GATE 2019 Civil Engineering

Description

Cover Copyright Contents Preface Key Pedagogical Features Syllabus: Civil Engineering Section 1: Engineering Mathematics Section 2: Structural Engineering Section 3: Geotechnical Engineering Section 4: Water Resources Engineering Section 5: Environmental Engineering Section 6: Transportation Engineering Section 7: Geomatics Engineering Chapter-wise Analysis of Previous Years’ Papers General Information about GATE Structure of Gate and Gate Results Section Weightage and Marks Particulars Question Types Design of Questions About Online Pattern Important Tips for Gate GATE 2017 Solved PaperCE: Civil EngineeringSet - I GATE 2017 Solved PaperCE: Civil EngineeringSet - II GATE 2018 Solved PaperCivil Engineering Set – I General Aptitude Civil Engineering GATE 2018 Solved PaperCivil Engineering Set – II General Aptitude Civil Engineering Part 1 General Aptitude Part A Verbal Ability Chapter 1 Grammar Introduction Grammar Sentence Completion Section I: GrammarOverview Sentence Parts of a sentence Parts of Speech: Identification Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction (Connector) Interjection Phrases and Clauses Phrase Clause Conditionals Type A Type B If–Conditionals Type–I Type–II Type–III Examples of Errors in theUsage of Conditionals Types of Sentences (Structural) Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence Types of Sentences (Semantic) Assertive Sentences (or)Declarative Sentences Imperative Sentences Interrogative Sentences Exclamatory Sentences Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Section II: Sentence CorrectionCorrect Use of Nouns Correct Use of Articles Some Important Rules Regarding theUse of Articles Correct use of Pronouns Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Emphatic Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Pronouns of Number Pronouns of Quantity Distributive Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Relative Pronouns Rules for use of Pronouns Correct Use of Adjectives Correct use of Adverbs Rules Pertaining to Use of Adverbs Correct Use of the Verb Structure of the Verb Phrase Auxiliary Verbs and Their Forms Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive Verb—Voice Verb—Form and Use of the Tenses Uses of Tenses—Some Important Rules Subject and Verb Concord (Agreement) Non-Finites The Infinitives The Gerund The Participle Correct Use of Prepositions Object of the Preposition Rules Pertaining to the Use of Prepositions Correct Use of Conjunctions Notes on Phrasal Verbs Parallelism Question Tags Active-Passive Voice Additional Examples Direct and Indirect Speech Exceptions Diction (Words often confused) Exercises Grammar—Nouns/Articles/PronounsBasic Advanced Grammar—Verbs/Tenses/AuxiliaryBasic Advanced Grammar—Adjectives/AdverbsBasic Advanced Grammar—Conjunctions/PrepositionsBasic Advanced Grammar—Active/Passive, Direct/IndirectBasic Advanced Grammar—Phrasal VerbsBasic Advanced Answer Keys Chapter 2 Vocabulary Vocabulary Common Roots Verbal Analogies Verbal Reasoning Exercises Sentence Completion Basic Advanced Synonyms Basic Advanced Antonyms Basic Advanced Analogies Basic Advanced Logical Reasoning Basic Advanced Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Verbal Ability Answer Keys Part B Numerical Ability UNIT 1 Quantitative Aptitude Chapter 1 Simple Equations Introduction One Equation in One Unknown Two Equations in TwoUnknowns Three Equations in ThreeUnknowns Solved Examples Additional Cases in LinearEquations Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 2 Ratio–Proportion–Variation Ratio Solved Examples Proportion Variation Direct Variation Inverse Variation Joint Variation Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 3 Numbers Numbers Rul e of SiGns Classification of Real Numbers Perfect Numbers Rules for Divisibility Solved Examples Number of Factors of a Number Number of Ways of Expressing a GivenNumber as a Product of Two Factors Sum of all the Factors of a Number Product of all the Factors of a Number Number of Ways of Writing a Number asProduct of Two Co-primes Number of Co-primes to N, That are Lessthan N Sum of Co-primes to N That Are LessThan N Least Common Multiple (Lcm ) and HighestCommon Factor (Hcf) Lcm and Hcf Models Successive Division Factorial Largest Power of a Number in N! Some Important Points to Note Number Systems Conversions Binary Arithmetic Examples of Binary Addition Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 4 Percentage, Profi t and Loss Percentage Solved Examples Percentage Points Profit and Loss Partnerships Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 5 Simple Interest andCompound Interest Interest Simple Interest Compound Interest Compounding More Than Once a Year Present Value Repayment in EqualInstalments—Compound Interest Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 6 Averages, Mixtures, andAlligations Averages Points to Remember An Easy Method to Calculate Averages Weighted Average Mixtures Solved Examples Alligations Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 7 Time and Work Work Solved Examples Pipes and Cisterns Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 8 Time and Distance Introduction Speed Average Speed Solved Examples Relative Speed Boats and Streams Races and Circular Tracks Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 9 Indices, Surds, and Logarithms Indices Solved Examples Surds Rationalization of a Surd Square Root of a Surd Comparison of Surds Logarithms Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 10 Quadratic Equations Quadratic Equations Finding the Roots by Factorisation Finding the Roots by Using the Formula Sum and Product of Roots of aQuadratic Equation Signs of the Roots Constructing a Quadratic Equation Maximum or Minimum Value of aQuadratic Expression Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 11 Inequalities Inequalities and Modulus Symbols and Notations Absolute Value Properties of Modulus Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 12 Progressions Progressions Arithmetic Progression (AP) Solved Examples Geometric Progression (GP) Infinite Geometric Progression Some Important Results Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 13 Permutations and Combinations Introduction Permutations Combinations Circular Permutations Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 14 Data Interpretation Introduction Methods of Presenting Data Data Table Pie Charts Two-Dimensional Graphs Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Quantitative Ability Answer Keys UNIT 2 Reasoning Chapter 1 Number and Letter Series Introduction Number Series Difference Series Product Series Squares/Cubes Series Miscellaneous Series Combination Series Letter Series Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 2 Analogies Analogy Number Analogies Solved Examples Letter Analogies Verbal Analogies Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 3 Odd Man Out Introduction Alphabet Classification Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 4 Coding and Decoding Coding and Decoding Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 5 Blood Relations Blood Relations Solved Examples Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 6 Venn Diagrams Venn Diagrams Venn Diagram Type I Solved Examples Venn Diagram Type II Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 7 Seating Arrangements Linear Sequencing Solved Examples Circular Arrangement Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 8 Puzzles Puzzles Solved Examples Order Sequence Selections Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 9 Clocks and Calendars ClocKs Solved Examples Calendar Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Logical Ability Answer Keys Part 2 Engineering Mathematics Chapter 1 Calculus Limit of a Function Meaning of ‘x → a’ Meaning of the Symbol: limx→a f(x) = l Continuous Functions Algebra of Continuous Functions Intermediate-value Theorem Inverse-function Theorem Solved Examples Derivatives Standard Results Product Rule Quotient Rule Chain Rule Derivatives of Some Important Functions Inverse Rule Second Derivative Successive Differentiation Application of DerivativesErrors in Measurement Rate of Change Maxima and Minima Mean Value Theorems Taylor’s Theorem Partial Differentiation Total Differential Co-efficient Implicit Function Homogeneous Functions Euler′s Theorem Maxima and Minima for Functionof Two Variables Procedure to Obtain Maxima and Minima Indefinite Integrals Some Standard Formulae Definite Integrals Fundamental Theorem of IntegralCalculus Properties of definite integrals Applications of Integration Rectification Theorems on Integration Improper Integrals Multiple integrals Applications of Double and Triple Integrals Vector Calculus Linear Combinations Test of Collinearity Test of Coplanarity Linear Dependence and Independence Multiplication of Vectors Vector or Cross Product Triple Products Vector Variable Differential Vectors Gradient of a Scalar Function Divergence of Vector Curl of a Vector Integration Line Integral Circulation Gauss’ Divergence Theorem Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Ordinary Diff erentialEquations Introduction Differential Equations Certain Geometrical Results may also beExpressed as Diff erential Equations Order of a Differential Equation Degree of a Differential Equation Linear Differential Equation Solution of a Differential Equation First Order Equation Second Order Equation Solved Examples Homogeneous Differential Equations Definition Exact Differential Equations Methods to Find the Integrating Factors Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 Linear Equations Bernoulli’s Linear Equations Second Order Linear Differential Equationswith Constant Co-efficients Cauchy’s Homogeneous Linear Equations Method of Variation of Parameters Laplace Transforms Inverse Laplace Transforms Transform of Special Functions Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Partial Differential Equations Fourier Series Euler’s Formula for theFourier Coeffi cients Solved Examples Even and Odd Functions Function of Any Period (P = 2L) Half Range Expansion Partial Differential Equations (PDE) Standard Notation Formation of Partial Differential Equations Linear Equation of First Order Non-linear Equations of First Order Classification of Second OrderHomogeneous Linear Equations Method of Separation of Variables Heat Equation Wave Equation Laplace Equation Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Linear Algebra Introduction Type of Matrices Trace of a Matrix Tranjugate or Transposed Conjugateof a Matrix Operations on MatricesScalar Multiplication of Matrices Addition of Matrices Multiplication of Matrices Determinants Determinant of Order 1 (or FirstOrder Determinant) Determinant of Order 2 (or Second OrderDeterminant) Determinant of Order 3 (ThirdOrder Determinant) Singular and Non-singular Matrices Inverse of a Matrix Adjoint of a Matrix Evaluating Inverse of a Square Matrix Rank and Nullity of a Matrix Elementary Operations or ElementaryTransformations Row and Column Equivalence Matrices Normal form of a Matrix Systems of Linear Equations Solving System of Linear Equations Cramers Method Inverse Method Gauss-Jordan Method Gauss Elimination Method Linear Dependence LU Decomposition Method of Factorisationor Method of Triangularization The Characteristic Equation of a Matrix Cayley-Hamilton Theorem Inverse by Cayley-Hamilton Theorem Power of a Matrix byCayley-Hamilton Theorem Reduction to Diagonal Form Procedure to Reduce a Square Matrixinto Diagonal Form Power of a Matrix by Using its Diagonal Form Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Probability and Statistics Probability Random Experiment Defi nition of Probability Addition Theorem of Probability Solved Example Conditional Probability Multiplication Theorem Baye’s Rule Advanced Probability Random Variable Probability Mass Function (PMF) Probability Density Function (PDF) Mathematical Expectation [E(X)] Some Special DiscreteDistributions Discrete Uniform Distribution Binomial Distribution Properties of Binomial Distribution Properties of Poisson Distribution Some Special ContinuousDistributions Continuous Uniform Distributionor Rectangular Distribution Normal Distribution Properties of Normal Distribution Exponential Distribution Joint Distribution of Random Variables JointProbability Mass Function Joint Probability Density Function Conditional Probability Functionsof Random Variables Independent Random Variables Statistics Measures of Central Tendencies Arithmetic Mean (AM or x) Median Empirical Formula Measures of Dispersion Range Quartile Deviation (QD) Mean Deviation (MD) Standard Deviation (SD) Co-efficient of Variation (CV) Hypothesis Testing Introduction Some Basic Definitions Population Sampling Testing of Hypothesis Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis Type I and Type II Errors Level of Significance Critical Region and Critical Value Critical Region (or) the Region of Rejection(or) the Significant Region Critical Value (OR) Significant Value One Tailed and Two Tailed Tests Procedure for Test of Hypothesis Tests of Hypothesis for Large Samples Tests of Hypothesis for Small Samples Degrees of Freedom Student’s t-Distribution (or) t-Distribution F-Distribution Chi-square Distribution Non-Parametric Tests Goodness of Fit Test Analysis of rXc Contingency Tables Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 6 Numerical Methods Numerical Methods Accuracy and Precision Types of Errors Inherent Error Round off Error Solved Example Methods for Finding the Real Roots(Zeros) of f (x) = 0 The Intermediate Value Theorem Relations between Roots and Coefficients Roots of Equations and Descartes’ Rule Bisection Method (Bolzano Method)or (Halving Method) Convergence of Bisection Method Regula Falsi Method or (The Methodof False Position) Convergence of Regula Falsi Method The Secant Method Newton–Raphson Method Geometrical Interpretation ofNewton–Raphson Formula Convergence of Newton–Raphson Method Newton’s Iterative Formula to Find bth Rootof a Positive Real Number a Newton’s Iterative Formula to Find aReciprocal of a Number N Curve Fitting Least Squares Approximation Procedure Interpolation Assumptions in Interpolation Finite Differences Interpolation Formulae Numerical Differentiation Numerical Integration Newton–Cote’s Quadrature Formula Trapezoidal Rule [Two-point Quadrature] Simpson’s One-third Rule[Three-point Quadrature] Simpson’s Three-eighth Rule Numerical Solutions ofOrdinary Differential Equations Single-step Methods Multi-step Methods Taylor’s Series Method Picard’s Method of SuccessiveApproximation Multi-step Methods Euler’s Method Modified Euler’s Method Runge–Kutta Methods First Order Runge–Kutta Method Second Order Runge–Kutta Method Third Order Runge-Kutta Method Fourth Order Runge–Kutta Method Predictor–Corrector Methods Milne’s Predictor Formula Milne’s Corrector Formula Adams–Bashforth Predictor Formula Adams–Moulton Corrector Formula Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Engineering Mathematics Answer Keys Part 3 Civil Engineering Unit 1 EngineeringMechanics Chapter 1 Introduction—Forcesand Equilibrium Introduction Newtonian MecHanics Branches of Newtonian Mechanics Deformation of Body Action and Reaction Tension Thrust Force Resolution of a Force intoa Force and a Couple Resultant of a Systemof Coplanar Forces Parallelogram Law of Forces Resultant of Multiple Forces Actingat a Point Triangle Law of Forces Coplanar Force System Collinear Forces Coplanar Concurrent Force System Coplanar Parallel Force System Coplanar Non-concurrent, Non-parallel Force System Solved Examples Moment of a Force Varignon’s Theorem of Moments Moment of a Couple Equilibrium of Force Systems Equilibrium Equationsfor Different CoplanarForce Systems Analysis of a Systemof Forces in Space Concurrent Spatial Force System Parallel Spatial Force System Non-concurrent, Non-parallelForce System Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Free-body Diagrams—Trusses Introduction Free-body Diagram Composition and Resolutionof Forces Resolution of a Force Equilibrium Law Internal and External Forces Superposition and Transmissibility Law of Superposition Equilibrium of ConcurrentForces in a Plane Lami’s Theorem Analysis of Roof Trusses Definitions Truss Plane Truss Strut and Tie Loads Nodes Perfect Frame Supports Assumptions—Analysis of Trusses Free-body Diagram of a Truss and the Joints Solution by Method of Joints Working Rules Method of Members—Analysisof Plane Frames Solved Example Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Friction, Centre of Gravity, Moment of Inertia Introduction Friction Definitions Laws of Friction First Law Second Law Third Law Fourth Law Force Determinations for Different Scenarios Cone of Friction Solved Example Virtual Work Principle of Virtual Work Lifting Machine Load or Resistance Efforts Input of a Machine Output of a Machine Velocity Ratio (VR) Mechanical Advantage (MA) Ideal Machine Efficiency of a Machine Relation between MA, VR, and h Frictional Losses Reversible and IrreversibleMachine Compound Efficiency Law of a Machine Screw Jack Differential Screw Jack Centre of Gravity Centroid Centroidal Axis Lamina Determination of the Centre of Gravity ofa Thin Irregular Lamina Integration Method forCentroid Determinationin a Thin Lamina or Solid First Moment of Area Theorems of Pappus–Guldinus Theorem I Theorem II Area Moment of Inertia Polar Moment of Inertia Radius of Gyration Parallel Axis Theorem Perpendicular Axis Theorem Centroid of Solids Mass Moment of Inertia Mass Moment of Inertiaand Radius of Gyration Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Rectilinear Motion Introduction Dynamics Types of Motion Rectilinear Motion Displacement, Distance, Velocityand Acceleration Displacement and Distance Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity and Speed Average Acceleration Instantaneous Acceleration Motion at a UniformAcceleration Vertical Motion under Gravity Solved Examples Motion under VariableAcceleration Relative Velocity Kinetics of a Particle General Equation of Motion for a Particle Differential Equation of Rectilinear Motion Motion of a Particle Acted Uponby a Constant Force Free-falling Object Force as a Function of Time Dynamics of a Particle D’Alembert’s Principle Momentum and Impulse Moment and Couple Couple Work and Energy Work done by Torque Work Energy Formulations Alternate Method Ideal Systems—Conservationof Energy Law of Conservation of Energy mpact Elastic Impact Plastic or Inelastic Impact Newton’s Experimental Lawof Colliding Bodies Energy Loss Due to Impact Coefficient of Restitution Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Curvilinear Motion Introduction Kinematics of Curvilinear Translation Solved Example Projectile Motion Definitions Equations of the Path of Projectile Motion of a Projectile on an InclinedPlane Apparent Weight in a Lift Kinematics of Rotation Angular Displacementand Angular Velocity Relation between Linear Velocityand Angular Velocity Angular Acceleration Equations of Motion alonga Circular Path Laws for Rotary Motion First Law Second Law Angular Momentum or Momentof Momentum Rotational Kinetic Energy Angular Impulse or Impulsive Torque Work Done in Rotation Kinetic Energy in Combined Motion Conservation of Angular Momentum D’Alembert’s Principlefor Rotary Motion Euler’s Equation of Motion Simple Harmonic Motionand Free Vibrations Oscillation, Amplitude,Frequency and Period Velocity and Acceleration Frequency of Vibrationof a Spring Mass System Oscillations of a Simple Pendulum Super Elevation Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 6 List of Formulae List of Formulae Test Engineering Mechanics Answer Keys Unit 2 Solid Mechanics Chapter 1 Simple Stressesand Strains Introduction Simple Stresses and Strains Assumptions for Calculating Strength of Materials Stress Types of Stresses Direct Stresses Indirect Stresses Types of Strain Hooke’s Law and Modulusof Elasticity Stress–Strain Relationship Factor of Safety Material Properties Elastic Constants Poisson’s Ratio Volumetric Strain ofRectangular Bar withTriaxial Loading Relationship between Modulusof Elasticity and Modulusof Rigidity Bars of Varying Cross-sections Bars with a ContinuouslyVarying Cross-section(Width Vary from b1 to b2) Compound Bars Elongation Due to Self Weight Thermal Stresses Thermal Stresses in Compound Bars Solved Example Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Complex Stresses, Shear Forceand Bending Moment Diagrams Introduction State of Stress in 2D System(Biaxial or Plane Stress) Stresses on Inclined Planes Special Cases Principal Planes and Stresses Principal Stresses Principal Plane Maximum Shear Stresses Maximum Shear Stress Planes Strains on Inclined Plane Maximum Shear Strain Mohr’s Circle Construction of Mohr’s Circlefor Complex Stresses Measurement of Stresses ona Plane Making an Angle q withthe Plane at Which px Acts Mohr’s Circle of Strain Strain Gauge Rectangular Strain Rosettes Theories of Failure Classification of Beams Shear Force and BendingMoment in Beams Relation between Load Intensity, ShearForce and Bending Moment Shear Force and BendingMoment Diagrams Cantilever Subjected to CentralConcentrated Load Cantilever Subjected to UniformlyDistributed Load Cantilever Subjected to UniformlyVarying Load Simply Supported Beamwith Concentrated Load Simply Supported Beamwith Uniformly Distributed Load Simply Supported Beamwith Uniformly Varying Load Solved Examples Exercises PreVious Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Theory of Stresses in Beams Introduction Stresses in Beams Bending Stresses Neutral Axis Position of Neutral Axis Centroid or Centre of Area Moment of Inertia Centroid and Moment of Inertiaof Some Plane Figures Rectangle Triangle Circle Semi-circle Quadrant Centroids of Solid Figures Relationship between Bending Momentand Radius of Curvature Moment of Resistance of a Section Application of Bending Equation Shearing Stresses in Beams Shear Stress Distribution acrossa Rectangular Section Shear Stress Distribution acrossa Circular Section Shear Stress Distribution acrossTriangular Cross-sections Shear Stress Distributionacross Symmetric I–Section Shear Stress Distribution Composite Beams Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Torsion of Shafts Introduction Torsion of Circular Shafts Torsional Equation Polar Modulus and Stiffness Power Transmitted Comparison of Stiffness Shaft Combinations Shafts in Series Shafts in Parallel Indeterminate Shafts Torsion of a Tapering Shaft Combined Bending and Torsion Strain Energy in Torsion Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Deflection of Beams Introduction Deflection of Beams Deformation of Beam underTransverse Loading Equation of the Elastic Curve Double Integration Method Some Boundary Conditions Some General Cases Macaulay’s Method Solved Examples Moment Area Methods First Moment Area Theorem Second Moment Area Theorem Bending Moment Diagram Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 6 Columns and Struts Introduction Theory of Columns and Struts Eccentrically Loaded Columns Analysis of the Critical Loadfor Long Column by Euler’sFormula Special Cases Limitations of Euler’s Formula Effective Lengths for DifferentEnd Conditions Rankine’s Formula Solved Examples Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 7 Strain Energy Strain Energy Stress Analysis for VariousType of Loads Strain Energy dueto Shear Stress Solved Examples Strain Energy in Pure Bending Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 8 Fixed and Propped Cantilever Beams, and Shear Centre Introduction Propped and Fixed Beams Analysis of Propped Beams Solved Examples Fixed Beams Analysis of Fixed Beams Moment Area Method (Support Moments) Standard Cases (Beams of UniformSection) Fixed Beam with Central Point Load Fixed Beam with UDL Eccentric Point Load Couple Uniformly Varying Load Sinking of Supports Rotation of Supports Shear Centre Shear Flow Shear Centre of Different Cross-sections Channel Section I-section with Unequal Flanges For Equal Angles T-sections For Unsymmetrical Channel Sections Circular Arc Square Tube with Slit Rectangular Tube of Constant Thickness withSlit Exercises Answer Keys Test Solid Mechanics Answer Keys Unit 3 Structural Analysis Chapter 1 Determinacy and Indeterminacy Introduction Statically DeterminateStructure Equations of Equilibrium Pin Jointed Plane Frame (Plane Truss) Rigid Jointed Plane Frame Pin Jointed Space Frame (Space Truss) Rigid Jointed Space Frame Statically Indeterminate Structure Degree of Indeterminacy or Redundancy (Ds) Formulation of Ds External Indeterminacy (Dse) Internal Indeterminacy (Dsi) Solved Examples Instability of Structures Degrees of Freedom (or)Kinematic Indeterminacy Formulation of Degree ofKinematic Indeterminacy (Dk) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Methods of Indeterminate Analysis Introduction Force Method Displacement Method Strain Energy Method Work Done by a Forceon a Member Law of Reciprocal Deflectionor Maxwell’s ReciprocalDeflection Theorem Betti’s Law Castigliano’s Theorem First Theorem Solved Examples Second Theorem Moment Distribution Method Definitions The Distribution Theorem Relative Stiffness Moment Distribution Procedure for Analysis Sinking of Supports One End Fixed–Other End Hinged Portal Frames Non-sway Type of Frames Sway Type of Frames Pure Sway Frame General Sway Frame Slope Deflection Method Slope–Deflection Equations Support Moment’s Calculation Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Analysis of Trusses Introduction Assumptions Common Type of Trusses Roof Trusses Bridge Trusses Sign Convention Zero–Force Members Solved Examples Methods of Analysis Method of Joints Method of Sections Deflection of Truss Joints Due to External Load System Due to Lack of Fit or Temperature Effect Redundant Trusses Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 ILD and Rolling Loads Introduction Influence Line ILD for Simply Supported Beams ILD for Reactions at the Supports ILD for Shear Force at a Given Section ILD for Bending Momentat a Given Section Simply Supported Beamswith Overhang Maximum Shear ata given Section Wheel Loads Uniformly Distributed Load Maximum Bending Momentat a Given Section Wheel Loads Uniformly Distributed Load Two Cases Maximum Bending Moment undera Chosen Wheel Load Absolute Maximum BendingMoment Wheel Loads Uniformly Distributed Load Muller–Breslau Principle Influence Line Diagramfor Bridge Truss Members Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Arches, Cables, Matrix Methods Introduction Arches Three-hinged Arch Calculation of Reactions Special Cases Temperature Effect onThree-hinged Arches Effect of Temperature Riseon the Horizontal Thrust Two-hinged Arches Special Cases Temperature Effecton Two-hinged Arches Special Cases Normal Thrust and Radial Shear Linear Arch or Theoretical Arch Cables Cable Subjected to UniformlyDistributed Load Tension in the Cable Tension in Cable Supportedat Different Levels Length of the Cable Matrix Method of StructuralAnalysis Flexibility and Stiffness Flexibility Matrix Stiffness Matrix Properties of Flexibility and Stiffness Matrix Procedure to Develop Flexibility Matrix Procedure to Develop Stiffness Matrix Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Structural Analysis Answer Keys Unit 4 Construction Materials and Management Chapter 1 Concrete and Its Constituents Cement Chemical Composition Functions of Cement Ingredients Types of Cements Tests on Cement Field Tests Laboratory Tests Aggregates Properties of Aggregates Tests on Aggregates Aggregate Crushing Value Aggregate Impact Value Aggregate Abrasion Test Bulking of Aggregates Flakiness Index Elongation Index Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Stripping Value Test Angularity Number Admixtures Types of Admixtures Mineral Admixtures Chemical Admixtures Uses of Admixtures Concrete Workability Water Content Mix Proportions Size and Shape of Aggregate Surface Texture Grading of Aggregates Use of Admixtures Tests on Workability Slump Test Appartus Compaction Factor Test Flow Test Vee–Bee Consistometer Test Various Properties of Concrete Gain of Strength with Age Tensile Strength of Concrete Elastic Deformation Shrinkage Creep of Concrete Thermal Expansion Segregation Bleeding Tests on Hardened Concrete Compression Test Modulus of Rupture/Flexural Strengthof Concrete Non-Destructive Testing Methods Mix Design Variables in Proportioning Method of Proportioning Method of Proportioning Indian Standard Method of ConcreteMix Proportioning Estimating Yield of Concrete Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Steel Introduction Uses of Steel Properties: Mild SteelVs Hard Steel Defects in Steel Steel Manufacturing Processes Mechanical Treatment of Steel Drawing Forging Pressing Rolling Market Form of Steel Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 3 Bricks and Mortar Bricks Composition of Good Brick Earth Harmful Ingredients in Brick Earth Manufacture of Bricks Preparation of Clay Moulding Drying Burning Qualities of Good Bricks Tests on Bricks Classification of Bricks Colours of Bricks Shape of Bricks Mortar Classification of Mortars Bulk Density: 2 Types of Mortars Kind of Binding Material Nature of Application Selection of Mortar Lime Mortar Introduction Some Definitions Constituents of Lime IS Classifications of Lime Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Timber Timber Structure of a Tree Processing of Timber Differences between NaturalSeasoning and ArtificialSeasoning Defects in Timber Qualities of Good Timber Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 5 Bitumen Introduction Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 6 Introduction to Construction Management Introduction Conceptual and FeasiBilityStudies Engineering Design Contracting and Procurement Construction Commissioning Utilization and Maintenance Types of Construction Projects Building Projects Heavy Engineering Projects Industrial Projects Public Projects Private Projects Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 7 Rate Analysis, Estimation andStandard Specifications Rate Analysis Definition—Rate Analysis Estimation Types of Estimates Methods for Estimation Centre Line Method Out-to-out and in-to-in Method Bay Method Crossing Method Service Unit Method Specifications Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 8 Tendering and Construction Contracts Tendering and ConstructionContracts Process of Tendering Bidding Pre-qualification Process Document Required forPre-qualification Notice Inviting Tender Submission of Bids Analysis of Submitted Tenders Technical Bid Financial Bid Basis for Evaluation and Acceptance Letter of Intent Work Order Agreement Exercises Answer Keys Chapter 9 Project Planning and Network Analysis Project Planningand Network Analysis Planning TerminologiesEvent and Activity Dummy Activity Network Activity on Arrow (AoA) Activity on Node (AoN) Precedence Network Logic Duration of an Activity Float or Slack Time Total Float in an Activity Free Float Independent Float Interference Float Critical Path Characteristics of Critical Path Forward Pass Computation Backward Pass Computation Programme Evaluation andReview Technique (PERT) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Construction Materials and Management Answer Keys Unit 5 Concrete Structures Chapter 1 Limit State Method Introduction Methods of Design ofReinforced Concrete Working Stress Method (WSM) Ultimate Load Method (ULM)or Load Factor Method (LFM) Limit State Method (LSM) Limit State of Collapse Limit State of Serviceability Characteristic Load Characteristic Strength of Materials Design Values and Partial Safety Factors Material Solved Examples Limit State of ServiceabilityDeflection Limits as per IS:456–2000 Short-term Deflection Long-term Deflection Alternate Method of Ensuring Limit StateRequirement of Deflection Code provisions Limit State of Serviceability—Cracking Important Points Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Beams Introduction Singly Reinforced Sections Assumptions Made in Limit State Methodof Design in Flexure Stress Block Parameters Depth of Neutral Axis (xu) Lever Arm (z) Maximum Depth of Neutral Axis (xumax) Modes of Failure/Types of Section Balanced Section Under-reinforced Section Over-reinforced Section Solved Examples General Design Requirements for Beams Doubly Reinforced Section Situations Where Doubly Reinforced Beams are Used Analysis of Doubly-reinforced Beams Flanged Beams Effective Width of Flange Moment of Resistance ofSingly-reinforced Flanged Sections Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement Moment of Resistance of Doubly-reinforcedFlanged Section Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Strength of RC Section in Shear, Torsion and Bond Introduction Shear Shear Stress in Beam Procedure for Design of Shear Vertical Stirrups Bent up Bars Inclined Stirrups Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement Minimum Shear Reinforcement Solved Examples Torsion Indian Standard Recommendationson Design for Torsion Design Procedure Bond Bond Stress Types of Bond Development Length (Ld) Equivalent Development Lengthsof Hooks and Bends Splicing of TensionReinforcement Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Slabs, Columns and Footings Introduction Slabs General Design Requirements for Slabsas per IS: 456–2000 Eff ective Span Limiting Stiff ness Minimum Reinforcement Maximum Diameter of Bars Spacing of Main Reinforcement Distribution Reinforcement Cover to Reinforcement Types of Slabs One Way Slab Design Procedure for One Way Slab Two Way Slabs Simply Supported Slabs Restrained Slabs Recommendations of IS:456,for Design of Restrained Slabs Solved Examples Columns Necessity of Reinforcement in Columns Types of Columns Based on Type of Reinforcement Based on Type of Loading Based on Slenderness Ratio Effective Length of Column Slenderness Limits for Columns Minimum Eccentricity Assumptions Design of Axially LoadedShort Column Short Column with Lateral Ties Short Column with Helical Reinforcement Design of Short Column Subjectedto Axial Load and Uniaxial Moment Procedure Interaction Chart Short Column Subjected to Axial Loadand Biaxial Moments Value of an Long Columns or Slender Columns Design Requirements for Columns(Clause 26.5.3 of IS456) Transverse Reinforcement Lateral Ties Helical Reinforcement Footings General Design Requirementsfor Footings (As per IS:456–2000) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Prestressed Concrete Introduction Definition Advantages of Prestressed Concrete Materials Used High Strength Concrete (As per IS:1343) High Tensile Steel Need for High-Strength Steeland Concrete Prestressing System Pretensioning System Post-tensioning System Applications Post-tensioning Analysis of Prestress Assumptions Concentric Tendon Eccentric Tendon Resultant Stress at a Section Solved Examples Pressure Line or Thrust Line Concept of Load Balancing Losses of Prestress Loss Due to Elastic Deformationof Concrete Loss Due to Shrinkage of Concrete Loss Due to Creep of Concrete Loss Due to Relaxation of Stress in Steel Loss of Stress Due to Friction Loss Due to Anchorage Slip Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Concrete Structures Answer Keys Unit 6 Steel Structures Chapter 1 Material Specificationsand Connections—Simpleand Eccentric Introduction Materials and Specifications Design Philosophies Working Stress Design Method (IS: 800–1984) Ultimate (Plastic or Load ResistanceFactor) Design Method Limit State Method (LSM) (IS: 800–2007) Types of Limit States Types of Structural Steel IS 226 (Standard Quality) IS 2062 (Fusion Welding Type) IS 961 (High Tensile Steel) Various Types of Rolled StructuralSteel Section I-sections Channel Sections T–sections Angle Sections Tube-sections Bolted Connections Introduction Bolts Classification of Bolted Connections Based on Type of ResultantForce Transferred Based on the Type of Force Experiencedby the Bolts Based on Force Transfer Mechanismby Bolts Types of Bolts Unfinished Bolts High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolts Types of Bolted Joints Lap Joint Butt Joint Specifications of Bolted Joints Diameter of Bolt Holes (d0) Pitch (p) Gauge Distance (g) End and Edge Distance Tacking Bolts Failure of Bolted Joints Design Strength of Bolts (Vdb) Design Shear Strength of Bolts (Vdsb) Corrections Long Joint (βlj) Large Grip Lengths (βlg) Packing Plates (βpkg) Design Bearing Strength of Bolt (Vdpb) Design Tensile Strength of Bolts (Tdb) Number of Bolts (n) Solved Example Design Strength of Bolt Welded Connections Introduction Advantages and Disadvantagesof Welded Connections Comparedto Bolted Connections Types of Welds Design of Fillet Weld Specifications Size of Weld (S) Effective Throat Thickness (tt) Effective Length of Weld (Lw) End Return Overlap Design Strength of Fillet Weld (Pdw) Reduction Factor for Long Joint (βlw) Intermittent Fillet Weld Design of Butt (Groove) Weld Specifications Size of Groove Weld Effective Area Design Strength of Groove Weld Design of Plug and Slot Welds Eccentric Connections Introduction Beam-to-Column Connections Flexible Connections Rigid Connections Semi-rigid Connections Bolted Bracket Connections Bracket Connection—Type-I(Elastic Analysis Bracket Connection—Type-II(Elastic Analysis) Welded Bracket Connections Bracket Connection–Type-I Bracket Connection—Type-II Exercises Previous Years' Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Tension andCompression Members Tension Members Introduction Examples of Tension Members Types of Tension Members Net Sectional Area Flats and Plates Types of Failures Design Strength of Tension Members Based on Gross Sections (Tdg) Based on Net Section Rupture Definition of bs as per the Code Based on Block Shear Plates Slenderness Ratio (λ) Design of Tension Member Subjectedto Axial Load Procedure Lug Angles Splices Compression Members Introduction Designation Classification of Columns Effective Length (kL) L–Unsupported Lengthof Compression Member Slenderness Ratio Design Strength of a Compression Member Buckling Curves for Cross-sections Design of Compression Member Built-up Columns (Latticed Columns) Lacing System Design Specification Battens General Requirements Design Specifications Column Bases Introduction Types of Column Bases Slab Base Design Procedure Gusset Base Design Procedure Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Beams Introduction Types of Sections Classification of Cross-sections Plastic Section Compact Section Semi-compact Section Slender Section Bending (Flexural) Strength Laterally Supported Beams Slender Sections Plastic or Compact Section Semi-compact Section Laterally Unsupported Beams Shear Strength of Laterally Supported Beam Shear Area (Av) Defl ection Limit Web Crippling Web Buckling Built-up Beams (Plated Beams) Design of Cover Plates Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Plate Girdersand Roof Trusses Plate Girders Introduction Elements of Plate Girder Economical Depth of Plate Girder Proportioning of Web Minimum Web Thickness Stiffeners Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners Intermediate Longitudinal Stiffeners Roof Trusses Introduction Nomenclature of Truss Member Selection of the Type of Truss Pitch for Roof Coverings Spacing of Trusses Loads on the Roof Truss Dead Load Live Loads Snow Loads Wind Load Design of Purlins Design Procedure Design Loads Since Purlins are Continuous Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Plastic Theory Introduction Stress–Strain Relation of Mild Steel Plastic Bending of Beams Elastic Stage (M < My) Elastic–Plastic Stage (My < M / 0.6%) Shape Tests Bitumen Adhesion Test Bituminous Materials Tests on Bitumen Penetration Test Viscosity Test (Using Orifice Type Viscometer) Ductility Test Specific Gravity Test (G) Flash and Fire Point Tests Loss on Heating Test Solubility Test Spot Test Water Content Test Softening Point Test Float Test (also Measures Consistency) Cutback Bitumen Types of Cutbacks Bitumen Emulsion Types of Bitumen Emulsion Uses Tar Uses Bituminous Mix Designby Marshall Stability Test Air Voids Percentage (Va) Percentage Voids in Mineral Aggregate Percentage Voids Filled in Bitumen (VFB) Marshall Test Graphs Marshall Design Specifications (MORTH) Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Pavements Design Introduction Requirements of HighwayPavements Difference between Flexibleand Rigid Pavements Flexible Pavements Rigid Pavements Components of Pavements Flexible Pavements Factors Considered for Designof Pavement Design Methods CBR Method IRC Guidelines Limitations of CBR Method Modified CBR (IRC–37:2012) VDF Values Solved Examples Equivalency Factor Fatigue and Rutting Criteria Fatigue Criteria Rutting Criteria Rigid Pavements Factors Affecting Design and Performanceof CC Pavements Design Parameters of Subgrade Radius of Relative Stiffness (l) Critical Positions of Loading Equivalent Radius of Resisting Section (b) Westergaard’s Equations for Wheel Loads Modified Equations for Wheel Load Stress Temperature Stresses (SecondaryStresses) Warping Stresses (by Bradbury) Frictional Stresses Critical Combination of Loads Joints in Rigid Pavement Expansion Joints (in Transverse Direction) Contraction Joints Design of Tie Bars Longitudinal Joints Dowel Bars Reinforcement in Cement Concrete Slab Design Requirements as per IRC Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Traffic Engineering Introduction Traffic Studies Traffi c Volume Study (q) Method of Volume Count Presentation of Traffic Volume Data Traffic Speed Studies Methods for Spot Speeds Presentation of Spot Speed Data Types of Spot Speeds Speed and Delay Studies Origin and Destination Studies Accident Studies Traffic Flow Characteristics Number of Conflict Points on Cross Roadsof Different Number of Lanes Speed–Flow–Density Relations Derived Characteristics Traffic Stream Models Solved Examples Traffic Regulation and Control Traffic Signs Traffic Signals Types of Traffic Signals Design of Rotary Road Intersections Interchanges Parking On Street or Kerb Parking Off Street Parking Highway Lighting Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Transportation Engineering Answer Keys Unit 12 Geomatics Engineering Chapter 1 Fundamental Conceptsand Linear Measurements Fundamental DeFinitionsand Concepts Objectives of Surveying Primary Divisions of Surveying Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying Classifi cation of Surveying Based on Nature or Function of Field Survey Based on Object of Survey Based on Instruments Used Principles of Surveying Plans and Maps Scales Types of Scales Solved Examples Linear Measurements—Tapeand Chain Survey Introduction Different Types of Chains Tapes Cloth or Linen Tape Metallic Tape Steel Tape Invar Tape Instruments used for Chaining Ranging Out Survey Lines Error Due to Incorrect Chain Chaining on Uneven or Sloping Ground Tape Corrections Correction for Absolute Lengthor Standardization (+ or –) Correction for Temperature (+ or –) Correction for Pull or Tension (+ or –) Correction for Sag (Always –) Correction for Slope or Vertical Alignment(Always –) Correction for Misalignment or Bad ranging(Always –) Reduction to Mean Sea Level (+ or –) Normal Tension Precise Linear Measurements Chain Surveying or ChainTriangulation Basic Definitions Well-conditioned Triangle Offsets Degree of Precision in Measuring Offsets Limiting Length of Offset Instruments for Setting out Right Angles Obstacles in Chaining Exercises Previous Years' Questions Answer Keys Chapter 2 Compass and PlaneTable Surveying Compass Surveying Introduction Types of Meridians Types of Bearings System of Bearings Whole Circle Bearing System (WCB)or Azimuthal System Quadrantal Bearing System (QB) Conversions of Bearingsfrom One System to Other Fore and Back Bearing Calculating BB from FB Calculation of Included Anglesfrom Bearings Calculation of Bearings from Angles Magnetic Compass Dip Magnetic Declination Variations in Declination Determination of True Bearing Solved Examples Adjustments of Prismatic Compass Local Attraction Plane Table Surveying Introduction Instruments Used Working Operations Orientation Methods of Plane Tabling Intersection Traversing Resection Two Point Problem Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 3 Theodolite, Traverse Surveyand Omitted Measurements TheodoLite Survey Introduction Theodolites Parts of Transit Theodolite Definitions and Terms Adjustments in Theodolite Temporary Adjustments of Theodolite Permanent Adjustments of Theodolite Operations done with Theodolite Measurement of Horizontal Angle Fundamental Lines and TheirDesired Relations Sources of Error in Theodolite Work Instrumental Errors Personal Errors Natural Errors Double Sighting Traverse Surveying and Omitted Measurements Methods of Traversing Chain Traversing Chain and Compass Traversing Transit Type Traversing Checks in Closed Traverse Linear Error Angular Error Plotting a Traverse Survey Angle and Distance Method Coordinate Method Closing Error Solved Examples Balancing the Traverse Transit Method Graphical Method Axis Method Degree of Accuracy in Traversing Omitted Measurements Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 4 Levelling and Contouring Levelling and Trigonometric Levelling Introduction Object of Levelling Fundamental Definitions Methods of Levelling Levelling Instruments Level Levelling Staff Surveying Telescope Line of Sight or Line of Collimation Parallax Essential Parts of the Telescope Optical Defects of a Single Lens Temporary Adjustments of a Levelor Telescope Terms and Abbreviations Steps in Leveling Booking and Reducing Levels Collimation or Height of Instrument Method Rise and Fall Method Use of Inverted Staff Solved Examples Balancing Back Sights and Fore Sights Curvature and Refraction Types of Levelling Differential Levelling Reciprocal Levelling Profile Levelling (Longitudinal Sectioning) Cross-sectioning Sensitivity of the Bubble Tube Hypsometry Trigonometric Levelling Tacheometry Introduction Essential Characteristics of Tacheometer Methods of Tacheometry Stadia Method Contouring Contour Interval Horizontal Equivalent Contour Gradient Characteristics of Contours Methods of Contouring Direct Methods Indirect Methods Uses of Contour Maps Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 5 Curves and Triangulation Survey Curves Introduction Simple Curves Chainages Degree of a Curve (D) Methods of Setting out a Curve Linear Methods Angular Methods Triangulation Survey Introduction Geodetic Surveying Objects of Geodetic Triangulation Classification of Triangulation System(Based on Accuracy) First Order or Primary Triangulation Second Order or Secondary Triangulation Third-Order or Tertiary Triangulation Triangulation Figures or Systems Criteria for Selection of the Figure Well-conditioned Triangle Strength of Figure Signals and Towers Non-luminous Signals Luminous or Sun Signals Geometry of the Instrument(Total Station) and Reflector Fundamental Measurements Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Chapter 6 Remote Sensing,Photogrammetry GIS and GPS Photogrammetry Introduction Definitions Scale of a Vertical Photograph Relief Displacement on aVertical Photograph Scale of a Tilted Photograph Overlap in the Photographs Number of Photographto Cover a Given Area Interval Between Exposures Elevation of a Point by PhotographicMeasurement Solved Examples Remote Sensing Observation Platforms Air Borne Platforms Space Based Platforms Sensors Sensors used in Indian RS Satellites (IRS) Visual Image Interpretation Applications of Remote Sensing Geographic InformationSystem (GIS) Data for GIS Representation of Features Data Structure for GIS Vector Data Structure Raster Data Structure Applications of GIS GLoBaL Positioning System (GPS) GPS Surveying Techniques Static Surveying Techniques (TraditionalStatic Surveying) Dynamic Survey Technique(Kinematic Surveying) Applications of GPS Exercises Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Test Geomatics Engineering Answer Keys