Whitcup and Nussenblatt's Uveitis: Fundamentals and Clinical Practice

Description

Comprehensive and readable, Whitcup and Nussenblatt's Uveitis, 5th Edition, covers every aspect of this complex subspecialty in a single convenient volume. This clinically relevant guide covers the medical, pharmacological, and surgical treatment of uveitis in a visually rich, full-color format, offering a complete overview for today's clinicians. New and updated case studies, key points boxes, and more than 400 images and graphics highlight major clinical points and provide insight into real situations that you can apply in practice.Features multiple chapters on diagnostic approach to help you meet the challenge of making accurate diagnoses. Reflects advancements and new developments on all aspects of uveitis including new medical and surgical treatments. Covers key topics such as the use of PCR in diagnostic testing, cataract surgery in patients with uveitis, the use of OCT in diagnosis and treatment, new infectious causes of uveitis (including Zika and Ebola), and novel treatments for inflammatory eye disease. Includes new clinical photographs, illustrations, and OCT images throughout. Reviews new randomized clinical trials of new uveitis therapy, as well as the approach to patients with HIV and HIV-associated ocular diseases including CMV retinitis and immune recovery uveitis. Provides expanded information on masquerade syndromes with important tips on diagnosis and management of intraocular lymphoma. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. Front Cover IFC Whitcup and Nussenblatt's Uveitis Whitcup and Nussenblatt's Uveitis: Fundamentals and Clinical Practice Copyright CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDI T ION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dedication ! - Fundamentals 1 - Elements of the Immune System and Concepts of Intraocular Inflammatory Disease Pathogenesis ELEMENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Macrophages/Monocytes Dendritic Cells T cells T-cellReceptor Major Populations of T Cells T-cellSubsets Gamma Delta (γδ) T Cells T-regulatoryCells Innate Lymphoid Cells Lymphocytes of Innate Immune System Natural Killer and Invariant Nature Killer T Cells Cytokines Chemokines Cell-Adhesion Molecules and Their Role in Lymphocyte Homing and in Disease B Cells Classes of Immunoglobulins Other Cells Mast Cells Eosinophils Neutrophils Complement System Cellular Interactions: Hypersensitivity Reactions Classic Immune Hypersensitivity Reactions CONCEPTS OF DISEASE PATHOGENESIS Immune Characteristics of the Eye Absence of Lymphatic Drainage Intraocular Microenvironment Anterior Chamber Associated Immune Deviation Physiologic Mechanisms for Inhibition of Ocular Inflammation:A Summary Fas-FasLigand Interactions and Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) Resident Ocular Cells and Immune System Cytokines and Chemokines and the Eye Oral Tolerance Choroidal Circulation and Anatomy Retina IMMUNOGENETICS Class I Antigens Class II and Class III Antigens Histocompatibility Lymphocyte Antigens Single-NucleotidePolymorphisms Epigenetics Gene Expression Profiling T-cellResponses and Autoimmunity Epigenetics Gene Expression Profiling T-cellResponses and Autoimmunity T-CELLRECEPTOR AND THE EXPRESSION OF DISEASE Ocular Autoimmunity Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis Uveitogenic Antigens The Role of T-lymphocytesin the Etiology of EAU The Microbiome and Autoimmunity Uveitis Induced by Endotoxin and Other Bacterial Antigens Toll-likeReceptor Ligands Importance of Animal Studies Immune Responses to Invading Viruses and Parasites Acknowledgments SUGGESTED READINGS REFERENCES 2 - Diagnosis 2 - Medical History in the Patient with Uveitis REFERENCES 3 - Clinical Examination of the Patient with Uveitis VISUAL ACUITY EXTERNAL EXAMINATION PUPILS AND EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASUREMENT CONJUNCTIVA CORNEA Keratic Precipitates Other Corneal Findings ANTERIOR CHAMBER IRIS ANTERIOR CHAMBER ANGLE LENS VITREOUS RETINA AND CHOROID OPTIC NERVE REFERENCES 4 - Forming A Differential Diagnosis FORMING A DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Classifying Uveitis 1. Is the Disease Acute or Chronic? 2. Is the Inflammation Granulomatous or Nongranulomatous? 3. Is the Disease Unilateral or Bilateral? 4. Where is the Inflammation Located in the Eye? 5. What Are the Demographics of the Patient? 6. What Associated Symptoms Does the Patient Have? 7. What Associated Signs Are Present on Physical Examination? 8. What Is the Time Course of the Disease and Response to Previous Therapy? Computers in Diagnosis References 5 - Diagnostic Testing and Imaging PRETEST LIKELIHOOD OF DISEASE Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR UVEITIS Laboratory Tests Rheumatologic Tests Radiography Skin Testing Tissue Samples OPHTHALMIC IMAGING Fundus Photographs Fluorescein Angiography Optical Coherence Tomography Fundus Autofluorescence ANCILLARY OPHTHALMIC TESTS Electrophysiology Laser Interferometry Laser Flare Photometry OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Polymerase Chain Reaction Rapid Tests for Herpes Simplex and Herpes Zoster Bone Mineral Density Studies Genetic Testing for Steroid-Induced Glaucoma Neurologic Tests REFERENCES 6 - Optical Coherence Tomography in Uveitis MACULAR EDEMA RETINAL AND CHOROIDAL PATHOLOGY Anterior Uveitis SUMMARY REFERENCES 7 - Evidence-Based Medicine in Uveitis STUDY DESIGN UVEITIS CLINICAL TRIALS References 3 - Medical Therapy and Surgical Intervention 8 - Approaches to Medical Therapy GOALS AND PHILOSOPHY Pain, Photophobia, and Discomfort Degree and Location of Inflammatory Disease Evaluation of Visual Acuity and Prospect of Reversibility Disease Laterality General Health and Age of Patient Patient Reliability, Preferences, and Understanding NONSURGICAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS Corticosteroids Cytotoxic Agents Alkylating Agents Antimetabolites Cyclosporin Tacrolimus Rapamycin Antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies Daclizumab Etanercept Infliximab Adalimumab Rituximab Anakinra Alemtuzumab Abatacept Tocilizumab Ustekinumab Interferon-­α Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy OTHER THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES Janus Kinase Inhibitors Plasmapheresis Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents Oral Tolerance Colchicine Mydriatic and Cycloplegic Agents CAUTION REFERENCES 9 - Role of Surgery in the Patient with Uveitis CONSIDERATIONS REMOVAL OF BAND KERATOPATHY CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION CATARACT SURGERY GLAUCOMA SURGERY TREATMENT OF VITREORETINAL DISEASE LASER TREATMENT DIAGNOSTIC SURGERY Anterior Chamber Paracentesis Chorioretinal Biopsy SUBRETINAL SURGERY REFERENCES 4 - Infectious Uveitic Conditions 10 - Bacterial and Fungal Diseases INTRODUCTION LEPROSY Clinical Findings and Prognosis Immunology and Pathology Therapy TUBERCULOSIS Disease Pathogenesis and Systemic Disease Diagnosis Therapy OTHER BACTERIAL INFECTIONS Brucellosis Bartonellosis Whipple disease CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE FUNGAL DISEASE REFERENCES 11 - Spirochetal Diseases SPIROCHETAL INFECTIONS AND THE EYE SPIROCHETES Definition Venereal Treponemal Diseases Nonvenereal Treponematoses Borrelia Infection REFERENCES 12 - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS Epidemiology Diagnosis HIV Disease HIV Therapy Ocular Manifestations of HIV Infection Ocular Infection CMV RETINITIS Progression CMV Retinitis in the Era of cART Treatment Oral Anti-CMV Drugs Retinal Detachment Prognosis Immune Recovery Uveitis HERPES ZOSTER PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII CHOROIDITIS OTHER DISEASES DRUG-RELATED OCULAR INFLAMMATION SUMMARY REFERENCES 13 - Acute Retinal Necrosis and Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis ACUTE RETINAL NECROSIS Epidemiology Clinical Features Etiology Differential Diagnosis Therapy Prognosis PROGRESSIVE OUTER RETINAL NECROSIS Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Etiology Therapy REFERENCES 14 - Other Viral Diseases HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS–ASSOCIATED KERATITIS Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS Ophthalmic Manifestations Treatment WEST NILE VIRUS Epidemiology Diagnosis Clinical Description Ophthalmic Manifestations Treatment Prognosis ZIKA VIRUS Ophthalmic Manifestations Treatment EBOLA VIRUS Ophthalmic Manifestations OTHER VIRAL INFECTIONS Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type I SUMMARY REFERENCES 15 - Ocular Toxoplasmosis ORGANISM AND TRANSMISSION CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Systemic Ocular Effects in the Immunocompromised Host HISTOPATHOLOGY AND IMMUNE FACTORS Immune Response Inflammatory Response Methods of Diagnosis Other Methods Congenital versus Acquired Disease THERAPY Additional Therapeutic Approaches REFERENCES 16 - Ocular Histoplasmosis SYSTEMIC FINDINGS OCULAR APPEARANCE “Histo” Spots Maculopathy Peripapillary Pigment Changes Clear Vitreous ETIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY NONSURGICAL THERAPIES Laser Therapy SUBRETINAL SURGERY REFERENCES 17 - Ocular Toxocariasis LIFE CYCLE EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL SYNDROMES OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS DIAGNOSIS Laboratory Testing Histopathology and Immune Factors TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS REFERENCES 18 - Onchocerciasis and Other Parasitic Diseases ONCHOCERCIASIS Clinical Appearance Immune Characteristics Therapy GIARDIASIS OPHTHALMOMYIASIS CYSTICERCOSIS CATERPILLAR SETAE AMEBIASIS DIFFUSE UNILATERAL SUBACUTE NEURORETINITIS MALARIA SEASONAL HYPERACUTE PANUVEITIS REFERENCES 19 - Postsurgical Uveitis ACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOPHTHALMITIS CHRONIC BACTERIAL ENDOPHTHALMITIS FUNGAL ENDOPHTHALMITIS ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS LENS-INDUCED UVEITIS TOXIC ANTERIOR SEGMENT SYNDROME PERSISTENT POSTOPERATIVE ANTERIOR UVEITIS LASER-INDUCED UVEITIS REFERENCE 5 - Noninfectious Uveitic Conditions 20 - Anterior Uveitis EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL DESCRIPTION IDIOPATHIC ANTERIOR UVEITIS Diagnostic Workup Treatment HLA-B27–ASSOCIATED ANTERIOR UVEITIS Epidemiology Demographics and Clinical Findings Etiology HLA-B27–ASSOCIATED ANTERIOR UVEITIS WITH SYSTEMIC DISEASE Ankylosing Spondylitis Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome) Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Psoriatic Arthritis Inflammatory Bowel Disease Whipple Disease DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis Kawasaki Disease Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome Glaucomatous Cyclitic Crisis Schwartz Syndrome Anterior Segment Ischemia Lens-Induced Uveitis Anterior Uveitis Associated With AIDS Other Disease Associations REFERENCES 21 - Scleritis EPISCLERITIS SCLERITIS Scleritis Disease Associations Other Causes of Scleritis Diagnostic Testing Pathogenesis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis REFERENCES 22 - Intermediate Uveitis EPIDEMIOLOGY ETIOLOGY CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DIAGNOSIS MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TREATMENT Corticosteroids Immunosuppressive Agents Surgery PROGNOSIS REFERENCES 23- Sarcoidosis ETIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Anterior Uveitis Posterior Segment Findings Systemic Involvement PATHOLOGY DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT PROGNOSIS REFERENCES 24 - Sympathetic Ophthalmia CLINICAL APPEARANCE AND PREVALENCE Classic Presentation Sequelae TESTS AND IMMUNOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS Dalen-Fuchs Nodules Preservation of the Choriocapillaris THERAPY Corticosteroids Immunosuppressive Agents REFERENCES 25 - Vogt-Koyanagi-ŁHarada Syndrome CLINICAL ASPECTS Systemic Findings Ocular Findings Course of Disease Antigen-Specific and Immune Responses THERAPY REFERENCES 26 - Birdshot Chorioretinopathy CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Ocular Examination and Ancillary Clinical Tests TESTS, HISTOLOGY, AND ETIOLOGY THERAPY REFERENCES 27- Behçet Disease CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Oral Aphthous Ulcers Skin Lesions Genital Ulcers Ocular Disease Minor Criteria Role of T Cells Genetics THERAPY Systemic Corticosteroids Cytotoxic Agents and Antimetabolites Colchicine Interferon-­α Cyclosporin and Tacrolimus (FK506) Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy Other Approaches REFERENCES 28 - Retinal Vasculitis CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS Eales Disease Frosted Branch Angiitis Scleritis OCULAR VASCULITIS WITH SYSTEMIC DISEASE Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Polyarteritis Nodosa Wegener Granulomatosis Whipple Disease Inflammatory Bowel Disease Autoantibodies to Sjögren Syndrome A Antigen Retinal Vein Occlusion Relapsing Polychondritis Viral Diseases Multiple Sclerosis Tuberculosis Rheumatoid Arthritis Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease Susac Syndrome Sweet Syndrome Tattoo-and Drug-Induced Vasculitis REFERENCES 29 - Serpiginous Choroiditis EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL FEATURES PATHOLOGY ETIOLOGY DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS THERAPY PROGNOSIS REFERENCES 30 - White-Dot Syndromes MULTIPLE EVANESCENT WHITE-DOT SYNDROME Clinical Findings Laboratory Findings Therapy MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS AND PANUVEITIS Clinical Findings Laboratory Findings Therapy PUNCTATE INNER CHOROIDOPATHY Laboratory Findings Therapy ACUTE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIITIS Clinical Findings Laboratory Findings Therapy Clinical Findings Laboratory Findings Therapy SUBRETINAL FIBROSIS AND UVEITIS SYNDROME Clinical Findings Laboratory Findings Therapy Clinical Findings ONE DISEASE OR SEVERAL? REFERENCES 31 - Masquerade Syndromes INTRAOCULAR LYMPHOMA Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Diagnosis Treatment Systemic Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Metastatic to the Eye UVEAL LYMPHOMA PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS OTHER NONMALIGNANT CONDITIONS REFERENCES Sample Uveitis Questionnaire FAMILY HISTORY SOCIAL HISTORY PERSONAL MEDICAL HISTORY MEDICAL HISTORY General Health Neurologic Ears Nose and Throat Skin Respiratory Cardiovascular Blood Gastrointestinal Bones and Joints Genitourinary INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z