Polymers for 3D Printing: Methods, Properties, and Characteristics

Description

Polymers for 3D Printing: Methods, Properties, and Characteristics provides a detailed guide to polymers for 3D printing, bridging the gap between research and practice, and enabling engineers, technicians and designers to utilise and implement this technology for their products or applications. Front Cover POLYMERS FOR 3D PRINTING Plastics Design Library (PDL) PDL Handbook Series RECENT TITLES IN THE SERIES POLYMERS FOR 3D PRINTING Copyright Contents Contributors Reviewers' names Acknowledgment I -Introduction to 3D printing 1 - History of the development of additive polymer technologies 1.1 Introduction to additive manufacturing 1.2 The origins of additive manufacturing 1.2.1 The foundations of modern additive manufacturing 1.2.2 The beginnings of additive manufacturing commercialization – 1980s 1.2.3 Dynamic development of additive manufacturing technologies and emergence of the name 3D printing – 1990s 1.3 Dynamic development of additive manufacturing and next-generation machines from 2000 to 2010 1.4 Contemporary additive manufacturing 1.5 Summary References 2 - The concept of 3D printing 2.1 Concept of additive manufacturing 2.2 3D modeling 2.2.1 Types of modeling software 2.2.2 File formats for 3D models 2.3 Design rules for additive manufacturing 2.3.1 Design rules for FDM 2.3.2 Design rules for SLA 2.3.3 Design rules for SLS 2.3.4 Design rules for Material Jetting 2.3.5 Design rules for Binder Jetting 2.4 Preparing a file for printing 2.4.1 Slicing process 2.4.2 Orientation of models during printing 2.5 Summary References 3 - Classification of 3D printing methods 3.1 Classification of additive manufacturing processes 3.2 Brief description of additive manufacturing processes 3.2.1 Binder jetting 3.2.2 Directed energy deposition 3.2.3 Material extrusion 3.2.4 Material jetting 3.2.5 Powder bed fusion 3.2.6 Sheet lamination 3.2.7 Vat photopolymerization 3.2.8 AM hybrid technologies 3.3 Comparison of key techniques 3.3.1 Surface quality 3.3.2 Printing resolution 3.3.3 Dimensional accuracy and deformation of models 3.3.4 Process performance and maximum printed object size 3.3.5 Multimaterial and multicolor capability 3.3.6 The need for supports and the problem of production waste 3.3.7 Need for finishing processes 3.4 Market share of each technology and forecast 3.5 Summary References 4 - Materials for 3D printing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Liquid polymers – photopolymer resins, binders, and viscous ink 4.3 Polymer powders 4.4 Filaments and wires 4.5 Pellets and recycled materials 4.6 Polymeric sheets and films 4.7 Polymer composites and nanocomposites 4.8 Biopolymers, hydrogels, and smart materials 4.9 Conclusions References 5 - Application of 3D printing 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Main applications of 3D printing 5.2.1 AM processes in prototyping 5.2.2 AM processes in aerospace and defense industries 5.2.3 AM processes in the automotive industry 5.2.4 AM processes in electronics 5.2.5 AM processes in medicine and dentistry 5.2.6 AM processes in research and education 5.2.7 AM processes in architecture and construction 5.2.8 AM processes in culture and the arts, industrial design, jewelery, and fashion industries 5.2.9 AM processes in marketing, entertainment, and hobbies 5.3 Main AM technologies and their applications 5.4 Conclusions References II -3D printing methods 6 - Vat photopolymerization 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Brief historical overview 6.3 Stereolithography apparatus 6.4 Digital light processing 6.5 Digital light synthesis 6.6 Liquid crystal display (3D printing) 6.7 Two-photon photopolymerization 6.8 Top-down and bottom-up approaches to 3D printer construction 6.9 Support structure 6.10 Advantages and disadvantages of vat photopolymerization processes 6.11 Applications of vat photopolymerization 6.12 Conclusion References 7 - Material extrusion 7.1 Method introduction 7.2 Machines/available equipment 7.3 Polymers in material extrusion 7.4 Software and executors file 7.5 Postprocessing 7.6 Typical problems 7.7 Advantages and disadvantages 7.8 Technology applications 7.9 Final considerations/concluding remarks and future insight References 8 - Material jetting 8.1 Multi jet printing – description of technology 8.1.1 ProJet 3600 8.1.2 ProJet MJP 5600 8.2 PolyJet modeling – description of technology 8.2.1 Connex1 Objet500 8.2.2 Connex3 Objet250, Objet500 8.2.3 J700 dental 8.2.4 Objet30 8.3 Materials 8.3.1 MJP materials 8.3.1.1 Composite 8.3.1.2 Plastic 8.3.1.3 Dental 8.3.2 PJ materials 8.4 Advantages and disadvantages 8.4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of MJP 8.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages of PJ 8.5 Concluding remarks and future insight References 9 - Powder bed fusion 9.1 Method introduction 9.2 SLS systems 9.3 Advantages and disadvantages of powder bed fusion 9.4 Materials for powder bed fusion 9.5 Concluding remarks and future insight References 10 - Binder jetting 10.1 Method introduction 10.2 Advantages and disadvantages 10.3 Technology applications 10.4 Binder Jetting machines 10.5 Binder Jetting 3D printing and polymers materials 10.6 Final considerations References 11 - Sheet lamination 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sheet lamination systems 11.2.1 Selective deposition lamination 11.2.2 Plastic sheet lamination 11.2.3 Sheet lamination of ceramics 11.2.4 Ultrasonic additive manufacturing 11.2.5 Selective lamination composite object manufacturing 11.2.6 Sheet lamination of textiles 11.3 Advantages and disadvantages of sheet lamination process 11.4 Applications of sheet lamination processes 11.5 Concluding remarks and future insight References 12 - Direct energy deposition 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Polymer DED technology 12.3 Advantages and disadvantages of polymer DED technology 12.4 Applications of polymer DED technology 12.5 Concluding remarks and future insight References III -Polymers used in 3D printing—properties and attributes 13 - Photopolymers for 3D printing 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Processing techniques of photopolymers 13.3 Characteristics and properties of photopolymers 13.4 Applications 13.5 Bio-based photopolymers 13.6 Opportunities and challenges References 14 - Polymers in printing filaments 14.1 3D printing filaments e introduction 15 - Polymer powders 15.1 Powders – introduction 15.2 Polyamide powders 15.2.1 Assessment of the surface texture quality of PA 2200 polyamide 15.2.2 Analysis of dimensional and shape accuracy 15.2.3 Polyamide PA 12 15.2.3.1 Polyamide powder in HP jet fusion 15.2.4 Polyamide PA 12 filled with glass beads polymers 15.2.5 Polyamide PA 12 filled with aluminum powder 15.2.6 Polyamide PA 12 filled with glass beads and carbon fibers 15.2.7 Polyamide PA 12 flame-retardant (PrimePart FR) 15.2.8 Polyamide PA 11 15.2.9 Polyamide PA 11 filled with carbon fibers 15.2.10 Polyamide PA 11 flame-retardant 15.2.11 Polyamide PA 6 15.3 Polyetherketoneketone reinforced with carbon fibers 15.4 Thermoplastic elastomer 15.5 Polystyrene 15.6 Polypropylene 15.7 Polyphenylene sulfide 15.8 Conclusions References 16 - Plastic pellets 16.1 Necessity of pellet-based 3D printing 16.2 Introduction and classification of polymer pellets 16.2.1 Thermoplastics 16.2.1.1 Semicrystalline 16.2.1.2 Amorphous 16.2.1.3 Commodity plastics 16.2.1.3.1 Polyethylene 16.2.1.3.2 Polypropylene 16.2.1.4 Engineering plastics 16.2.1.4.1 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 16.2.1.4.2 Polylactic acid 16.2.1.4.3 Polymethyl methacrylate 16.2.1.4.4 Polyamide 16.2.1.4.5 Polycaprolactone 16.2.1.5 High-performance plastics 16.2.1.5.1 Polyether ether ketone 16.2.1.5.2 Polyphenylene Sulfide 16.2.1.5.3 Polyetherimide 16.2.2 Elastomers 16.2.2.1 Ethylene vinyl acetate 16.2.2.2 Thermoplastic polyurethane 16.2.3 Thermosetting 16.3 Pellet feeding methods for 3D printing 16.3.1 Plunger extrusion principle–based 3D printing systems 16.3.2 Screw extrusion principle–based 3D printing systems 16.4 3D printers for pellets 16.4.1 Fused Granules Fabrication 16.4.2 Commercially available printers for pellet printing 16.4.3 Commercial polymers for 3D printing 16.5 Process of creating pellets from polymer waste 16.5.1 Process of converting waste into pellets 16.5.1.1 Collection and distribution of plastics 16.5.1.2 Sorting and cleaning 16.5.1.3 Shredding and resizing 16.5.1.4 Separation 16.5.1.5 Extrusion and compounding 16.6 Compounding of polymer pellets for improved material properties 16.6.1 Role of compounding method 16.6.2 Role of processing temperature 16.6.3 Role of introduction stage of additives 16.6.4 Role of pellet and filler size on compounding 16.7 Summary References 17 - Films for sheet lamination 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Poly(vinyl chloride) 17.2.1 Introduction to poly(vinyl chloride) 17.2.2 Chemical structure and synthesis 17.2.3 Production of the poly(vinyl chloride) films/foils/plate 17.2.4 PVC in the sheet lamination 17.2.5 Properties of PVC made by sheet lamination 17.2.6 Application of PVC made by sheet lamination 17.3 Polymer composites 17.3.1 Introduction to polymer prepregs 17.3.2 Polymer composites in the sheet lamination 17.3.3 Properties of polymer prepregs made by sheet lamination 17.3.4 Application of prepregs 17.4 Environmental impact with the respect to materials and SHL process 17.5 Conclusion References 18 - Polymers for 3D bioprinting 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Properties and requirements for bioprinted polymers 18.3 Applications 18.4 Polymers for 3D bioprinting 18.4.1 Polylactide 18.4.1.1 Development 18.4.1.2 Chemical structure and synthesis 18.4.1.3 Characteristics 18.4.1.4 Processing 18.4.1.5 Applications 18.4.1.6 3D printing 18.4.2 Polycaprolactone 18.4.2.1 Development 18.4.2.2 Chemical structure and synthesis 18.4.2.3 Characteristics 18.4.2.4 Processing 18.4.2.5 Applications 18.4.2.6 3D printing 18.4.3 Poly(ethylene glycol) 18.4.3.1 Development 18.4.3.2 Chemical structure and synthesis 18.4.3.3 Characteristics and application 18.4.3.4 Applications 18.4.4 Other polymers 18.4.4.1 Poly(hydroxymethylglycolide-co-ε-caprolactone) 18.4.4.2 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 18.4.4.3 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) 18.4.4.4 Alginates 18.5 Final considerations References IV -Polymer market in 3D printing 19 - Global market structure 19.1 Introduction 19.2 3D printing global value chains 19.3 Presence of 3D printing techniques on the global market 19.4 Presence of 3D printing materials on the global market 19.5 Current state of polymer 3D printing material manufacturers and services 19.6 Current market presence of bio-based polymers 19.7 Innovative approaches and novelties in material production 19.8 Major challenges for polymer in 3D printing 19.9 Conclusions References 20 - 3D printing trends and perspectives 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Construction industry 20.3 Food 20.4 Bio 20.5 Composites 20.6 Smart polymers 20.7 Final considerations References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z Back Cover