Oilfield chemistry and its environmental impact

Description

Consolidates the many different chemistries being employed to provide environmentally acceptable products through the upstream oil and gas industry.-- Abstract: Consolidates the many different chemistries being employed to provide environmentally acceptable products through the upstream oil and gas industry Content: Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Preface Chapter 1 Introduction and History 1.1 Demulsifiers 1.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 1.3 Drilling Fluids and Additives 1.4 Cementing 1.5 Well Stimulation and Improving Recovery 1.5.1 Waterflooding 1.5.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 1.6 Water Treatments 1.6.1 Scale Inhibitors 1.6.2 Biocides and Bacterial Control 1.7 Crude Oil Treatments 1.7.1 Wax Inhibitors and Pour Point Depressants 1.7.2 Asphaltene Inhibitors, Dispersants and Dissolvers 1.8 Other Chemical Products 1.9 Oilfield Chemistry References Chapter 2 Polymer Chemistry 2.1 General Organic Polymers: Synthetic Polymers2.1.1 Vinyl Polymers and Copolymers 2.1.1.1 Polyethylenes, Polyisobutylenes and Related Polymers 2.1.1.2 Poly(acrylic Acid) Products, Methacrylates, Acrylamides and Related Polymers 2.1.1.3 Polyacrylamides 2.1.1.4 Poly(vinyl Acetate) and Related Polymers and Copolymers 2.1.1.5 Polystyrene and Other Unclassified Vinyl Polymers 2.1.2 Non-vinyl Polymers and Copolymers 2.1.2.1 Polyethers and Polyols 2.1.2.2 Polyesters 2.1.2.3 Polyamines and Polyamides 2.1.2.4 Other Non-vinyl Polymers 2.1.3 Environmental Derivations of Synthetic Polymers 2.1.3.1 Side-Chain Modification2.1.3.2 Copolymerisation and Grafting 2.1.3.3 Block Copolymers 2.1.3.4 Selecting Polymer Backbone 2.2 Natural Polymers and Related Materials 2.2.1 Biopolymers 2.2.2 The Polypeptides 2.2.3 The Polysaccharides 2.2.3.1 Cellulosic Polymers 2.2.3.2 Guar and Its Derivatives 2.2.3.3 Xanthan, Other Gums and Related Products 2.2.3.4 Starch and Its Derivatives 2.2.3.5 Chitosan 2.2.4 Other Natural Polymers 2.2.4.1 Rubber 2.2.4.2 Lignin 2.2.4.3 Humic Acid 2.2.4.4 Tall Oil-Derived Polymers 2.2.5 Other Biopolymers 2.2.5.1 Glucan and Glycans 2.2.5.2 Glycopeptides and Glycoproteins2.2.5.3 Non-polysaccharide Biopolymers 2.2.5.4 Lipids 2.2.6 Functional Derivations of Natural Polymers 2.2.6.1 Carboxyinnulins 2.3 Dendritic Polymers and Other Unclassified Polymers 2.3.1 Dendritic and Hyperbranched Polymers 2.3.2 Other Polymers 2.4 Plastics, Fibres, Elastomers and Coatings 2.4.1 Plastics 2.4.2 Fibres 2.4.3 Elastomers 2.4.4 Coatings 2.5 Polymer Application and Injection 2.5.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery and Polymer Application 2.5.2 Polymers in Water Shut-Off 2.5.3 Drag Reducer Polymer Injection 2.6 Polymer Degradation and Biodegradation2.6.1 Thermal Degradation 2.6.1.1 Synthetic Polymers 2.6.1.2 Natural Polymers 2.6.2 Oxidative Degradation 2.6.3 Radiative Degradation 2.6.4 Mechanical Degradation 2.6.5 Chemical Degradation 2.6.5.1 Water-Soluble Polymers 2.6.5.2 Hydrolysis 2.6.5.3 Other Chemical Degradation 2.6.5.4 Chemical Compatibility 2.6.6 Biological Degradation: Biodegradation 2.6.6.1 Designing for Biodegradation 2.6.6.2 The Unused Resource: Natural Polymers 2.6.6.3 Reversing Biodegradation 2.6.6.4 Biodegradation of Polymeric Materials