America’s Musical Landscape
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Cover Page......Page 1 LISTENING EXAMPLES......Page 2 Half Title Page......Page 4 Title Page......Page 6 Copyright Page......Page 7 Dedication......Page 8 About the Author......Page 9 Table of Content......Page 10 Online Listening Examples......Page 18 Preface......Page 19 Introduction......Page 22 Rhythm......Page 24 Meter......Page 25 Melody......Page 26 Harmony......Page 28 Timbre......Page 29 Music Notation......Page 30 Elements of an American Sound......Page 31 Listening Example 1: Anonymous, “John Henry”......Page 32 Terms to Review......Page 33 The Early Years: Historical and Cultural Perspective......Page 35 Native Americans......Page 36 Puritan Society......Page 38 The African Experience in Early America......Page 39 Painting in Eighteenth-Century America......Page 40 Songs......Page 43 Texture......Page 44 Listening Example 2: Yeibichai Chant Song (excerpt)......Page 45 Listening Example 3: Sioux Grass Dance (excerpt)......Page 46 Sound Instruments......Page 47 Contemporary Indian Song......Page 48 Professional Musicians......Page 49 Key Figures......Page 50 Spanish Traditions......Page 51 Corridos......Page 52 Encore......Page 53 Folk Ballads......Page 54 Listening Example 5: Anonymous, “Barbara Allen”......Page 55 Early American Folk Music......Page 56 Listening Example 6: Anonymous, “Shenandoah”......Page 58 African Traditions......Page 59 Field Hollers......Page 60 Ring Shouts......Page 61 Listening Example 9: Jesse Bradley, “Hammer, Ring” (excerpt)......Page 62 Musical Instruments......Page 63 Listening Example 10: Anonymous, “No More Auction Block for Me”......Page 64 What of African Music Survives Today?......Page 65 Key Figure......Page 66 Music at the Spanish Missions......Page 67 Psalters......Page 68 Listening Example 11: Louis Bourgeois, “Old Hundred” (excerpt)......Page 70 Other Protestant Music......Page 71 Listening Example 12: Joseph Brackett, Jr., “’Tis the Gift to Be Simple”......Page 72 German-Speaking Protestant Sects......Page 73 Early Efforts at Musical Reform......Page 74 The Singing School Movement......Page 75 William Billings (1746–1800)......Page 76 Listening Example 13: William Billings, “Chester”......Page 77 Canons......Page 78 Fuging Tunes......Page 79 Listening Example 15: Daniel Read, “Sherburne”......Page 80 Key Figures......Page 82 Music in Everyday Experience......Page 83 Prestigious Musical Amateurs......Page 85 Early American Theater......Page 87 Early Bands......Page 88 Listening Example 16: Anonymous, “Yankee Doodle” (excerpt)......Page 90 Key Figures......Page 91 PART 1 Summary......Page 92 Romanticism in America: Historical and Cultural Perspective......Page 93 The Unknown......Page 94 Love of Nature......Page 95 Fusion of the Arts......Page 96 The Civil War Era......Page 97 Music......Page 99 Shape-Note Notation......Page 100 Black Spirituals......Page 102 Listening Example 17: James Macdermid, “There’ll Be Joy, Joy, Joy” (excerpt)......Page 103 Listening Example 18: Anonymous, “Amazing Grace”......Page 104 Listening Example 19: Anonymous, “Nobody Knows the Trouble I’ve Seen” (excerpt)......Page 105 Singing Conventions......Page 106 Lowell Mason (1792–1872)......Page 107 Listening Example 20: Lowell Mason, “Nearer, My God, to Thee”......Page 108 Key Figures......Page 109 Minstrelsy......Page 110 Listening Example 21: Daniel Decatur Emmett, “I Wish I Was in Dixie’s Land”......Page 113 The Heritage of Minstrelsy......Page 114 Listening Example 22: Stephen Foster, “I Dream of Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair”......Page 115 Listening Example 23: Stephen Foster, “Oh! Susanna”......Page 117 Patriotic Songs......Page 119 Listening Example 24: John Stafford Smith, “The Anacreontic Song” (“Anacreon in Heaven”)......Page 120 Civil War Songs......Page 122 Listening Example 25: Anonymous, “Get Off the Track”......Page 124 Concert Bands......Page 125 Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore (1829–1892)......Page 126 Key Figures......Page 127 Orchestral Music......Page 128 Theodore Thomas (1835–1905)......Page 129 Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–1869)......Page 131 Piano Music......Page 133 Listening Example 26: Louis Moreau Gottschalk, “Le bananier”......Page 134 Encore......Page 135 Rise of Nationalism in Music......Page 136 John Knowles Paine (1839–1906)......Page 137 Listening Example 27: John Knowles Paine, Fuga giocosa, op. 41, no. 3......Page 138 Fugue......Page 139 Amy Marcy Cheney Beach (1867–1944)......Page 140 Listening Example 28: Amy Marcy Cheney Beach, Symphony in E minor (“Gaelic”), second movement......Page 142 Edward MacDowell (1860–1908)......Page 143 Key Figures......Page 145 PART 2 Summary......Page 146 PART 3 The Growth of Vernacular Traditions......Page 147 Vernacular Art and Literature......Page 148 Vernacular Music......Page 149 John Philip Sousa (1854–1932)......Page 150 Marches......Page 152 Listening Example 29: John Philip Sousa, “The Stars and Stripes Forever”......Page 153 Ragtime......Page 154 Listening Example 30: Scott Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag”......Page 156 Influence of Ragtime......Page 158 Tin Pan Alley......Page 159 The Songs......Page 160 Listening Example 31: George M. Cohan, “Rose” (“A Ring to the Name of Rose”)......Page 161 Listening Example 32: Irving Berlin, “Alexander’s Ragtime Band”......Page 163 Jerome Kern (1885–1945)......Page 165 Cole Porter (1891–1964)......Page 166 Listening Example 33: Cole Porter, “Night and Day”......Page 167 George Gershwin (1898–1937)......Page 168 Key Figures......Page 170 9 The Jazz Age......Page 171 Rural or Country Blues......Page 172 Listening Example 34: Robert Johnson, “Hellhound on My Trail”......Page 175 Classic Blues......Page 176 Listening Example 35: Bessie Smith, “Lost Your Head Blues”......Page 177 Urban Blues......Page 178 Listening Example 36: W. C. Handy, “St. Louis Blues”......Page 179 New Orleans Jazz......Page 180 Louis Armstrong (1901–1971)......Page 181 Listening Example 37: Lillian Hardin Armstrong, “Hotter Than That” (excerpt)......Page 182 Jazz Piano......Page 183 Stride Piano......Page 184 Listening Example 38: James P. Johnson, “Carolina Shout”......Page 185 Sweet Jazz......Page 186 Key Figures......Page 187 Big Band Swing......Page 188 Art of Arranging......Page 189 Listening Example 39: Count Basie and Lester Young, “Taxi War Dance”......Page 190 Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899–1974)......Page 192 Listening Example 40: Duke Ellington, “Mood Indigo”......Page 194 Listening Example 41: Billy Strayhorn, “Take the A Train”......Page 195 Women in Jazz......Page 196 Rise of Big Band Vocalists......Page 197 Bebop......Page 198 Charlie “Bird” Parker (1920–1955)......Page 199 John Birks “Dizzy” Gillespie (1917–1993)......Page 200 Listening Example 42: Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie, “KoKo”......Page 201 Jazz Composition......Page 203 Listening Example 43: Duke Ellington, “Concerto for Cootie”......Page 204 Encore......Page 205 Listening Example 44: Paul Desmond, “Take Five”......Page 206 Cool Jazz......Page 207 Listening Example 45: Miles Davis, “Boplicity”......Page 208 Key Figures......Page 210 From Country to City......Page 211 Jimmie Rodgers (1897–1933)......Page 212 Listening Example 46: Jimmie Rodgers, “Blue Yodel no. 9”......Page 213 The Carter Family......Page 214 Styles of Country Music......Page 215 American Folk Ballads......Page 216 Listening Example 47: Anonymous, “The Ballad of Casey Jones”......Page 217 Bluegrass......Page 218 Listening Example 48: Earl Scruggs, “Earl’s Breakdown”......Page 220 Country Pop and the Nashville Sound......Page 221 Western Swing......Page 222 Honky-Tonk......Page 224 Cowboy Songs......Page 225 Hawaiian Music......Page 226 Listening Example 49: Danny Ku, “Mele of My Tutu E”......Page 227 Cajun Music......Page 229 Zydeco......Page 230 Women in Country......Page 231 Recent Country......Page 232 Key Figures......Page 233 12 Latin Popular Musics......Page 234 Santeria: The Way of the Saints......Page 236 Rumba......Page 237 Mambo......Page 239 Listening Example 51: Tito Puente, Tito Puentes: “Para los Rumberos”......Page 240 Salsa......Page 241 Samba and Bossa Nova......Page 242 Listening Example 52: Antônio Carlos Jobim, “Desafinado” (“Off Key”)......Page 243 Mexico......Page 244 Conjunto......Page 245 Mariachis......Page 246 Latin Music Today......Page 247 Key Figures......Page 248 PART 3 Summary......Page 249 PART 4 Vernacular Musics Since Rock and Roll......Page 251 Vernacular Music......Page 252 The Generation Gap......Page 253 Rhythm and Blues......Page 254 Bill Haley (1925–1981)......Page 255 Early Characteristics......Page 256 End of the First Era......Page 257 Listening Example 53: Chuck Berry, “School Day”......Page 258 Surfing Music......Page 259 Motown......Page 260 Listening Example 54: Holland, Dozier, and Holland, “Stop! In the Name of Love”......Page 261 Gospel......Page 263 Listening Example 55: Anonymous, “Down by the Riverside”......Page 264 Soul......Page 265 Funk......Page 266 Listening Example 56: James Brown, “Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag”......Page 267 From Rock and Roll to Rock......Page 268 Psychedelic Blues......Page 269 Heavy Metal......Page 270 Key Figures......Page 271 14 Rock Flirts with Country......Page 272 Woody Guthrie (1912–1967)......Page 273 Urban Folk Revival......Page 274 Bob Dylan (b.1941)......Page 276 Folk Rock......Page 277 Newport Folk Festival, 1965......Page 278 Listening Example 57: Bob Dylan, “Mr. Tambourine Man”......Page 279 Alternative Country......Page 280 Key Figures......Page 281 Free Jazz......Page 282 Third Stream......Page 284 Listening Example 58: John Coltrane, A Love Supreme—Part I, “ Acknowledgement” (excerpt)......Page 285 The 1970s......Page 287 Fusion (Jazz-Rock)......Page 288 The 1980s......Page 290 Traditionalism......Page 291 The 1990s and Beyond......Page 292 Wynton Marsalis (b. 1961)......Page 293 Jazz Today and Tomorrow......Page 294 Key Figures......Page 296 Singer-Songwriters......Page 297 Art Rock......Page 298 Disco......Page 299 Punk......Page 300 Grunge......Page 303 Pop Music and Politics......Page 304 Hip-Hop and Rap......Page 305 Reggae......Page 306 The Rise of Hip-Hop......Page 307 Rap......Page 308 Social Concerns......Page 309 Back to the Roots......Page 311 Sharing Music......Page 312 Marketing Music......Page 313 Terms to Review......Page 314 Key Figures......Page 315 PART 4 Summary......Page 316 Musical Theater in America......Page 317 Operas......Page 318 Films......Page 319 Vaudeville......Page 320 Revues......Page 322 Gilbert and Sullivan......Page 324 George M. Cohan (1878–1942)......Page 325 Listening Example 60: George M. Cohan, “Give My Regards to Broadway” (from Little Johnny Jones)......Page 326 Black Musical Theater......Page 328 Golden Age of Broadway Musicals (1930–1955)......Page 329 Listening Example 61: Jerome Kern, “Ol’ Man River” (from Show Boat)......Page 330 Rodgers and Hart......Page 332 Rodgers and Hammerstein......Page 333 Lerner and Loewe......Page 334 Leonard Bernstein (1918–1990)......Page 335 Listening Example 62: Leonard Bernstein, “Tonight” (from West Side Story)......Page 336 Stephen Sondheim (b. 1930)......Page 337 Listening Example 63: Stephen Sondheim, “Every Day a Little Death” (from A Little Night Music)......Page 338 The Music of Musicals......Page 340 From Film to Broadway......Page 343 Effects Other than Music......Page 344 Key Figures......Page 346 Functions of Music in Film......Page 347 Silent Films......Page 348 Early Sound Films......Page 349 The Hollywood Sound......Page 350 Listening Example 64: Bernard Herrmann, “The Murder” (from Psycho)......Page 351 John Williams (b. 1932)......Page 352 Listening Example 65: John Williams, Star Wars Main Title......Page 354 Pop Scores......Page 355 Movie Musicals Revived......Page 357 Current Trends......Page 358 The Composer’s Perspective......Page 360 Film Score Performances and Recordings......Page 361 Key Figures......Page 363 19 American Opera......Page 364 Solo and Ensemble Singing......Page 365 Virgil Thomson (1896–1989)......Page 366 George Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess......Page 367 Gian-Carlo Menotti (1911–2007)......Page 368 Listening Example 66: George Gershwin, “Bess, You Is My Woman Now” (from Porgy and Bess)......Page 369 The Trend Toward Realism......Page 370 New Opera/Theater Connections......Page 373 Listening Example 67: Philip Glass, “Spaceship” (excerpt) (from Einstein on the Beach)......Page 374 Opera or Musical: Which Is It?......Page 375 Key Figures......Page 376 PART 5 Summary......Page 377 Music for the Concert Hall: Historical and Cultural Perspective......Page 379 Interaction Between the Arts......Page 380 The Value of Chance......Page 381 American Concert Music......Page 382 Philosophy of Music......Page 383 Listening Example 68: Charles Ives, “General Putnam’s Camp” (from Three Places in New England)......Page 384 Listening Example 69: Charles Ives, “At the River”......Page 386 Other Characteristics of Ives’s Music......Page 387 Henry Cowell (1897–1965)......Page 388 Piano Experiments......Page 389 Listening Example 70: Henry Cowell, “The Banshee” (excerpt)......Page 390 Sources of Inspiration......Page 392 Concrete Music......Page 393 John Cage (1912–1992)......Page 394 Listening Example 71: Anonymous, Gamelan Gong Kebjar: “Hudjan Mas” (“Golden Rain”) (excerpt)......Page 395 Prepared Piano......Page 396 Listening Example 72: John Cage, Sonata V (from Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano)......Page 397 Key Figures......Page 399 The Parisian Scene......Page 400 Aaron Copland (1900–1990)......Page 401 Depression and War Years......Page 402 Listening Example 73: Aaron Copland, Fanfare for the Common Man......Page 403 Music for Dance......Page 404 Listening Example 74: Aaron Copland, “Hoedown” (from Rodeo)......Page 405 Later Works......Page 406 Samuel Barber (1910–1981)......Page 407 Listening Example 75: Samuel Barber, Adagio for Strings......Page 408 Harlem Renaissance......Page 410 Listening Example 76: William Grant Still, Afro-American Symphony, third movement (“Humor”)......Page 411 Key Figures......Page 413 Harry Partch (1901–1974)......Page 414 Tape Music and the Electronic Synthesizer......Page 415 Milton Babbitt (1916–2011)......Page 417 Robert Ceely (b. 1930)......Page 418 Listening Example 77: Robert Ceely, VONCE......Page 419 John Cage and Chance Music......Page 420 Silence......Page 421 Other Composers of Chance Music......Page 422 Notation......Page 424 Pauline Oliveros (b. 1932)......Page 425 Listening Example 78: Pauline Oliveros, Sound Patterns......Page 426 Key Figures......Page 427 The Elements of Music......Page 428 Listening Example 79: William Schuman, New England Triptych, third movement (“Chester”)......Page 429 Terry Riley (b. 1935)......Page 431 Philip Glass (b. 1937)......Page 432 Gwyneth Walker (b. 1947)......Page 433 A Promise of New Sounds......Page 435 Key Figures......Page 436 PART 6 Summary......Page 437 The Charge......Page 439 Glossary......Page 440 Credits......Page 448 Index......Page 450 Back Cover......Page 468
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