Toxicity of Soaps Chemical Structure of Fatty Acids Chemical Structure of Potassium Fatty Acid Salts Insecticidal Uses of Potassium Fatty Acid Salts Potential Mode of Action of Potassium Fatty Acid Salts Cuticle Disruption Spiracle Blockage and Asphyxiation Neurotoxins The Future of Soaps for Pest Control References Social Insect Pheromones Pheromone Glands Alarm Pheromones Recruitment Pheromones Sex Pheromones Queen Pheromones Releaser and Primer Pheromones References Social Insects Sociality of Insects Eusocial Insects Parasocial Insects Subsocial Insects References Social Parasites Sociobiology (in Insects) Sod Webworm Soft-Bodied Plant Beetles Soft Scales Soft-Winged Flower Beetles Soil Fumigation Historical Background Fumigant Spectrum of Activity Physical and Chemical Properties Mode of Action and Lethal Dose Factors Affecting Efficacy Soil Moisture Soil Temperature Soil Texture Compaction, Clods, Organic Matter Phytotoxicity Fumigant Containment Field Application Equipment Application Risks to Environment and Human Health Reference Soil Mites (Acari: Oribatida and Others) References Soldier Beetles Soldier Flies Solenophages Solitary Behavior Solitary Midges Solitary Parasitoid Soma (pl., somata) Soldier Somabrachyidae Somatic Cells Somatiidae Sooty Mold Sorosporella References Sound Production in the Cicadoidea References Southern Bacterial Wilt Southern Blotting Southern Chinch Bug, Blissus insularis Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) References Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Life History of Soybean Aphid Damage to Soybean Natural Enemies Management Economic Threshold and Economic Injury Level Sampling Biological Control Insecticides Host Plant Resistance References Sparkling Archaic Sun Moths (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae) References Spatulate Spear-Winged Flies Specialist Speciation Processes Among Insects References Species Species Areas-Relationship Species Complex Species Concepts Theoretical Versus Operational Species Concepts Theoretical Species Concepts Operational Species Concepts Species Concepts in Use Today Issues of Special Concern to Entomologists The Importance of Selecting Appropriate Species Concepts References Species Diversity Species Inquirenda Species Novum Species Odor Species Richness Specific Name Sperm Precedence Spermatheca Spermatid (pl., spermatozoa) Spermatocyte Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia Spermatophore Spermatophylax Sphaeritidae Sphaeroceridae Sphaeropsocidae Sphecidae Sphecology Sphecophile Spherulocyte Sphindidae Sphragis Reference Spicula, Spicule, or Spiculum Spider Behavior and Value in Agricultural Landcapes Importance of Spiders in Agriculture Feeding Behavior Conservation References Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) Evolution and Taxonomy Spider Phylogeny Arachnid Characteristics Silk Production Prey Capture Spider Venoms of Medical Importance Digestion of Prey Excretion Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Sensory Setae and Pits Vision Central Nervous System Sex Among the Spiders Brood Care, Hatching and Dispersal Spiders as Predators References Spielman, Andrew Spindle-Shaped Spine Spinose Spiny-Headed Worms Spined Soldier Bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae) References Spiny Shore Bugs Sphingidae Spinneret Sphinx Moths Spider Beetles Spider Mites Spider Wasps Spine-Tailed Earwigs Spinose Ear Tick, Otobius megnini (Duges) (Acari: Ixodidae) Spiny Rat Lice Spiracle (pl., spiracles or spiraculae) Spiracular Bristles Spiracular Gill Spiracular Plate Spirea Aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea) Biology and Behavior Ecology Grass-Feeding Neotropical Spittlebugs Life Cycle Agricultural Ecology Economic Impact Pest Management References Splenetic Fever Spongillaflies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) Taxonomy and Distribution Natural History Collecting Methods Preservation References Spore Life History Damage Management References Spot Treatment Spreader Spread-Winged Damselflies Spring Stoneflies Springtails (Collembola) Classification Characteristics Biology References Spruce Budworms, Choristoneura Lederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Life History Outbreaks and Damage Population Dynamics Weather Host Plants Natural Enemies Management References Spur Spurious Vein Spurthroated Grasshoppers Squash Bug, Anasa tristis (Degeer) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) Description and Life Cycle Eggs Nymph Adult Host Plants Damage Natural Enemies Management References Squash Vine Borer, Melittia cucurbitae (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidaae) Life History Damage Management References Squirrel Lice ssDNA Stabilimentum Stability Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) Biology Control References Stable Transformation Stag Beetles Stadium Stål, Carl References Stalk or Stem-Infecting Fungi Stalk-Eyed Flies Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Dermatitis Steinhaus, Edward Arthur References Stem Cells Stemmata Stemmocryptidae Stem Sawflies Stenocephalidae Stenopelmatidae Stenophagous Stenopsocidae Stenostritidae Stenotrachelidae Stephanidae Stephanocircidae Stereokinesis Sterile Insect Control Sterile Insect Release Method (Sirm) Sterile Insect Technique General Overview The Theoretical Basis of the SIT and Screwworm Eradication Physiological and Cytogenetic Bases of Sterility Reproductive Physiology of Male Insects Reproductive Physiology of Female Insects Causes of Sterility Infecundity Inability or Failure to Mate Sperm Inactivation Dominant Lethal Mutations Aspermia Transfer of a Chemosterilant During Mating Inherited Sterility in Lepidoptera Appropriate Applications and Some Limitations of the SIT Economic Analysis of SIT Programs Size, Coordination and Economies of Scale Benefit-Cost Assessment and Discounting Net Returns Who Should Pay for SIT Programs? Or How Much Does Each Group of Beneficiaries Gain? References Stern, Vernon M Reference Sternite Sternum Stick Insects Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmida) References Stick Katydids Sticky Trap Stictococcidae Stigma Stiletto Flies Stilt Bugs (Hemiptera: Berytidae) References Stilt-Legged Flies Stink Bugs Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Emphasizing Economic Importance References Stipes Scarab Beetles Scenopinidae SchmidtŁs Layer St Louis Encephalitis The Virus Transmission Cycle Symptomology and Treatment Preventing Infection References Stochastic Model Stoma (pl., stomata) Stomach Poison Stomatogastric Nervous System Stomodeum Stonebrood Reference Stoneflies (Plecoptera) Family Capniidae (Small Winter Stoneflies) Family Leuctridae (Rolledwinged Stoneflies) Family Nemouridae (Nemourid Stoneflies) Family Taeniopterygidae (Winter Stoneflies) Family Chloroperlidae (Green Stoneflies) Family Perlidae (Common Stoneflies) Family Perlodidae (Perlodid Stoneflies) Peltoperlidae (Roach-Like Stoneflies) Family Pteronarcyidae (Giant Stoneflies) References Stop Codon Storage Protein Receptors Dipteran Storage Protein Receptors Lepidopteran Storage Protein Receptors References Storage Proteins Hexamerins: Structures and Evolutionary Relationships Hexamerins in Nymphs and Larvae Hexamerins in Adults Other Hexamerin Functions Other Storage Proteins References Stored Grain and Flour Insects and Their Management Environmental Factors Damage Monitoring and Control Grain Weevils Grain Borers Grain Beetles Flour Beetles Mealworms Dermestid Beetles Other Beetles Lepidoptera References Straight-Snouted Weevils Stratified Sampling Stratiomyidae Strawberry Bud Weevil, Anthonomus signatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Strawberry Sap Beetle, Stelidnota geminata (Say) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) Streblidae Strepsiptera Morphology Male Female Immature Stages Host Associations References Strepsiptera Stress-Induced Host Plant Free Amino Acids and Insects Abiotic Plant Stress Factors and Faas Biotic Plant Stress Factors and Faas Weed Competition Fungi and Bacteria Viruses Plant Stress, Faas, and Phytophagous Nematodes Plant Stress, FAAs, and Phytophagous Insects References Stria Striate Stridulate Stridulating Slantfaced Grasshoppers Strigilation Strip Cropping Stripe Striped Earwigs Striped Walkingsticks Structural Gene Structural Genomics Structural Fumigation Target Pests Fumigants Transport Equipment Inspection and Measurement Exterior and Interior Preparation and Sealing Introduction of Chloropicrin and Sulfuryl Fluoride Monitoring, Aeration and Clearance Hazards and Limitations of Structural Fumigation References Structural Pest Stylet Stylet-Borne Virus Stylopidae Stylopization Stylus Subalare Subcosta Subcosta Fold Subcuticular Space Subdorsal Subesophageal Ganglion Subfamily Subgalea Subgenital Plate Subimago Submedial Arc Submentum Subsocial Behavior Subspecies Subspiracular Subterranean Termites Succession Sucking Lice Sugarcane Pests and Their Management History of Sugarcane Sugarcane Production in the USA Sugarcane Botany Pest Descriptions Acari Collembola Orthoptera Isoptera Psocoptera Hemiptera Acleridae Aphididae Cercopidae Cicadellidae Cixiidae Coccidae Cydnidae Delphacidae Diaspididae Pseudococcidae Tingidae Thysanoptera Coleoptera Buprestidae Chrysomelidae Curculionidae Elateridae Scarabaeidae Diptera Lepidoptera Crambidae and Pyralidae Sugarcane Pest Management Management Strategies References Sugar-Feeding in Blood-Feeding Flies Sugar Meal Sources Black Flies and Sugar Sources Mosquitoes and Sugar Sources Tabanids and Sugar Sources Role and Timing of Sugar-Feeding Historical Considerations References Sulcate Sulcus (pl., sulci) Sulfurs Summit Disease Sun Moths (Lepidoptera: Heliodinidae) References Sunn Pest Supergene Supernumerary Superorder Superorganism Concept Superparasitism Supersedure Supplementary Reproductive Supraspiracular Surfactant Survivorship Survivorship Curve Suture Swallowtail Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) References Swallowtail Moths (Lepidoptera: Uraniidae) References Swammerdam, Jan References Swarming Sweetpotato and Silverleaf Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Plant Injury Biology Host Range Management Natural Enemies Organizations, Literature and Web Sites References Morphology Biology Distribution Food Plants Conclusion References Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae) Life History Damage Management References Sweetpotato Weevils and their Eradication Programs in Japan References Swezey, Otto Herman Reference Swifts Swimmeret Sword-Tail Crickets Sylvatic Sylveira Caldeira, João Da References Symbiont Symbionts of Insects Mitochondria are Intracellular Symbionts Multiple Symbionts May be Present Symbiont Function(s) Gut Symbionts Bugs Within Bugs Within Mealybugs Wolbachia Polydnaviruses as Symbionts References Symbiosis Symbiosis Between Planthoppers and Microorganisms References Symbiotic Viruses of Parasitic Wasps Ascoviridae Baculoviridae Poxviridae Picornaviridae and Picornalike Viruses Reoviridae Rhabdoviridae Summary and Conclusion References Sympatric Sympatric Speciation Symphylans (Class Symphyla) References Symptom Synanthropic Synapse, pl., synapses Synchroa Beetles Synchroidae Synchronous Muscle Syndrome Synecology Synergism References Synergist Reference Synlestidae Synomone Syringogastridae Syrphid Flies Syrphidae Systematics Systematic Sampling Systemic Szent-Ivány, József Gyula Hubertus References Silverfish (Thysanura) Classification Characteristics Ecology References fulltext_20.pdf Tabanidae Tachinidae Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) Classification Life Stages Adult Egg Larval instars Puparium Distribution and Evolution Hosts Host Location Mate Finding Ecology Biological Control References Tachiniscidae Taenidium (pl., Taenidia) Taeniopterygidae Tagma (pl., Tagmata) Taiga Tick, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) References Tally Threshold Tanaostigmatidae Tandem Running Tangle-Veined Flies Tanning Tanoceridae Tanyderidae Tanypezid Flies Tanypezidae Tanzaniophasmatidae Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot De Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae) Life Stages Egg Nymphs First Instar Second Instar Third Instar Fourth Instar Fifth Instar Adult Life Cycle Attractants Pest Host Relationships Natural Enemies Damage References Taro Caterpillar or Rice Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Life History Damage Management References Tarsal Claw Tarsomeres Tarsus (pl., Tarsi) Taste and Contact Chemoreception Feeding Oviposition Pheromone Detection References Taxis (pl., Taxes) Taxon (pl., Taxa) Taxonomy Teaching and Training Entomology: Institutional Models The Land Grant System: USA Training and Visit (T&V): World Bank Farming Systems: United States Agency for International Development Training-Driven Research: Indonesian Integrated Pest Management Farmer Participatory Research: CGIAR Network An Example Under the Land-Grant Model Under the T&V Model Under the Farming Systems Model Under the Training-Driven Research Model Under the Farmer Participatory Research Model Some General Conclusions References Teaching Entomology: A Review of Techniques Entomology and Higher Education Teaching Entomology at the University Level The Socratic, Discussion Approach The Lecture/Lab Approach Internships Field-Based Courses Extra-University Models The Farmer Field School Approach Cross Style Comparisons References Teak Moths (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) References Technical Grade Tegmen (pl., Tegmina) Tegula Telegeusidae Telephone-Pole Beetles Teloganellidae Teloganodidae Telomere Telopodite Telmophages Telson Template Tenaculum Tenebrionidae Teneral Tent Caterpillars Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma spp (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Life Cycle and Behavioral Ecology Economic Importance and Caterpillar Outbreaks References Tenthredinidae Tentorium Tephritidae Teratembiidae Teratomyzidae Tergum Termen Terminal Arborization Terminal Filament Termitaphididae Termitarium Termites (Isoptera) Phylogeny and Fossils Description of Important Taxa Diversity and Distribution Morphology Life Cycle and Behavior Defense Mechanisms and Natural Enemies Ecology Termites as Pests Collecting References Termites (Isoptera) in South America Taxonomy Family Kalotermitidae Family Rhinotermitidae Family Serritermitidae Family Termitidae Family Termopsidae Vegetation Zones of South America and Their Termite Fauna Termites as Urban and Structural Pests in South America Termites as Agricultural Pests in South America References Termitidae Termitology Termitophile Termopsidae Territorial Pheromone Tertiary Period Tessaratomidae Test Testicular Follicles Testis (pl., Testes) Tethinid Flies Tethinidae Tetracampidae Tetratomidae Tetrigidae Tettigarctidae Tettigometridae Tettigoniidae Texas Beetles Texas Cattle Fever Texas Citrus Mite, Eutetranychus banksi McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) Thanatosis Thaumaleidae Thaumastellidae Thaumastocoridae Theileria Theileriosis Thelytokous Parthenogenesis Theochodaeid Scarab Beetles Therevidae Thermoregulation in Insects Behavior Physiology References Thermotaxis Thick-Headed Flies Third Generation Insecticide Thomas, Cyrus References Thomson, Carl Gustav References Thoracic Plate Thorax Thorax of Hexapods References Thripidae Thrips-Parasitic Nematodes Taxonomy, Host Range and Distribution Biology and Life Cycle Reference Thrips (Thysanoptera) References Throscidae Thunberg, Carl Peter Reference Thuringiensin Thyatiridae Thyreocoridae Thyretidae Thyrididae Thysanoptera Thysanura Thysanuriform Larva Tibia (pl, Tibiae) Tick-Borne Encephalitis Tick Paralysis References Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) Classification of Ticks: The Order Ixodida Argasidae Nuttallielidae Ixodidae External Morphology of Ticks Host Seeking and Tick Feeding Physiology of Ticks Digestive System Osmoregulatory and Excretory Organs Water Loss Reproduction Semiochemicals Life Cycles and Habitats of Ticks Postembryonic Development Feeding Mating and Reproductive Cycles Hosts Habitats Dispersion Ticks of Medical and Veterinary Importance Economic Importance of Ticks Control of Ticks Pesticides Vaccines Environmental Management Protecting Humans References Ticks as Vectors of Pathogens References Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Collyrinae and Cicindelinae) Taxonomy Modern Classification of Tiger Beetles Description Species Numbers and Distribution Fossil Records Reproduction Karyology Development Survival from Heat and Flooding Activity Predators and Parasites Sound Production Sound Detection Defensive Behavior Phenotypic Variation Sexual Dimorphism Tiger Beetles in Folklore and Religion Tiger Beetles on Stamps Conservation References Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) References Tillyard, Robin John Reference Timema Walkingsticks Timemidae Timarcha latreille (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae) Conclusions References Tineid Moths Tineidae Tineodidae Tingidae Tiphiidae Tiphiid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) External Morphology Life History and Habits Predators and Parasites Importance in Biological Control References Tipulidae Tischeriidae Toad Bugs Tobacco Toe Biters Togossitidae Tolerance Tomato Big Bud Life History Damage Management References Tomato Rust Mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyidae) Tomoceridae Tonic Receptors Tooth-Necked Beetles Tormogen Cell Torre-Bueno, José Rollin De La Reference Tortoise Beetles Tortoise Scales Tortricid Moths Tortricidae Torymidae Townes, Jr., Henry K Reference Toxemia Toxicant Toxicity Toxicogenic Insects Trachea (pl., Tracheae) Tracheal Gill Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acariformes: Tarsonemidae) History Diagnosis and Control References Tracheal System and Respiratory Gas Exchange Discontinuous Breathing Gas Exchange in Aquatic Insects Non-Respiratory Functions of the Tracheal System References Tracheole Trachypachidae Trade Name Trail Pheromone Transcript Transcription Transformation Transgene Transgenic Arthropods for Pest Management Programs Sex and the Sorted Insects: A Case Study Why Use Transgenic Methods? Components of a Genetic Manipulation Project What Genes are Available to Insert? Risk Assessments of Transgenic Arthropods Relative Risks Horizontal Gene Transfer Steps in Developing a Transgenic Arthropod Could ŁGene SilencingŽ Reduce Program Effectiveness? References Transgenic Organism Translocation Transmission of Plant Diseases by Insects Role of Insects in Bacterial Diseases of Plants Bacterial Soft Rots Bacterial Wilts of Plants Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits Bacterial Wilt of Corn Southern Bacterial Wilt of Solanaceous and Other Crops Fire Blight of Pears, Apples and Other Rosaceous Plants Olive Knot Insect Transmission of Xylem-Inhabiting Bacteria Pierce's Disease of Grape Insect Transmission of Phloem-Inhabiting Bacteria Citrus Greening Disease Bunchy Top of Papaya Disease Cucurbit Yellow Vine Disease Insect Transmission of Plant Diseases Caused by Mollicutes Aster Yellows Tomato Big Bud Apple Proliferation Pear Decline Lethal Yellowing of Coconut Palms Corn Stunt Citrus Stubborn Disease Insect Transmission of Fungi Root-Infecting Fungi Stalk or Stem-Infecting Fungi Trunk and Branch Canker-Causing Fungi Sooty Molds Wood Rots Wood-Stain Diseases Vascular Wilts Oak Wilt Dutch Elm Disease Foliar Diseases Powdery Mildews Rust Diseases Diseases of Buds and Blossoms Anther Smut of Carnations Blossom Blight of Red Clover Ergot of Cereals and Grasses Anthracnose Disease of Musa Balsamiana Flower Spot of Azalea Diseases of Fruit and Seeds in the Field Rots of Fleshy Fruits Fig Rots Endosepsis of Figs Souring of Figs Fig Smuts and Molds Brown Rot of Stone and Pome Fruits Gray Mold of Grapes Black Pod of Cacao Boll Rots of Cotton Coffee Bean Rot Molds and Decays of Grains and Legumes Molds and Decays of Harvested Fruits and Seeds Insect Transmission of Plant Pathogenic Nematodes Pine Wilt Red Ring of Coconut Palms Insect Transmission of Plant Pathogenic Protozoa Insect Transmission of Plant Pathogenic Viruses Aphids and Aphid-Transmitted Viruses Virus-Vector Relationships Stylet-Borne Non-Persistent Transmission Semi-Persistent Viruses Persistent Viruses Persistent Circulative Viruses Persistent Propagative Viruses Leafhoppers and Planthoppers, and Transmission of Plant Viruses Virus-Vector Relationships Semi-Persistent Transmission Persistent Transmission Circulative Viruses Propagative Viruses Whitefly Transmission of Plant Viruses Thrips Transmission of Plant Viruses Mealybug and Other Bug Transmission of Plant Viruses Virus Transmission by Insects That Have Biting/Chewing Mouthparts Virus Transmission by Mites Virus Transmission by Pollinating Insects Summary References Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa Bacteria by Xylem-Feeding Insects References Transmission Threshold Transovarial Transmission Transovum Transmission Transpiration Transposable Element Transposon Transstadial Transmission Trap Crop Traps for Capturing Insects Trap Types Traps for Flying Insects and Wind-Blown Insects Interception Traps Sticky Traps Three-Dimensional Triangular Traps, Diamond Traps and Wing Traps Water Pan Traps Bucket Traps Bucket Traps with Funnels Cone Traps Traps for Walking Arthropods and Soil-Dwelling Insects Pitfall Traps Grain Probe Traps Shelter Traps Emergence Traps Solar Bait Stations Traps for Aquatic Insects Interception Traps Emergence Traps Attractant Cues Visual Cues Color Shape Light Chemical Cues Food/Host Lures Pheromone Lures Parapheromone Lures Oviposition Lures Acoustic Cues Automated Monitoring Systems Trap Uses in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) References Traumatic Insemination Tree Crickets Trehalose Treherne, John E Reference Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) External Morphology Life History and Habits Predators and Parasites Economic Importance Control References Trench Fever Triassic Period Trichobothrium (pl., Trichobothria) Trichoceridae Trichodectidae Trichogrammatidae Trichomes Trichomes and Insects Types and Functions of Trichomes Trichomes as an Ovipositional Substrate Impact of Trichomes on Herbivores Impact of Trichomes on Parasitoids and Predators Conclusions References Trichomycetes Non-Fungal Trichomycetes Order Amoebidiales Order Eccrinales Fungal Trichomycetes (Class Trichomycetes) Order Asellariales Order Harpellales Organisms that Might Resemble Trichomycetes References Trichopsocidae Trichoptera Tricorythidae Tridactylidae Trigonalyidae Trimenoponidae Trinotonidae Triozidae Tritocerebrum Tritrophic Interactions Plant Characteristics that Affect Herbivores and Indirectly Affect Natural Enemies of the Herbivores Plant Characteristics that Directly Affect the Effectiveness of Natural Enemies of Herbivores Effect of Dietary Specialization Relative Importance of Plant and Natural Enemies to Herbivore Fitness The PlantŁs Perspective: A Paradox in Its Defense Against Herbivores and the Answer in a Tritrophic Context Hidden Players Theories on Plant Defense Applied Aspects Conclusion References Triungulin Triunguloid Larva Trochanter Trochantin Trochiliphagidae Troctopsocidae Trogidae Trogiidae Trophallaxis Trophic Egg Trophic Level Trophic Structure Trophobiosis Trophogenic Polymorphism Tropical Burnet Moths (Lepidoptera: Lacturidae) References Tropical Carpenterworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae) References Tropical Ermine Moths (Lepidoptera: Attevidae) References Tropical Fruit Pests and their Management Annona Fruits (Annonaceae Family) Avocado, Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae family) Banana and Plantain, Musa spp. (Musaceae Family) Barbados Cherry or Acerola, Malpighia glabra (L) (Malpighiaceae Family) Carambola, Averrhoa carambola L (Oxalidaceae Family) Durian, Durio zibethinus Murray (Bombacaceae Family) Guava, Psidium guajava L (Myrtaceae Family) Litchi and Longan (Sapindaceae Family) Mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae Family) Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L (Guttiferae Family) Papaya, Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae Family) Passion Fruit (Passifloraceae Family) Pineapple, Ananas comosus (L) Merr (Bromeliaceae Family) Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum Blume (Sapindaceae Family) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Tropical Fruit Sampling and Monitoring Economic Thresholds Chemical Control Attractants (Pheromones) Crop Sanitation Biological Control Host Plant Resistance Cultural Practices References Tropical Fruitworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Copromorphidae) References Tropical Lattice Moths (Lepidoptera: Arrhenophanidae) References Tropical Longhorned Moths (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae) References Tropical Plume Moths (Lepidoptera: Oxychirotidae) References Tropical Slug Caterpillar Moths (Lepidoptera: Dalceridae) References Tropical Theileriosis Tropiduchidae Trout Stream Beetles True Katydids Trumpet Trumpet Leafminer Moths (Lepidoptera: Tischeriidae) References Trumpet-Net Caddisflies Truncate Trunk and Canker-Causing Fungi Trypanosomes General Life Stages of Trypanosomes Pathogenic Trypanosomes in Humans Trypanosoma rhodesiense Trypanosoma gambiense Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosomes in Animals Recent Findings and Issues Associated with the Trypanosomes Civil and Political Unrest Competing National Health Priorities Lack of Funding Support to Aid in the Availability of New Drugs, Vector Control and Diagnostic Tests References Trypanosomiasis Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor Tsetse Flies, Glossina spp (Diptera: Glossinidae) Animal Sleeping Sickness Human Sleeping Sickness Tsetse Biology Tsetse Behavior and Ecology in Relation to Control Approaches to Fly Management References Tube-Making Caddisflies Tubercle Tube Moths (Lepidoptera: Acrolophidae) References Turgor Tullgren Funnel Tularemia Tumbling Flower Beetles Tungidae Turfgrass Insects of the United States: Biology and Management Foliar and Stem Inhabitants: Surface Chewing and Sucking Insects Armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Hawthorn) Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Hairy Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus hirtus Montandon Common Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) Buffalograss Chinch Bug, Blissus occiduus Southern Chinch Bug, Blissus insularis Barber Cutworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) Bronzed Cutworm, Nephelodes mimians Guenée Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hübner) Sod Webworms Crown and Thatch Inhabitants: Burrowing Insects Annual Bluegrass Weevil, Listronotus maculicollis (Dietz) Billbugs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Bluegrass Billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal Denver Billbug, Sphenophorus cicatristriatus Fahraeus Phoenician Billbug, Sphenophorus phoeniciensis Chittenden Hunting Billbug, Sphenophorus venatus vestitus Chittenden Soil Inhabitants: Root-Infesting Insects White Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Aphodius Grubs, Aphodius granaries (L) and Aphodius paradalis Le Conte Asiatic Garden Beetle, Maladera castanea (Arrow) Black Turfgrass Ataenius, Ataenius spretulus Haldeman European Chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky) Green June Beetle, Cotinus nitida L Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman May Beetles, Phyllophaga spp. Northern and Southern Masked Chafers, Cyclocephala borealis (Arrow) and Cyclocephala lurida (Bland) Oriental Beetle, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse) Mole Crickets (Scapteriscus spp) (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) Ground Pearls (Margarodes spp) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Management of Turfgrass Insect Pests Sampling and Monitoring Pest Identification Decision-Making Appropriate Intervention Follow-up Record-Keeping Employee and Client Information Biological Control Chemical Control Leaf and Stem Insect Pests Thatch Inhabiting Insect Pests Root Zone/Soil Inhabiting Insect Pests Cultural Control Mowing Irrigation and Drainage Fertility Thatch Management Plant Resistance References Turnip Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Life History Damage Management References Turnip Root Maggot, Delia floralis (Fallen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Life History Damage Management References Turtle Beetles Tussock Moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) References Twig Borer Twirler Moths (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) References Twisted-Wing Parasites Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) Life History Damage Management References Twostriped Grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Life History Damage Management References Two-Spotted Stink Bug, Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae) References Tympanum Typhus Type Specimen fulltext_21.pdf Uenoidae Uhler, Philip Reese References Ulidiidae Ultra Low Volume (ULV) Ultrastructure of Insect Sensilla Cuticular Parts Classification of Sensilla Sensilla Trichodea Sensilla Chaetica Sensilla Basiconica Sensilla Coeloconica Sensilla Ampullacea Sensilla Squamiformia Sensilla Campaniformia Sensilla Placodea Sensilla Scolopophora Sensilla Styloconica Aporous (AP) Sensilla Mechanosensilla Thermo-Hygro Sensilla Uniporous (UP) Sensilla Multiporous (MP) Sensilla Multiporous Pitted (MPP) Sensilla Multiporous Grooved (MPG) Sensilla Sensory Neurons Sheath Cells References Unapparent Resources Underwing Moths - The Genus Catocala (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Distribution Phylogeny Biology Collection References Ungulate Lice Unique-Headed Bugs Unit of Habitat Sampling Univoltine Uraniidae Urban Entomology References Uric Acid Urodidae Urogenital Myiasis Urogomphus (pl., urogomphi) Urostylidae Urticaria Urticating Hairs Usinger, Robert Leslie Reference Uvarov, (SIR) Boris Petrovich References Uzelothripidae fulltext_22.pdf Vagina Valdivian Archaic Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterobathmiidae) References Valdivian Forest Moths (Lepidoptera: Andesianidae) References Van Den Bosch, Robert Reference Van Duzee, Edward Payson References Vanhorniidae Vannus Variable Intensity Sampling Plan Variegated Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Life History Damage Management References Variegated Mud-Loving Beetles Varley, George C Reference Varroa Mite, Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) Varroa Mite Biology Effects of Varroa Mite Detection and Treatment of Varroa Mite References Vas Efferens Vascular System Vascular Wilts Vas Deferens (pl. Vasa Deferentia) Vector Vector Capability of Blood-Sucking Arthropods: A Forecasting Matrix References Vector Competence Vectors of Phytoplasmas References Vegetable Leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Host Plants Natural Enemies Life Cycle and Description Egg Larva Pupa Adult Damage Management Sampling Insecticides Cultural Practices References Vegetable Pests and their Management Artichoke (Family Compositae) Asparagus (Family Liliaceae) Bean and Related Crops (Family Leguminosae) (Bush Bean, Chickpea, Cowpea, Dry Bean, English Pea, Faba Bean, Lentil, Lima Bean Beet and Related Crops (Family Chenopodiaceae) (Beet, Chard, Spinach, Swiss Chard) Cabbage and Related Crops (Family Cruciferae) (Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese Cabbage, Collards.. Carrot and Related Crops (Family Umbelliferae) (Carrot, Celery, Celeriac, Chervil, Coriander, Fennel, Parsley, Parsnip) Lettuce and Related Crops (Family Compositae) (Celtuce, Chicory, Endive, Escarole, Lettuce, Radicchio) Okra (Family Malvaceae) Onion and Related Plants (Family Alliaceae) (Chive, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot) Rhubarb (Family Polygonaceae) Squash and Related Crops (Family Cucurbitaceae) (Cucumber, Melons, Pumpkin, Squash, Watermelon, Etc) Sweet Corn (Family Graminae) Sweet Potato (Family Convolvulaceae) Tomato and Related Plants (Family Solanaceae) (Eggplant, Pepper, Potato, Tomatillo, Tomato) The Characteristics of Pests The Pest Complex Types of Damage Approaches to Pest Management References Vein Veliidae Velocipedidae Velvet Ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) General Characteristics Sexual Dimorphism Taxonomy Biology Defense References Velvet Water Bugs Velvety Shore Bugs Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Venoms and Toxins in Insects Distribution in the Insect World Sting and Venoms in the Hymenoptera Biological Function How Venoms Act Defensively: Pain How Venoms Act Defensively: Damage Insect Venoms and Ecological Factors and Opportunities Medical Aspects of Insect Venoms References Venoms of Ectoparasitic Wasps References Venoms of Endoparasitic Wasps References Ventral Diaphragm Ventral Nerve Cord Ventral Ventricle Ventriculus Vermiform Vermileonidae Vermileonidae Vermipsyllidae Vertex Vertical Transmission Verticillium lecanii Vesicating Species Vespidae Vestigial Veterinary Pests and their Management Host Response Economic Losses -Physical Economic Losses - Disease Economic Losses - Mechanical Relationship Between Pest and Host Feeding Sites Method of Attack Myiasis Management of Pests of Veterinary Importance References Vibrational Communication References Viburnum Leaf Beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) References Viereck, Henry Lorenz Reference Vinegar Flies Vine Mealybug, Planococcus ficus Signoret (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Within-Vine Distribution Biological Controls Insecticide Controls Cultural Controls Sampling Methods Other Mealybug Pest Species References Viral Flacherie Virginopara Viremia Virion Virulence Visual Attractants and Repellents in IPM References Visual Mating Signals Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Displays The Basis of Sexually Selected Signals Sexual Dimorphism and Sexually Selected Displays The Advantages and Disadvantages of Light in Communications UV Markings The Content of Intrasexual Displays The Content of Intersexual Displays Location Cues: Long-Distance Signals Courtship Displays Material Benefits Genetic Benefits Fisherian Run Away Selection Sensory Bias Copulatory and Postcopulatory Displays Mating Systems and Visual Displays The Locations of Ornaments and Colors The Phyletic Distribution of Visual Sexual Displays Conclusion References Vitamins Vitelline Membrane Vitellogenesis Vitellin, the Stored Protein of Yolk Vitellogenesis, the Period of Yolk Uptake Endocrine Control of Vitellogenesis References Vitellogenin Viviparous Volant Volatility Volunteer Plants Vulva fulltext_23.pdf Waggle Dance Walker, Francis References Walkingstick Defensive Behavior and Regeneration of Appendages References Walkingsticks Waloff, Nadejda Reference Walsh, Benjamin Dann Reference Walsingham, (Lord) Thomas De Gray Reference Warble Flies Wasmann, Erich References Wasmannian Mimicry Wasp Moths Wasps Wasps, Ants, Bees and Sawflies (Hymenoptera) Morphological Characters Classification Key to the Superfamilies Suborder: Symphyta (Chalastogastra) Suborder: Apocrita (Clistogastra) Treatment of Representative Superfamilies and Familiess Suborder: Symphyta Superfamily: Cephoidea Superfamily: Megalodontoidea Superfamily: Orussoidea Superfamily: Siricoidea Superfamily: Tenthredinoidea Suborder: Apocrita Superfamily: Cynipoidea Superfamily: Evanioidea Superfamily: Ichneumonoidea Superfamily: Proctotrupoidea Superfamily: Platygasteroidea Superfamily: Stephanoidea Suborder: Apocrita Group: Aculeata Superfamily: Apoidea Superfamily Sphecoidea - Sphecoid Wasps Superfamily: Chrysidoidea Superfamily: Vespoidea - Wasps and Ants References Water Balance Water Loss Cuticle Respiration Excretion Water Gain Food Drinking Metabolism Vapor Absorption Desiccation Resistance Behavioral Avoidance of Desiccation Mechanisms of Desiccation Resistance in Fruit Flies References Water Bugs Water Measurers Water Penny Beetles (Coleoptera: Psephenidae) References Water Pollution and Insects Detection of Pollution Effects in Insects Responses of Aquatic Insect Groups to Pollution Responses of Aquatic Insects to Pollution Organic Wastes Chemical Wastes Physical Wastes Use of Insects in Biomonitoring The Practice of Biomonitoring Species Richness Abundance Evenness and Diversity Biotic Indices Functional Feeding Groups Other Techniques Conclusion References Water Scavenger Beetles Waterscorpions Water Springtails Water Striders Water Treaders Wax Wax Channels Wax Scales Web-Lovers Webspinners (Embiidina) Characteristics Evolution Classification References Web-Spinning Sawflies Webworms (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Wedge-Shaped Beetles Weeds in Crop Systems for Pest Suppression Louisiana Sugarcane South Texas Cotton References Weed Biological Control in Australia History Programs Undertaken Prickly Pear, Opuntia spp. (Cactaceae) Salvinia, Salvinia molesta DS Mitch (Salviniaceae) Lantana, Lantana camara L (Verbenaceae) PatersonŁs Curse, Echium plantagineum L (Boraginaceae) Bridal Creeper, Asparagus asparagoides Druce (Asparagaceae) Weedy Trees Parthenium Weed, Parthenium hysterophorus L (Asteraceae) Looking Forward References Weevils, Billbugs, Bark Beetles, and Others (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Family Nemonychidae, Pine-Flower Snout Beetles Family Anthribidae, Fungus Weevils Family Belidae Family Attelabidae, Leaf-Rolling and Tooth-Nosed Weevils Family Caridae Family Brentidae, Straight-Snouted and Pear-Shaped Weevils Family Curculionidae, Snout Beetles Including Bark and Ambrosia Beetles Subfamily Dryophthorinae - Billbugs, Palm and Grain Weevils Subfamily Brachycerinae Subfamily Curculioninae Subfamily Bagoinae Subfamily Baridinae Subfamily Ceutorhynchinae Subfamily Conoderinae Subfamily Cossoninae-Broad-Nosed Bark Weevils Subfamily Cryptorhynchinae Subfamily Cyclominae Subfamily Entiminae-Broad-Nosed or Root Weevils Subfamily Hyperinae-Clover Weevils Subfamily Lixinae Subfamily Molytinae Subfamily Platypodinae-Pin-Hole Borers Subfamily Scolytinae-Bark Beetles or Engravers, and Ambrosia Beetles References Wesmael, Constantin Reference References Western Blots References Life Stages Life Cycle Pheromone Systems Biological Control Within Field Distribution of Western Grapeleaf Skeletonizer Pheromone Traps as Monitoring Tools Simulation Phenology Model References References Western Thatching Ant, Formica obscuripes (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) References West Indian Sweetpotato Weevil, Eusceps postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) West Nile Fever References Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae, Rhaphidophoridae) References Westwood, John Obadiah References Wetas and King Crickets Wettable Powder Wheat Bulb Fly, Delia coarctata (Fallon) Wheat Curl Mite, Aceria tosichella (Kiefer) (Acari: Eriophyiae) Wheat Ground Beetle, Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Wheat Head Armyworm, Faronia diffusa (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Wheat Jointworm, Tetramesa tritici (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) Wheat Pests and Their Management Wheat Curl Mite Winter Grain Mite Banks Grass Mite Brown Wheat Mite Thrips Say Stink Bug Sunn Pest Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Corn Leaf Aphid English Grain Aphid Greenbug Rose-Grain Aphid Russian Wheat Aphid Army Cutworm Armyworm Pale Western Cutworm Wheat Head Armyworm Wheat Ground Beetle Cereal Leaf Beetle Wireworms and False Wireworms Wheat Bulb Fly Hessian Fly Wheat Midge Frit Fly Wheat Stem Maggot Sawflies Wheat Jointworm Wheat Strawworm References Wheat Stem Maggot, Meromyza americana Fitch (Diptera: Chloropidae) Host Plants Biology Damage and Yield Loss Natural Enemies Management References Wheat Thrips, (Thysanoptera) Wheeler, William Morton References Whiplash Dermatitis Whirligig Beetles Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Appearance and Biology Damage Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) Host Plants Natural Enemies Life Cycle and Description Damage Management Silverleaf Whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring and Sweetpotato (or Cotton) Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn Host Plants Weather Natural Enemies Life Cycle and Description Damage Management Disease Transmission References Whitefly Bioecology and Management in Latin America Damage and Economic Importance Bioecological Characteristics Genetic Plasticity Reproductive Potential Virus Transmission Management Alternatives Phytosanitary Campaigns Host Plant Resistance Physical Exclusion Mulching Chemical Repellents Concluding Remarks References White Grubs, Phyllophaga, and Others (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Life History Damage Management References White Muscardine Whites Whorl Wiedemann, Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Reference Wigglesworth, (SIR) Vincent Brian Reference Williams, Carroll Milton Reference Williston, Samuel Wendell Reference Wilt Disease Window Flies Wing Wing Coupling The ŁHemipteroid AssemblageŽ Psocoptera Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha Heteroptera + Coleorrhyncha Thysanoptera Endopterygota Mecoptera Hymenoptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera References Wing Covers Winged Walkingsticks Wing Pad Wings of Insects Areas of the Wing Wing Form Wing Coupling Wing Venation References Wing Venation Winter Crane Flies Winter Grain Mite, Penthaleus major (Duges) (Acari: Penthaleidae) References Winter Stoneflies Wireworm Wireworms, Several Genera and Species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Life History Damage Management References Wireworms of Potato Wireworms of Wheat Wirth, Willis Wagner Reference Witches Broom Wolcott, George N References Wollaston, Thomas Vernon References Wood-Attacking Insects Carpenter Ants Termites Powderpost Beetles Old House Borer Other Wood-Damaging Insects References Wood Gnats Wood Nymphs Wood Rot Woody Vegetation Wood Wasps Wood-Stain Diseases Woolly Aphids Woolly Whitefly Worker Worm Lions Wrinkled Bark Beetles fulltext_24.pdf X-Chromosome Xenasteiidae Xenic Culture Xerophytic Xiphocentonidae Xiphydriidae Xyelidae Xylomyid Flies Xylomyidae Xylophagid Flies Xylophagidae Xylophagous Xyphiopsyllidae fulltext_25.pdf Y-Chromosome Yellow Dog Tick, Haemaphysalis leachi (Audouin) (Acari: Ixodidae) Yellow-Faced Bees Yellow Fever Insect Vectors The Virus The Disease Impact and Problems References Yellow Flies Yellow Jackets Yellow Mealworms Yellows Yellowstriped Armyworm, Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Life History Damage Management References Yellow-White Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) References Yolk Yponomeutidae Young, Jr., David A Reference Yucca Moths (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) References fulltext_26.pdf Zachvatkin (Jasykov), Aleksei Alekseevich Reference Zeller, Philipp Christoph References Zetterstedt, Johann Wilhelm Reference Zoogeographic Realms Australian Realm Oriental Realm Ethiopian Realm Neotropical Realm Holarctic Realm Zoogeography Zoonosis (pl. zoonoses) Zoophagous Zopheridae Zoraptera Zorapterans Zorotypidae Zygaenidae Zygote back-matter.pdf Index