FOURTH edition veterinary microbiology 2022

Description

Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Acknowledgments Preface About the Companion Website Part I Introduction Chapter 1 Microbial Infections of Animals Some Attributes of Host–Parasite Relationships Criteria of Pathogenicity – Koch’s Postulates Elements in the Transmission and Production of Infectious Disease Viral Infections Mechanisms of Pathogenesis Direct Damage Immune-Mediated Damage Viral Dissemination within the Infected Host Reference Further Reading Chapter 2 Basic Bacteriology Bacteria Bacterial Anatomy: Structures and Functions Structures of a Bacterial Cell Cell Envelope Cell Walls of Gram-Positive Bacteria Cell Walls of Gram-Negative Bacteria Bacteria that Lack Peptidoglycan Bacteria with Complex Cell Wall Cytoplasmic Structures Surface Structures of Bacteria Bacterial Physiology: Metabolism, Growth, and Nutrition Metabolism Growth and Nutrition Physical and Chemical Requirements for Bacterial Growth Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Temperature pH Ionic Strength/Osmotic Pressure Chemical Requirements for Growth Chapter 3 Basic Mycology General Characteristics of the Fungi Commonly Used Mycologic Terms Fungal Infections: General Considerations Pathogenesis of Fungal Infections Diagnosis of Fungal Infections Immune Response to Fungal Infections Treatment of Fungal Infection: General Acknowledgment Further Reading Chapter 4 Basic Virology Virus–Host Relationships Modes of Dissemination of Viruses within the Hosts Viral Tropism Host Responses to Viral Infections Interferon Humoral and Cellular Immunity Viral Immunosuppression Persistent Viral Infection Viral Shedding Further Reading Part II Bacteriology Chapter 5 Family Enterobacteriaceae Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Cellular Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Resistance Variability Laboratory Diagnosis Morphology and Staining Cultural Characteristics Brilliant Green Agar Cefsulodin–Irgasan™–Novobiocin (Yersinia Selective Agar) Substrate. Lactose Hektoen Enteric Agar MacConkey Agar Sorbitol MacConkey Agar Sorbitol MacConkey Agar BCIG, cefixime, and potassium tellurite Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar Enrichment Media References Further Reading Chapter 6 Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia Descriptive Features Cellular Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Enterotoxins Other Toxins Variability Ecology Reservoir and Transmission Pathogenesis Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Control, and Prevention Other Coliforms Enterobacter and Citrobacter References Further Reading Chapter 7 Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella Descriptive Features Cellular Description and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Control, and Prevention Salmonellosis of Poultry Reference Further Reading Chapter 8 Family Yersiniaceae Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Growth Characteristics Yersinia pestis (Plague Bacillus) Descriptive Features Ecology Pathogenesis Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Descriptive Features Variability Ecology Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Yersinia enterocolitica Descriptive Features Variability Ecology Pathogenesis Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Yersinia ruckeri Further Reading Chapter 9 Enterobacteriaceae: Shigella Descriptive Features Cellular Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Clinical Disease Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Control, and Prevention References Further Reading Chapter 10 Pasteurellaceae: Avibacterium, Bibersteinia, Mannheimia, and Pasteurella Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Resistance Variability Ecology Reservoirs Transmission Pathogenesis Mechanisms Pathology Disease Patterns Immunity Basis of Immunity Vaccination Laboratory Diagnosis Isolation and Identification Treatment and Control Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale Acknowledgment Reference Further Reading Chapter 11 Pasteurellaceae: Actinobacillus Properties of Genus Descriptive Features Structure and Composition Cell Products of Medical Interest Adhesins Capsule Biofilm Cell Envelope Toxins RTX-Type Toxins Urease Iron Acquisition Miscellaneous Products Antigenic Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Mechanisms Pathology Epidemiology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Disease Patterns Ruminants Swine Horses Other Species Acknowledgment Further Reading Chapter 12 Pasteurellaceae: Glaesserella, Haemophilus, and Histophilus Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Resistance Variability Ecology Reservoirs Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Immunity Basis of Immunity Vaccination Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading Chapter 13 Bordetella Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Adhesins Exotoxins Tracheal Cytotoxin Dermonecrotic Toxin (DNT) Adenylyl Cyclase Toxin Pertussis Toxin Osteotoxin Iron Acquisition Type III Secretion System (T3SS) Regulation of the Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Biochemical Activities Resistance Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Pathology Immunologic Aspects Pathogenic Factors Protective Role Immunization Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Animal Disease Patterns Swine Dogs Cats Rabbits Guinea Pigs Poultry and Birds Horses Sheep and Goats Laboratory and Wild Animals Acknowledgment Further Reading Chapter 14 Brucella Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Cellular Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Resistance Diversity Ecology Zoologic and Geographic Reservoirs Transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Characterization of Infection in Animal Populations Immunologic Aspects Immune Mechanisms in Pathogenesis Mechanisms of Resistance and Recovery Vaccination Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Direct Examination Isolation Identification Serologic Tests Molecular Tests Treatment Control and Prevention Control Methods for B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis Control Methods for Brucella ovis Control Methods for Brucella canis Chapter 15 Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei Burkholderia mallei Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Biochemical Characteristics Resistance Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Burkholderia pseudomallei Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Biochemical Characteristics Resistance Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading Chapter 16 Francisella tularensis Introduction Classification Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Pathogenesis Immunology Vaccination Laboratory Diagnosis Laboratory Response Network (LRN) Serological Methods Morphology and Staining Culture Isolation Preliminary Biochemical Reactions Limitations of Culture Antigen Detection Methods Molecular Methods Treatment Safety Measures F. tularensis as a Biological Weapon Reference Further Reading Chapter 17 Moraxella Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Biochemical Activities Resistance Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Pattern and Pathology IBK Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Epidemiology Treatment Prevention Further Reading Chapter 18 Pseudomonas Microbiology Growth Characteristics Virulence Factors and Their Role in Different Stages of Infection Epidemiology Overview of the Pathogenic Mechanism Clinical Diseases in Animals Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Treatment Antibiotics Further Reading Chapter 19 Taylorella T. equigenitalis Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Growth Characteristics Resistance Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Diagnosis Treatment and Control T. asinigenitalis Acknowledgment Further Reading Chapter 20 Spirilla I: Borrelia Classification Borrelia Species Pathogenesis Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control Important Diseases Avian Borreliosis or Fowl Spirochetosis Relapsing Fever Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF) Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever (LBRF) Further Reading Chapter 21 Spiral-Curved Organisms II: Brachyspira and Lawsonia Brachyspira Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Cellular Morphology and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Variability Ecology Reservoir and Transmission Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Sample Collection Direct Examination Isolation Identification Treatment, Control, and Prevention Lawsonia Descriptive Features Morphology and Cellular Anatomy Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Lesions Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Sample Collection Direct Examination Isolation Identification Treatment Acknowledgments Further Reading Chapter 22 Spiral-Curved Organisms III: Campylobacter and Arcobacter Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Campylobacter Descriptive Features Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Sample Collection Direct Examination Isolation Identification Serodiagnosis Treatment Arcobacter Descriptive Features Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Sample Collection Direct Examination Isolation Identification Treatment Acknowledgments Further Reading Chapter 23 Spirilla IV: Helicobacter – the Spiral Microorganisms of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Virulence Factors Flagella Periplasmic Fibrils Urease Adhesins Lipopolysaccharide cag Pathogenicity Island and CagA Vacuolating Cytotoxin (Vac) Cytolethal Distending Toxin Growth Characteristics Variability Ecology Reservoirs Transmission Zoonotic Potential Pathogenesis Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Examination Isolation and Identification Molecular Methods Treatment and Control Acknowledgment Further Reading Chapter 24 Spirochetes V: Leptospira Introduction Descriptive Features Epidemiology and Transmission and Zoonosis Pathogenesis and Diseases Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Detection of Leptospira Bacterial Culture Serological Methods (Antibody Detection) Treatment Prevention/Control Further Reading Chapter 25 Staphylococcus Descriptive Features Coagulase-Positive and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Virulence Properties Hemolytic Toxins Leukocidins (Leukotoxins) Phenol-Soluble Modulins (PSMs) Exfoliative Toxins Enterotoxins Coagulase and Clumping Factors Protein A Capsule Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMMs) Secreted Enzymes Other Virulence Attributes Regulation of Virulence Pathology and Pathogenesis Hosts and Diseases Cattle Horses Swine Poultry Sheep Goats Dogs Cats Zoonotic Potential Resistance and Antibiotic Treatment Vaccines References Further Reading Chapter 26 Streptococcus and Enterococcus Streptococcus Lancefield Grouping Scheme Descriptive Features Ecology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Enterococcus Descriptive Features Ecology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Abiotrophia and Granulicatella (Nutritionally Variant Streptococci) Further Reading Chapter 27 Trueperella Trueperella pyogenes Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities Virulence Factors Mode of Infection and Transmission Pathogenesis Mechanisms Pathology Trueperella pyogenes Infections in Animals Cattle Metritis and Endometritis in Dairy Cows Liver Abscesses in Feedlot Cattle Mastitis in Cows and Heifers Foot Rot in Feedlot Cattle and Dairy Cows Swine Sheep and Goats Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Other Species of Trueperella Further Reading Chapter 28 Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Descriptive Features Ecology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Prevention, and Control Bacillus cereus Bacillus subtilis Further Reading Chapter 29 Corynebacterium C. pseudotuberculosis Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities Biotypes Virulence Factors Ecology Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control C. renale Group Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities Virulence Factors Ecology Pathogenesis Pathology Disease Patterns Epidemiology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Other Species of Corynebacterium Corynebacterium ulcerans Corynebacterium auriscanis Corynebacterium rouxii Actinobaculum suis Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities Virulence Factors Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Further Reading Chapter 30 Erysipelothrix Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Resistance Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Mechanisms Pathology Disease Patterns Swine Birds Sheep Miscellaneous Species Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Immune Mechanisms in Pathogenesis Mechanisms of Resistance and Recovery Artificial Immunization Passive Immunity Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Direct Examination Culture and Isolation Serology Molecular Identification and Characterization Treatment, Control, and Prevention Further Reading Chapter 31 Listeria Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Direct Examination Isolation Identification Immunodiagnosis Treatment, Control, and Prevention Further Reading Chapter 32 Rhodococcus Rhodococcus equi Descriptive Features Ecology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading Chapter 33 Gram-Negative, Non-Spore-Forming Anaerobes Virulence Factors and Virulence Mechanisms Capsule Cell Wall Fimbriae Extracellular Products Mode of Infection Pathogenesis Diagnosis Sample Collection Direct Examination Isolation Identification Treatment, Control, and Prevention Dichelobacter nodosus Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities Virulence Factors Variations in Virulence Mode of Infection, Transmission, and Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Epidemiology Diagnosis Treatment and Control Fusobacterium necrophorum Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities Virulence Factors Ecology Pathogenesis Fusobacterium Infections in Animals Diagnosis Treatment and Control F. necrophorum Infections in Humans Fusobacterium equinum Fusobacterium gastrosuis Bacteroides Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis Prevotella and Porphyromonas Diseases Further Reading Chapter 34 Clostridium Descriptive Features of the Genus Clostridium Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Growth Characteristics Biochemical Activities Resistance Enterotoxic Clostridia Clostridium perfringens Clostridium piliforme (Bacillus piliformis) Clostridium spiroforme Other Clostridia Causing Enteric Disease Histotoxic Clostridia Clostridium chauvoei Clostridium haemolyticum Clostridium novyi Clostridium septicum Paeniclostridium sordellii Neurotoxic Clostridia Clostridium botulinum Clostridium tetani References Further Reading Chapter 35 Filamentous Bacteria: Actinomyces, Nocardia, Dermatophilus, and Streptobacillus Actinomyces Species Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Growth Characteristics Resistance Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Ruminants Horses Dogs and Cats Swine Epidemiology Immunologic Factors Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Nocardia Species Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Growth Characteristics Resistance Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Ruminants Horses Dogs and Cats Swine Other Species Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Dermatophilus Descriptive Features Morphology and Composition Growth Characteristics Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Streptobacillus Descriptive Features Ecology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Acknowledgments Further Reading Chapter 36 Mycobacteria Amended Taxonomical Classification Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Overview of Pathogenic Species, Epidemiology, and Microbial Evolution Host-Adapted Strains Environmentally Adapted Strains Primary Interaction with Phagocytic Cells and Disease Onset Immune Response to Mycobacterial Infections Tuberculous Infections, an Overview of Disease Patterns in Veterinary Medicine Birds Cattle Cervidae Dogs and Cats Horses Primates Sheep and Goats Swine Wildlife and Infection Reservoirs Effects of Age, Breed, and Sex Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections Laboratory Diagnosis Sample Collection Direct Examination Culture, Molecular Detection, and Identification Immunodiagnosis Treatment and Control M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the Agent of Johne’s Disease Feline Leprosy Syndrome Canine Leproid Granuloma Syndrome Ulcerative Dermatitis of Cats and Dogs due to Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria References Further Reading Chapter 37 Chlamydiaceae: Chlamydia Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Life Cycle and Growth Characteristics Diagnosis, Immunity, and Control Pathogenicity and Toxins Diseases Caused by Chlamydiales C. psittaci/C. abortus Infections C. pecorum Infections Chlamydiosis: A Zoonotic Disease C. psittaci C. trachomatis C. pneumoniae Further Reading Chapter 38 Mollicutes Introduction Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Structure and Composition Nonhemotrophic Mollicutes Growth Characteristics Ecology Reservoir and Environmental Stability Transmission and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Immunity Disease Patterns and Pathology Mycoplasma Infections in Animals Avian Bovine Canine Caprine Ovine Equine Feline Murine Porcine Laboratory Diagnosis Sample Collection Direct Examination Microbial Culture Isolation Microbial Culture Identification Serological Detection and Identification Molecular Diagnostics Conventional PCR Real-Time PCR Isolate Typing Whole Genome Sequencing Treatment, Control, and Prevention Hemotrophic Mollicutes Acknowledgment Further Reading Chapter 39 Rickettsiaceae and Coxiellaceae: Rickettsia and Coxiella Descriptive Features Rickettsia rickettsii Ecology Pathogenesis Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Epidemic Typhus Fever Coxiella burnetii Ecology Pathogenesis Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading Chapter 40 Anaplasmataceae: Anaplasma Descriptive Features A. marginale Descriptive Features Ecology Reservoir and Transmission Pathogenesis Immunologic Factors Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Descriptive Features Ecology, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading Chapter 41 Anaplasmataceae: Ehrlichia and Neorickettsia Descriptive Features Ecology Reservoir and Transmission Pathogenesis Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control N. risticii Ecology Reservoir, Transmission, and Pathogenesis Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control N. helminthoeca Descriptive Features Ecology Reservoir and Transmission Pathogenesis Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading Chapter 42 Bartonellaceae Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Cellular Composition Growth Characteristics Ecology Reservoir, Transmission, and Geographic Distribution Pathogenesis Mechanisms Disease Patterns and Epidemiology Human Patients Cat Scratch Disease Endocarditis Bacillary Angiomatosis Cats Dogs Rodents Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Acknowledgments References Further Reading Part III Fungi Chapter 43 Yeasts: Cryptococcus, Malassezia, and Candida Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Descriptive Features Morphology Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Biochemical Reactions Resistance Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Examination Culture Serology and Molecular Diagnostics Treatment and Control Malassezia pachydermatis Descriptive Features Morphology and Composition Growth Characteristics Biochemical Reactions Resistance Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Examination Molecular Techniques Culture Treatment and Control Candida albicans Descriptive Features Cell Morphology and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Control, and Prevention Other Yeasts Geotrichum candidum Trichosporon beigelii Acknowledgments Further Reading Chapter 44 Dermatophytes Descriptive Features Morphology Growth Characteristics Resistance Variability Ecology Pathogenesis Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Acknowledgment Further Reading Chapter 45 Agents of Subcutaneous Mycoses Sporothrix schenckii Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Cellular Constituents and Products Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum Descriptive Features Morphology and Staining Growth Characteristics Resistance Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Factors Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Cutaneous Pythiosis (Swamp Cancer – Florida Horse Leeches) Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis Eumycotic Mycetoma Rhinosporidiosis Further Reading Chapter 46 Agents of Systemic Mycoses Coccidioides Descriptive Features Morphology, Structure, and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Examination of Specimens Culture Serology Molecular Methods Treatment and Control Histoplasma capsulatum Descriptive Features Morphology, Structure, and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Examination Culture Serology Molecular Techniques Treatment and Control Blastomyces dermatitidis Descriptive Features Morphology, Structure, and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Variability Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Examination Culture Serology Molecular Methods Treatment and Control Aspergillus spp. Descriptive Features Morphology and Composition Cellular Products of Medical Interest Growth Characteristics Ecology Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Patterns Epidemiology Immunologic Aspects Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Examination Isolation and Identification Serology Molecular Methods Treatment, Control, and Prevention Other Saprophytic/Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens Pneumocystis Protothecosis Acknowledgments Further Reading Part IV Viruses Chapter 47 Parvoviridae Feline Panleukopenia Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Responses to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Canine Parvovirus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Porcine Parvovirus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Responses to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Additional Porcine Parvoviruses Aleutian Disease in Mink Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Responses to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Rodent Parvoviruses Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Responses to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Avian Parvoviruses Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Responses to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Additional Avian Parvoviruses Equine Parvovirus Further Reading Chapter 48 Circoviridae Family Circoviridae Physical and Biological Properties of Circoviruses Avian Circoviruses Beak and Feather Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Porcine Circoviruses Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Host Response to Infection Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Canine Circovirus Further Reading Chapter 49 Asfarviridae and Iridoviridae Asfarviridae ASFV Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Responses to Infection Diagnosis and Control Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Iridoviridae Further Reading Chapter 50 Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae Papillomaviridae Bovine Papillomaviruses Equine Papillomavirus and Equine Sarcoids Canine Oral Papillomavirus Feline Papillomavirus Polyomaviridae References Further Reading Chapter 51 Adenoviridae Physical and Chemical Properties of Adenoviruses Treatment Infectious Canine Hepatitis Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Infection Bovine Adenovirus Infection Equine Adenovirus Infection Porcine Adenovirus Infection Avian Adenovirus Infection Egg Drop Syndrome ’76 Turkey Siadenovirus A Infections in Poultry Fowl Aviadenovirus Infections in Poultry Adenovirus Infection in Psittacine Ovine Adenovirus Infection Adenovirus Hemorrhagic Disease of Deer Further Reading Chapter 52 Herpesviridae Equid Herpesviruses EHV1 EHV2 EHV3 EHV4 EHV5 Ruminant Herpesviruses Bovine Herpesviruses AlHV1 and OvHV2 CpHV1 SuHV1 CaHV1 FeHV1 Avian Herpesviruses GaHV1 GaHV2 EEHV References Further Reading Chapter 53 Poxviridae General Characteristics of Poxviruses Virus Structure Viral Genes and Virus Replication Classification Poxviruses and Skin Disease Transmission Physical, Chemical, and Antigen Properties Orthopoxviruses Cowpox Vaccinia Camelpox Mousepox Leporipoxviruses Myxomatosis and Rabbit Fibroma Parapoxviruses Contagious Ecthyma (Orf) Bovine Papular Stomatitis Pseudocowpox Capripoxviruses Sheeppox and Goatpox Lumpy Skin Disease Avipoxviruses Fowlpox Poxviral Diseases in Other Bird Species Avipoxviruses as Vaccine Vectors in Veterinary Medicine Swinepox Poxvirus Infections of Horses Poxvirus Infections of Fish Further Reading Chapter 54 Picornaviridae Introduction Virion Structure, Genome Characteristics, and Replication Viral Replication Genus Aphthovirus Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Molecular Pathogenesis Host Responses and Viral Interference with the Host Immune Response Control and Recovery Vaccination Other Members of Genus Aphthovirus Genus Erbovirus Genus Enterovirus Genus Sapelovirus Genus Kobuvirus Genus Teschovirus Genus Tremovirus Genus Avihepatovirus Genus Cardiovirus Genus Senecavirus Further Reading Chapter 55 Caliciviridae General Properties Vesiviruses Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Etiologic Agent Physical, Chemical, and Antigenic Properties Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents Infectivity for Other Species or Culture Systems Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Feline Calicivirus Etiologic Agent Physical, Chemical, and Antigenic Properties Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Lagoviruses Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease and European Brown Hare Syndrome Etiologic Agent Physical, Chemical and Antigenic Properties Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Noroviruses Unassigned Caliciviruses Acknowledgment Further Reading Chapter 56 Togaviridae and Flaviviridae Introduction Togaviridae Alphavirus Other Medically Important Alphaviruses Flaviviridae Flavivirus Pestivirus Acknowledgments Further Reading References Chapter 57 Orthomyxoviridae Influenza viruses Classification Morphology Viral Genome Viral Proteins Hemagglutinin Neuraminidase Hemagglutinin-Esterase Fusion Nucleoprotein Matrix Protein Nonstructural Protein and Nuclear Export Protein Polymerase Proteins Avian Influenza Disease Host–Virus Relationship Geographic Distribution, Reservoir, and Mode of Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Swine Influenza Disease Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Equine Influenza Disease Etiologic Agent Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Zoonotic Significance of Animal Influenzas Bat Influenza Isavirus Thogotovirus Quaranjavirus Further Reading References Chapter 58 Bunyavirales Bunyavirales General Order Properties Family Peribunyaviridae, Genus Orthobunyavirus – Akabane, Aino, Schmallenberg, and Cache Valley Viruses Family Phenuiviridae, Genus Phlebovirus – Rift Valley Fever Physical, Chemical, and Antigenic Properties Distribution, Reservoirs, and Transmission Pathogenesis Host Response Diagnosis Control Family Nairoviridae, Genus Orthonairovirus – Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and Nairobi Sheep Disease Family Hantaviridae, Genus Orthohantavirus Further Reading Chapter 59 Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Filoviridae, and Bornaviridae Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents Paramyxoviridae Vaccination Avulavirinae Newcastle Disease Host–Virus Relationship Geographic Distribution and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Control and Prevention Orthoparamyxovirinae Henipaviruses Morbilliviruses Canine Distemper Virus Disease Host–Virus Relationship Host Range, Geographic Distribution, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Control and Prevention Feline Morbillivirus Morbilliviruses of Aquatic Mammals (Phocine Distemper and Cetacean Morbilliviruses) Rinderpest Host–Virus Relationship Geographic Distribution and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Eradication Peste des Petits Ruminants Host–Virus Relationship Geographic Distribution and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Control and Prevention Respiroviruses Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Host–Virus Relationship Geographic Distribution and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Control and Prevention Rubulavirinae Parainfluenza Virus Type 5 (Canine Parainfluenza Virus) Pneumoviridae Metapneumoviruses Avian Metapneumoviruses Host–Virus Relationship Geographic Distribution and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Control and Prevention Orthopneumoviruses Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Host–Virus Relationship Geographic Distribution and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Control and Prevention Filoviridae Bornaviridae Avian Bornavirus Borna Disease Virus Further Reading Chapter 60 Rhabdoviridae Rabies Disease Etiologic Agent Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents Infectivity to Other Species or Culture Systems Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Vesicular Stomatitis Etiologic Agent Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents Infectivity to Other Species or Culture Systems Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Bovine Ephemeral Disease Etiologic Agent Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents Infectivity to Other Species or Culture Systems Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Diseases of Fish Caused by Rhabdoviruses Spring Viremia of Carp Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Further Reading Chapter 61 Coronaviridae and Tobaniviridae Introduction and Classification Alphacoronaviruses Betacoronaviruses Gammacoronaviruses Deltacoronaviruses Other Suborders of the Order Nidovirales Virion Properties and Virus Replication Coronaviruses Toroviruses Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Alphacoronavirus Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Swine Enteric Alphacoronavirus Canine Enteric Coronavirus Host–Virus Relationship Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Feline Enteric Coronavirus and Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Ferret Coronavirus Rabbit Coronavirus Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Betacoronavirus Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Host–Virus Relationship Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Bovine Coronavirus Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Canine Respiratory Coronavirus Equine Coronavirus Mouse Hepatitis Virus Rat Coronaviruses SARS Coronavirus and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus SARS Coronavirus-2 Etiologic Agent and Disease Experimental Infections Experimental Animal Models Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Gammacoronavirus Avian IBV Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Turkey Coronavirus Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Deltacoronavirus Porcine Deltacoronavirus Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Torovirus Equine Torovirus (EToV) Bovine Torovirus (BToV) Porcine ToV (PToV) Reference Further Reading Chapter 62 Arteriviridae and Roniviridae Introduction and Classification Virion Properties and Virus Replication Family Arteriviridae Arteriviruses Equine Arteritis Virus Etiologic Agent Antigenic Properties Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Disease Etiologic Agent Antigenic Properties Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Lactate Dehydrogenase Elevating Virus Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Wobbly Possum Disease Virus Roniviruses Yellow-Head Virus and Gill-Associated Virus Further Reading Chapter 63 Reoviridae Orthoreoviruses Mammalian Orthoreoviruses Avian Orthoreoviruses Orbiviruses Bluetongue Virus Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease and Ibaraki Viruses African Horse Sickness Virus Equine Encephalosis Virus Palyam Virus Culicoides Biting Midge Orbivirus Vectors Rotaviruses Disease Etiologic Agent Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Aquareoviruses Further Reading Chapter 64 Birnaviridae Infectious Bursal Disease Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Birnavirus Infections of Fish Further Reading Chapter 65 Retroviridae Classification General Features of Retroviruses Morphology Physicochemical and Physical Properties Genome Organization and Replication Oncogenesis by Retroviruses Avian Sarcoma/Leukosis Virus – Alpharetrovirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Classification Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus – Betaretrovirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus – Betaretrovirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Feline Leukemia/Sarcoma Virus – Gammaretrovirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Bovine Leukemia Virus – Deltaretrovirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Walleye Dermal Sarcoma Virus – Epsilonretrovirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (Visna/Maedi/Progressive Pneumonia Viruses and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus) – Lentivirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Classification Physical, Chemical, and Antigenic Properties Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Equine Infectious Anemia Virus – Lentivirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus – Lentivirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Jembrana Disease Virus – Lentivirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Feline Immunodeficiency Virus – Lentivirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Simian Immunodeficiency Virus – Lentivirus Genus Disease Etiologic Agent Host–Virus Relationship Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Host Response to Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control Further Reading Chapter 66 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Etiologic Agent Origin of the Prion Protein, its Biochemistry, Structure, and Strains Scrapie of Sheep and Goats Etiologic Agent Pathogenesis Transmission Diagnosis Management and Prevention CWD of Cervids Etiologic Agent Pathogenesis Transmission Diagnosis Prevention and Management Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Etiologic Agent Pathogenesis Transmission Prevention and Management Other Notable Prion Diseases Camel Prion Disease Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Prion Disinfection Summary and Conclusions Further Reading Part V Control of Infectious Diseases Chapter 67 Immune Responses to Infectious Agents Introduction Innate Immunity Additional Innate Immune Defenses: Antiviral Molecules Effector Cells of the Innate Immune System The Neutrophil The Macrophage Innate Lymphoid Cells Natural Killer (NK) Cells Gamma Delta T Cells Anatomical and Physiological Aspects of Innate Resistance to Infection Adaptive Immunity T Lymphocyte Subsets CD8+ T Lymphocytes Humoral Immunity (the Antibody Response) Cell-Mediated Immunity Evaluation of Immune Responses to Infectious Agents Antibody-Based Serology Cell-Mediated Immunity-Based Diagnostics Recent Innovations in Vaccinology Summary Further Reading Chapter 68 Laboratory Diagnosis Detection and Identification of Microbial Pathogens Bacteria and Fungi Specimen Collection Transport of Specimens Demonstration of an Infectious Agent Virus Detection and Identification General Considerations Isolation of Virus from Clinical Specimens Identification of Viruses or Viral Antigens in Clinical Specimens Next-Generation Sequencing Serological Detection of Viruses Further Reading Chapter 69 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Resistance Introduction Classifying Antimicrobials Spectrum Bactericidal versus Bacteriostatic Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of Action Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Beta Lactams: Penicillins Beta Lactams: Cephalosporins Beta Lactams: Monobactams Beta Lactams: Carbapenems Bacitracin Glycopeptides Damage to Cell Membrane Function Polymyxins Ionophores Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Function Nitroimidazoles Nitrofurans Fluoroquinolones Rifamycins: Rifampin and Ansamycins Sulfonamides and Diaminopyrimidines Sulfonamides Diaminopyrimidine–Sulfonamide Combinations Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Tetracyclines Additional Effects beyond Antibacterial Activity Phenicols: Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol Aminoglycosides Aminocyclitols Macrolides Additional Effects beyond Antibacterial Activity Lincosamides Pleuromutilins (Diterpenes) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Factors Considered in the Clinical Use of Antimicrobials Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Other Antimicrobial Regimen Considerations Duration of Therapy Use of Antibacterial Combinations Antifungal Chemotherapy Antifungal Agents for Systemic Use Antifungal Agents for Topical Use Resistance to Antibacterial Drugs Constitutive Resistance Acquired Resistance Mutation to Resistance Horizontal Drug Resistance Transfer Other Genetic Elements Associated with Resistance Integrons Genomic Resistance Islands Clinical Importance of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Intestinal E. coli Hospital-Acquired Resistant Infections Public Health Aspects of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal Pathogens Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance through Antimicrobial Stewardship Further Reading Chapter 70 Vaccines Introduction How Vaccines Work Adjuvants Vaccine Administration Routes Viral Vaccines Live-Attenuated Viral Vaccines Inactivated Virus Vaccines Nucleic Acid Vaccines Toxoids, Bacterins, and Bacterial Vaccines Toxoids Bacterins Bacterial Vaccines Special Considerations for Agricultural Uses of Vaccines Summary Further Reading Chapter 71 Disinfection and Sterilization Sterilization Physical Methods Boiling Steam under Pressure (Autoclaving) Chemical Agents Additional Disinfectants Acknowledgment Further Reading Chapter 72 Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Introduction Development of Disease Modes of Disease Transmission Describing Patterns of Disease Understanding Infection Dynamics Modeling Infectious Disease Transmission Further Reading Index EULA Copyright Title Page Dedication Contents Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you? Chapter 2: Renegade perception Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’ Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit Chapter 7: War on your mind Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it? Chapter 10: Human 2.0 Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult? Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko Postscript Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation Bibliography Index