Regenerative Therapies in Ischemic Stroke Recovery

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Foreword by Prof. P. K. Seth Foreword by Prof. (Dr.) Sarman Singh Contents About the Editor 1: Targeting Adult Neurogenesis for Brain Recovery After Stroke: The Next Frontier in Stroke Medicine 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Adult Neurogenesis 1.3 Techniques to Investigate Adult Neurogenesis 1.3.1 Post-mortem/Histological Techniques 1.3.2 In Vivo Techniques 1.4 Evidence of Adult Neurogenesis After Stroke: Preclinical and Clinical 1.5 Limitations Related to Endogenous Post-stroke Neurogenesis 1.6 Strategies to Promote Post-stroke Neurogenesis 1.6.1 Pharmacological Interventions 1.6.2 Non-pharmacological Interventions 1.7 Concluding Remarks References 2: Application of Nanotechnology in Stroke Recovery 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pathophysiology 2.3 Current Strategies 2.4 The Need for Nanotechnology 2.5 Nanotechnology 2.6 Nanoparticles Against Stroke 2.7 Polymeric Nanoparticles 2.8 Nanocarriers 2.9 NanoScaffolds 2.10 Nanomedicine 2.11 Nanotherapy 2.12 Safety and Limitations 2.13 Summary References 3: Nanotechnology: A Daydream for Advanced Imaging, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approach for Cerebral Ischemia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pathophysiology of Cerebral Ischemia 3.3 Conventional Therapeutic Trajectory 3.3.1 Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia 3.3.1.1 Thrombolytic Drugs 3.3.1.2 Neuroprotective Drugs 3.3.1.3 Platelet Aggregation Blockers 3.3.2 The Limitations Associated with the Conventional Trajectory 3.4 Nanotechnology - An Unfold Blueprint in Imaging and Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia 3.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 3.4.2 Lipid-based Nanoparticles 3.4.3 Other Types of Nanoparticles 3.5 Exploitation of Certain Advanced Technology for Imaging and Diagnosis of Cerebral Ischemia 3.5.1 Imaging/Diagnosis by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique 3.5.2 Imaging/Diagnosis by Computed Tomography 3.5.3 Imaging/Diagnosis by Positron Emission Tomography 3.6 Limitations and Prospects 3.7 Conclusion References 4: Cell-Mediated Neurorestorative Mechanisms Underpinning Beneficial Effects in Ischemic Stroke 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Stem Cell Types for Stroke Recovery 4.3 Mechanisms Underlying Neuroprotection in Stroke 4.4 Cell Replacement 4.5 Neurogenesis 4.6 Paracrine Signaling or Bystander Effect 4.7 Immunomodulation 4.8 Synaptogenesis 4.9 Apoptosis 4.10 Conclusion References 5: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease: Current and Future Prospects 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Alzheimer´s Disease 5.1.2 Parkinson´s Disease 5.1.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 5.1.4 Huntington´s Disease 5.2 Conclusion References 6: Imaging of Stem Cell Therapy for Stroke and Beyond 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Real-Time Imaging of Stem Cell Delivery 6.3 Long-Term Tracking of Cell Survival and Migration 6.3.1 Preclinical Bioluminescence Imaging 6.3.2 Preclinical and Clinical Imaging Techniques 6.3.3 Reporter Genes 6.3.4 Multimodal Imaging 6.4 Imaging of Cell Function References 7: Nanomedicine-Mediated Stem Cell Therapeutics in Stroke 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Current Status of Stroke 7.3 Therapeutic Strategies 7.3.1 Drug Therapeutics 7.3.2 Stem Cell Therapeutics 7.3.2.1 Treatment Conditions Location of Infarct Age and Sex Effects Comorbidities Dosage Route of Administration Therapeutic Time Window 7.3.2.2 Mechanism of Action of Stem Cell Stem Cell Homing, Tracking, and Survival Pathway of Action 7.4 Summary and Future Prospective References 8: The Influence of Preconditioning on the Homing Behavior of Stem Cells 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Stem Cell Homing 8.3 Factors Influencing Stem Cell Homing 8.4 Timing of Administration of Cells 8.5 Optimizing the Route of Administration of Cells 8.6 Preconditioning of Cells for Improved Homing 8.7 Hypoxia Preconditioning 8.8 Growth Factors 8.9 Chemical and Pharmacological Priming 8.10 Chemokines: SDF1/CXCR4 8.11 Stem Cell Tracking 8.12 Conclusion References 9: Role of MicroRNAs in Stroke Pathology and Recovery 9.1 Introduction 9.2 MiRNA Biogenesis and Function 9.3 Canonical Pathway 9.4 Non-canonical Pathway 9.5 Neurogenesis in Stroke 9.6 MiRNAs and Stroke 9.7 MicroRNAs and Blood-Brain Barrier 9.8 MiRNA in Preconditioning-Induced Neuroprotection in Stroke 9.9 MiRNA-Based Therapeutics for Stroke 9.10 MicroRNAs Mediated Neurogenesis in Stroke 9.11 Conclusions 9.12 MicroRNA in Neurogenesis Post Stroke References 10: Exosomes as a Diagnostic Tool and Stem Cells´ Exosomes as a Promising Cell-Based Cell-Free Therapeutic Tool for Ischemic S... 10.1 Introduction 10.2 What Are Exosomes? Their Biogenesis and Functions 10.3 Exosomes as Biomarkers for Stroke 10.4 Exosome Therapy for Ischemic Stroke Recovery 10.4.1 Direct Beneficial Effects on Ischemic Areas 10.4.1.1 Exosomes for Improved Neurogenesis and Reduced Glia Scaring 10.4.1.2 Exosomes for Improved Angiogenesis Following Stroke 10.4.1.3 Exosomes for Repair of Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) 10.4.2 Secondary Beneficial Effects of Exosomes 10.4.2.1 Anti-inflammatory and Immune-Related Outcomes 10.5 Exosomal Cargo, Importance for Recovery Following Ischemic Stroke 10.5.1 Exosomes Intrinsic Factors 10.5.2 Modified/Synthetic Exosomes as Vehicles for Drug Delivery 10.6 Exosome Source, Is There a Difference Between Cell Sources? 10.7 Exosomes in Clinical Trials of Ischemic Stroke 10.8 Limitations of Exosome Therapy for Stroke 10.9 Conclusions References 11: Role of Nanomedicine in Treating Ischemic Stroke 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Stem Cells for Regenerative Therapy of Stroke 11.2.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSc) 11.2.2 Neural Stem Cells (NSc) 11.2.3 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESc) 11.2.4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSc) 11.3 Challenges in Stem Cell Therapies for Ischemic Stroke 11.4 Tracking Stem Cells 11.5 Role of Nanoparticles in Stroke Therapy 11.5.1 Nanomedicines Transporting Oxygen to the Ischemic Brain 11.5.2 Nanomedicines Regulating Excitotoxicity and Ion Imbalance 11.5.3 Nanomedicines Reducing Oxidative Stress 11.5.4 Nanomedicine Reducing Apoptosis 11.5.5 Nanomedicines Regulating Immune Response and Inflammation 11.5.6 Nanomedicines Inhibiting Pro-inflammatory Mediators 11.5.7 Nanomedicines Regulating Cells Involved in Inflammation 11.5.8 Nanomedicines Promoting Tissue Repair Add more literature here in terms of stroke 11.6 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) 11.6.1 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) 11.6.2 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) 11.7 Liposomes 11.8 Hydrogels 11.9 Cell-Derived Nanovesicles 11.9.1 Quantum Dots 11.9.2 Nanodiamonds 11.9.3 Iron Oxide Particles 11.9.3.1 Micron-Sized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles (MPIOs) 11.9.3.2 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) 11.9.3.3 Fluorescent Magnetite Nanocluster (FMNC) 11.9.4 Black Phosphorus 11.10 Prospects and Challenges of Nanomedicine-Based Stroke Treatment 11.11 Summary References 12: Insights into Therapeutic Targets in Stroke 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Therapeutic Targets in Stroke 12.2.1 Ischemic Penumbra 12.2.1.1 Apoptosis 12.2.1.2 Caspases 12.2.1.3 Free Radicals 12.2.2 Ion Channels 12.2.2.1 Na+ Channels 12.2.2.2 Ca2+ Channels 12.2.3 Modifications of Glutamatergic Signaling 12.2.4 Activated Protein C 12.2.5 GABA Receptors A 12.2.6 Antioxidant Levels 12.2.7 Reperfusion 12.3 Nanotechnology in Stroke Diagnosis 12.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles 12.3.1.1 Microsized Iron Oxide (MPIO) Particles 12.3.1.2 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) 12.3.1.3 Perflurocarbon Nanoparticle (PFC) 12.3.2 Quantum Dots 12.3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles 12.3.4 Dendrimers 12.4 Nanotechnology in Targeting Stroke Therapy 12.5 Nanocarriers Used in Stroke Therapy 12.5.1 Liposomes 12.5.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 12.5.2.1 Chitosan 12.5.2.2 Dendrimer 12.5.3 Bioengineered Nanoparticles 12.5.3.1 ROS-Responsive NPs 12.5.3.2 Protease-Responsive NPs 12.5.4 Biomimetic Nanoparticles 12.5.4.1 Erythrocyte Membrane Nanovesicles 12.5.4.2 Platelet Membrane-Derived Nanovesicles 12.5.4.3 Exosomes 12.5.4.4 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (MSC) 12.5.4.5 R3V6 Peptide (with a 3-Arginine Block and a 6-Valine Block) 12.5.5 Inorganic Nanoparticles 12.5.5.1 Ceria Nanoparticles (E-A/P-CeO2) 12.5.5.2 Platinum Nanoparticles (nPt) 12.5.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) 12.5.5.4 Black Phosphorus 12.5.6 Hydrogels 12.5.7 Lipid Nanofomulations 12.5.7.1 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) 12.6 Nanoparticles Targeting Receptors in Stroke 12.6.1 EPO Receptor (EPOR) 12.6.2 Transferrin Receptor (TfR) 12.6.3 CXCR4 (C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4) 12.6.4 Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptors 12.6.5 Lactoferrin Receptors (Fig. 12.7) 12.7 Nanoparticles Targeting Brain Microvessels 12.7.1 Integrin αvβ3 12.8 Limitations and Future Perspectives References 13: Signaling Pathways of Interest for Enhancing Recovery from Ischemic Stroke 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Mechanisms of Clot Formation 13.2.1 Platelet Activation and Aggregation 13.2.2 Coagulation Cascade 13.2.3 Role of Inflammation in Stroke 13.3 Enhancement of Neurogenesis 13.3.1 Role of Neurotransmitters in Neuroregeneration 13.3.2 Angiogenesis During Neurogenesis 13.3.3 Lifestyle Interventions for Increasing BDNF 13.3.3.1 Role of Intermittent Fasting in Neuroplasticity 13.3.3.2 Role of Exercise in Neuroplasticity 13.3.3.3 Other Factors Affecting BDNF Level 13.3.4 Role of Interleukins in Neuroregeneration 13.4 Conclusion References