GATE Electrical Engineering 2016

Description

This book has been developed by a group of faculties who are highly experienced in training GATE candidates and are also subject matter experts in their respective fields. The book is divided into three parts— covering (1) General Aptitude, (2) Engineering Mathematics and (3) Electrical Engineering'. Coverage is as per the syllabus prescribed for GATE and all topics are handled in a comprehensive manner —beginning from the basics and progressing in a step-by-step manner supported by ample number of solved and unsolved problems. Extra care has been taken to present the content in a modular and systematic manner, to facilitate easy understanding of all topics. So, this book would definitely serve as a one-stop solution for all GATE aspirants, preparing for upcoming examination. Salient Features Elaborate question bank covering last 10 years' GATE Question Papers 5 Free Online Mock Tests for practice Comprehensive coverage on theory section Complete set of solved 2015 GATE Online Papers with topic-wise analysis Exhaustive pedagogy: *Numerous Solved Examples ( 1300 +) *Numerous Practice Questions ( 6000+) *Unit-wise Time-bound Tests *Modular approach for easy understanding Cover Copyright Contents Preface Key Pedagogical Features Syllabus: Electrical Engineering Chapter-wise Analysis of GATE Previous Years’ Papers General Information about GATE About GATE Why GATE? Eligibility For GATE New in GATE 2015 Structure of GATE and GATE Results Section Weightage and Marks Particulars Question Types Design of Questions About Online Pattern Important Tips for GATE Detailed Analysis of GATE 2015 Paper GATE EE Solved 2015 Paper (Set 1) Detailed Analysis GATE EE Solved 2015 Paper (Set 2) Detailed Analysis GATE 2015 Solved Paper Gratitude Aptitude Test in Engineering Set − 1 General Aptitude Electrical Engineering GATE 2015 Solved Paper Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Set − 2 General Aptitude Electrical Engineering Part I General Aptitude Part A Verbal Ability Chapter 1 Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Grammar Sentence Completion Vocabulary Verbal Analogies Verbal Reasoning Section I: Grammar Overview Sample Exercise–1 Sample Exercise–2 Parts of Speech: Identification Phrases and Clauses Phrase Clause Sample Exercise–3 Sample Exercise–4 Conditionals Type A Type B If–Conditionals Examples of Errors in the Usage of Conditionals Types of Sentences (Structural) 1. Simple Sentence 2. Compound Sentence 3. Complex Sentence Sample Exercise–5 Types of Sentences (Semantic) Assertive Sentences (or) Declarative Sentences Imperative Sentences Interrogative Sentences Exclamatory Sentences Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Section II: Correction of Sentences Correct Use of Nouns Sample Exercise–6 Correct Use of Articles Some Important Rules Regarding the Use of Articles Correct use of Pronouns Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Emphatic Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Pronouns of Number Pronouns of Quantity Distributive Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Relative Pronouns Rules for use of Pronouns Sample Exercise–7 Correct Use of Adjectives Sample Exercise–8 Correct use of Adverbs Rules Pertaining to Use of Adverbs Sample Exercise–9 Correct Use of the Verb Structure of the Verb Phrase Auxiliary Verbs and their Forms Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive Verb—Voice Verb—Form and Use of the Tenses Rules Regarding the Use of Verbs Sample Exercise–10 Non-Finites The Infinitives Sample Exercise–11 The Gerund The Participle Correct Use of Prepositions Sample Exercise–12 Correct Use of Conjunctions Sample Exercise–13 Notes on Phrasal Verbs Indirect Objects—Patterns Look at the Following Examples Additional Examples Additional Examples Voice—Style Additional Examples Direct and Indirect Speech Exceptions Wordiness Additional Examples Diction (Words often confused) Punctuation Full Stop Comma Semi Colon Colon Question Marks Exclamation Marks Hyphen Apostrophes Section: Vocabulary (In Puts) Common Roots Prefixes Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Practice Problems 3 Practice Problems 4 Practice Problems 5 Practice Problems 6 Passage Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Practice Problems 3 Practice Problems 4 Practice Problems 5 Practice Problems 6 Previous Years’ Questions Test Verbal Ability Part B Numerical Ability Unit I Quantitative Aptitude Chapter 1 Simple Equations LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction One equation in one unknown Two equations in two unknowns Three Equations in Three Unknowns Solved Examples Additional Cases in Linear Equations Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 2 Ratio-Proportion-Variation LEARNING OBJECTIVES Ratio Solved Examples Proportion Variation Direct Variation Inverse Variation Joint Variation Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 3 Numbers LEARNING OBJECTIVES Numbers Rule of Signs Classification of Real Numbers Perfect Numbers Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operations Solved Examples Rules for Divisibility Number of Factors of a Number Number of Ways of Expressing a Given Number as a Product of Two Factors Sum of all the Factors of a Number Product of all the Factors of a Number Number of Ways of Writing a Number as Product of Two Co-primes Number of Co-primes to N, That are Less than N Sum of Co-primes to N That Are Less Than N Involution and Evolution Involution Evolution Least Common Multiple (Lcm) and Highest Common Factor (Hcf) Lcm by Factorization Hcf by Factorization Lcm by Division Hcf by Long Division Lcm and Hcf Models Successive Division Factorial Largest Power of a Number in N! Some Important Points to Note Number Systems Conversions Binary Arithmetic Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 4 Percentage, Profit and Loss LEARNING OBJECTIVES Percentage Solved Examples Percentage Points Profit and Loss Partnerships Stocks and Shares Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 5 Simple Interestand Compound Interest LEARNING OBJECTIVES Interest Simple Interest Compound Interest Compounding More Than Once a Year Present Value Repayment in Equal Instalments—compound Interest Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 6 Averages, Mixturesand Alligations LEARNING OBJECTIVES Averages Points to remenber An Easy Method to Calculate Averages Weighted Average Mixtures Solved Examples Alligations Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 7 Time and Work LEARNING OBJECTIVES Work Solved Examples Pipes and Cisterns Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 8 Time and Distance LEARNING OBJECTIVES introduction Speed Average Speed Solved Examples Relative Speed Boats and Streams Races and Circular Tracks Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 9 Indices, Surds, Logarithms LEARNING OBJECTIVES indices Solved Examples Surds Rationalisation of a Surd Square Root of a Surd Comparison of Surds Logarithms Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 10 Quadratic Equations LEARNING OBJECTIVES Quadratic EQuationS Finding the Roots by Factorisation Finding the Roots by Using the Formula Sum and Product of Roots of a Quadratic Equation Nature of the Roots Signs of the Roots Constructing a Quadratic Equation Constructing a New Quadratic Equation by Changing the Roots of a Given Quadratic Equation Maximum or Minimum Value of a Quadratic Expression Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 11 Inequalities LEARNING OBJECTIVES Inequalities and Modulus Symbols and Notations Absolute Value Properties of Modulus Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 12 Progressions LEARNING OBJECTIVES Progressions Arithmetic progression (A.p.) Solved Examples Geometric Progression (G.p.) Infinite Geometric Progression Some Important Results Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 13 Permutations andCombinations LEARNING OBJECTIVES introduction Permutations Combinations Circular Permutations Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 14 Data Interpretation LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Methods of Presenting Data Data table Pie-Charts Two-Dimensional Graphs Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Test Quantitative Ability Answer Keys Unit II Reasoning Chapter 1 Number and Letter Series LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Number Series Difference Series Product Series Squares/Cubes Series Miscellaneous Series Combination Series Letter Series Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 2 Analogies LEARNING OBJECTIVES Analogy number Analogies Solved Examples Letter Analogies Verbal Analogies Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 3 Odd Man Out (Classification) LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Alphabet Classification Solved Examples Word Classification Number Classification Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 4 Coding and Decoding LEARNING OBJECTIVES Coding and decoding Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 5 Blood Relations LEARNING OBJECTIVES Blood Relations Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 6 Venn Diagrams LEARNING OBJECTIVES Venn Diagrams Venn Diagram Type I Solved Examples Venn Diagram Type II Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 7 Seating Arrangements LEARNING OBJECTIVES Linear Sequencing Solved Examples Circular Arrangement Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 8 Puzzles LEARNING OBJECTIVES Puzzles Solved Examples Order Sequence Selections Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Chapter 9 Clocks and Calendars LEARNING OBJECTIVES Clocks Points to Note Solved Examples Calendar Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Test Logical Ability Answer Keys Part II Engineering Mathematics Chapter 1 Linear Algebra LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Type of Matrices Operations on Matrices Determinants Elementary Operations or Elementary Transformations Systems of Linear Equations Solving System of Linear Equations Caley–Hemilton Theorem Reduction to Diagonal Form Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problem 1 Practice Problem 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problem 1 Practice Problem 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 2 Calculus LEARNING OBJECTIVES Limit of a Function Meaning of ‘x → a’ Meaning of the Symbol Continuous Functions Intermediate-value Theorem Solved Examples Derivatives Standard Results Derivatives of Some Important Functions Successive Differentiation Application of Derivatives Partial Differentiation Total Differential Coefficient Indefinite Integrals Definite Integrals Fundamental Theorem of Integral Fourier Series Vector Calculus Vector or Cross Product Integration Gauss divergence theorem Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 3 Differential Equations LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Differential Equations Solution of a Differential Equation Solved Examples Homogeneous Differential Equations Methods to Find the Integrating Factors Method 1 Linear Equations Partial Differential Equation (PDE) Classification of Second Order Homogenous Linear Equation Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 4 Complex Variables LEARNING OBJECTIVES COMPLEX NUMBER Modulus and Argument of a Complex Number Functions of a Complex Variable Solved Examples Continuity Differentiability Analytic Function Entire Function Elementary Functions Morera’s Theorem [Converse of Cauchy’s Theorem] Taylor’s Series Expansion of f (z) Laurent’s Series Expansion of f (z) Singular Points Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 5 Probability and Statistics LEARNING OBJECTIVES Probability Definition of Probability Addition Theorem of Probability Solved Examples Conditional Probability Advanced Probability Mathematical Expectation [E(X)] Some Special Discrete Distributions Discrete Uniform Distribution Binomial Distribution Some Special Continuous Distributions Continuous Uniform Distribution or Rectangular Distribution Normal Distribution Exponential Distribution Statistics Measures of Central Tendencies Measures of Dispersion Correlation Regression Covariance Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 6 Numerical Methods LEARNING OBJECTIVES NumericaL Methods Methods for Finding the Real Roots (Zeros) of f (x) = 0 The Intermediate Value Theorem Relations between Roots and Coefficients Roots of Equations and Descartes’ Rule Solved Example Bisection Method (Bolzano Method) or (Halving Method) Convergence of Bisection Method Regula Falsi Method or (The Method of False Position) Convergence of Regula Falsi Method The Secant Method Newton–Raphson Method Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 7 Transform Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES LapLace Transform Solved Examples Some Important (Theorems) Properties of Laplace Transform Inverse Laplace Transforms Transform of Special Functions Application of Laplace Transforms to Solutions of Differential Equations Fourier Transforms Integral Transform Fourier Transform Properties of Fourier Transform Fourier Integrals of f (x) Convolution of Two Functions Z-transform Inverse Z-transform Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Test Engineering Mathematics Answer Keys Part III Electrical Engineering Unit I Signals and Systems Chapter 1 Introduction to Signals and Systems LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Classification of Signals Basic Operations on Signals Operations Performed on Dependent Variables Operations Performed on the Independent Variable Elementary Signals Exponential Signals Sinusoidal Signals Exponentially Damped Sinusoidal Signals Step Function Rectangular Pulse Impulse Function Ramp Function Signum Function Systems and Classification of Systems Continuous-time and Discrete-time Systems System with Memory and without Memory Invertible and Non-invertible Systems Causal and Non-causal Systems Linear Systems and Non-linear Systems Time-Invariant and Time-varying Systems Stable Systems Linear Time Invariant Systems Impulse Response Response to an Arbitrary Input x(t) Convolution Integral Step Response Interconnected Systems Properties of Continuous-time LTI Systems Discrete-time LTI Systems Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 2 Laplace Transform LEARNING OBJECTIVES LapLace Transform The region of convergence Poles and Zeroes of X(s) Properties of ROC Laplace Transforms of Some Elementary Signals Properties of Laplace Transform Inverse Laplace Transform Unilateral Laplace Transform Analysis of Continuous Time LTI System The System Function Characteristics of Continuous Time LTI System System Function for LTI Systems Describedby Linear Constant-coefficient Differential Equation Systems Interconnections Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 3 z-Transform LEARNING OBJECTIVES Sampling Sampling Theorem The z-Transform Definition Region of Convergence Properties of the ROC z-transforms of the Some Common Sequences z-Transform Properties Inverse z-Transform Analysis of Discrete-time LTI Systems Characterization of Discrete-time LTI Systems System Function of LTI System Described by Linear Constant Coefficient Difference Equations Systems Interconnections The Unilateral z-Transform Relation ship between z and Laplace Transform Structures for Realization of IIR Systems Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 4 Continuous Time Fourier Analysis LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction approximation oF a Signal By other Signals Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals Complex Fourier Series Trigonometric Fourier Series Even and Odd Signals Harmonic Form of Fourier Series Dirichlet Conditions Amplitude and Phase Spectraof Periodic Signal Properties of Continuous Time Fourier Series Linearity Time Shifting Time Reversal Frequency Shifting Time Scaling Multiplication Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry Periodic Convolution Differentiation Integration Even Odd Decomposition of Real Signals Parseval’s Theorem Continuous Time (CT) Fourier Transform Fourier Spectra Convergence of Fourier Transform Relation Between Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform Properties of the Continuous-time Fourier Transform Fourier Transform Representation of Periodic Signals Fourier Transform in Terms of Frequency (f) Frequency Response of Continuous-time LTI Systems Distortion Less Transmission Amplitude Distortion and Phase Distortion Equalization LTI Systems Characterized by Differential Equations Phase and Group Delays Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Test Signals and Systems Answers Keys Unit II Analog and Digital Electronics Chapter 1 Diode Circuits LEARNING OBJECTIVES small signal equivalent circuit of diode Practical PN Junction Diode Large Signal Diode-Models Elementary Diode Applications Rectifiers Features Clipping Circuits: Voltage Slicers Clamper Circuits Voltage Multipliers Power Supplies Voltage Regulators Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 2 Bipolar Junction Transistors LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Transistor Construction Transistor Symbols Transistor Current Components Un-biased Condition Operation modes of Transistor Transistor Configurations Common-base Configuration Common Emitter Configuration Common Collector Configuration Comparison of Various characteristics of Transistor Transistor and Its Region of Operations Thermal Run Away Power Rating of Transistor Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 3 Field Effect Transistors LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction JFET Construction of JFET Working Principle I–V Characteristics Parameters of GFET Solved Examples Comparisons of JFET and BJT Introduction to MOSFET D-MOSFET Enhancement Mode MOSFET or E-MOSFET The Body Effect Summary of the MOSFET Current – Voltage Characteristics N-MOS Transistor PMOS Transistors Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 4 Transistor Biasing LEARNING OBJECTIVES The operating point Transistor Circuit Under DC Condition Input Characteristics of a CE Transistor Output Characteristics of a CE Transistor Bias Stability Stability Factor(S) Biasing the BJT Base Bias or Fixed Bias Collector to Base Bias Circuit Emitter Feedback Bias Collector–Emitter Feedback Bias Self-bias, Emitter-bias, or Voltage–divide–bias Bias Compensation Compensation Techniques Thermal Run Away Thermal Resistance Biasing the FET Four Resistor Bias Circuit Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 5 Amplifiers LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction The re Transistor Model Common Emitter Configuration Common Base Configuration BJT AC Analysis Common Emitter Fixed Bias Configuration Voltage Divider Bias Common Emitter, Emitter-bias Configuration Emitter Follower Configuration Common Base Configuration Collector Feedback Configuration Determining the Current Gain Effect of RL and RS π–Model The Hybrid Equivalent Model H–parameter Model with RS and RL Hybrid H–parameter Model for Common Emitter RC Coupled CE Amplifier DC Equivalent Circuit Two Port Systems Approach Applying a Load to the Two Port Network System Effects of Source Resistance RS The Effects of Rs and RL Frequency Response Analysis of Amplifiers Low Frequency Response of an RC Coupled CE Amplifier High Frequency Response of an RC Coupled CE Amplifier Multi Stage Amplifiers Cascaded Systems High Frequency Response of an Amplifier (π model) AC Equivalent Circuit Frequency Response FET Amplifier Stages JFET Transfer Characteristics Enhancement Mode MOSFET Analysis AC Equivalent Model of MOSFET Enhancement Mode MOSFET Drain Feedback Configuration Common Source Amplifier (Voltage Divider-bias) Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answers Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 6 Differential and Feedback Amplifiers LEARNING OBJECTIVES The differential amplifier Feedback Amplifiers Feedback Amplifier Topologies Classification of Amplifiers Power Amplifiers Classification Efficiency of Class a Amplifier Series Fed Class A Amplifier Class B Push-Pull Amplifier Class AB Amplifier Class C Amplifier 555 Timer Monostable Operation Astable Operation Schmitt Trigger Voltage Controlled Oscillator Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 7 Operational Amplifiers LEARNING OBJECTIVES Operational amplifiers Differential Amplifier Level-Shifter Current-mirror Circuit Electrical Parameters of Op-amp Equivalent Circuit of an Op-Amp Open Loop op-amp Configurations Differential Amplifier The Inverting Amplifier The Non-Inverting Amplifier Closed Loop Op-amp Configurations Inverting Amplifier Non-inverting Amplifier Current to Voltage Converter Differential Amplifiers AC Amplifier–Inverting Amplifier The Peaking Amplifier Weighted Amplifier The Integrator The Differentiator Voltage Limiters Clippers Clamper Filters Most Commonly Used Filters Oscillators Theory of Sinusoidal Oscillators The Wien Bridge Oscillator RC–Phase Oscillator Phase-Shift Oscillator Twin-T Oscillator The Colpitts Oscillator Armstrong Oscillator Hartley Oscillator Waveform Generators and Wave Shaping Circuits Comparators Regenerative Comparator (Schmitt Trigger) Square Wave Generator (Astable Multivibrator) Triangle Wave Generator Sample and Hold Circuit Monostable Multivibrator Power Supplies IC Voltage Regulators Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 8 Boolean Algebra and Minimization of Functions LEARNING OBJECTIVES logic gates Inverter or NOT Gate (7404 IC) AND Gate (Logical Multiplier 7408 IC) OR Gate (Logical Adder 7432 IC) NAND Gate (7400 IC) NOR Gate (7402 IC) Exclusive OR Gate X-OR (7486 IC) Boolean Algebra Axioms and Laws of Boolean Algebra Properties of Boolean Algebra Duality Operator Precedence Complement of Function Boolean Functions, Min Terms and Max Terms Min Term and Max Term Minimization of Boolean Functions Simplification Procedure Karnaugh Map (K-map) Method Don’t-care Combinations Pairs, Quads and Octets Eliminating Redundant Groups Prime Implicant Essential Prime Implicant Redundant Prime Implicant Implementation of Function by Using Nand–Nor Gates EX-OR, EX-NOR Gates Digital IC Families Bipolar Logic Families Unipolar Logic Families Current and Voltage Parameters MOSFET NAND and NOR gates Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years' Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 9 Combinational Circuits LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Combinational logic design Arithmetic Circuits Half Adder NAND logic NoR logic Full Adder NAND logic NOR logic Half Subtractor NAND logic full Subtractor NAND logic NOR logic Binary Adder n-bit Comparator Parity Bit Generator and Parity Bit Checker Code Converters Decoder Designing High Order Decoders from Lower Order Decoders Combinational Logic Implementation Encoders Priority Encoder Multiplexer Basic 2 × 1 Multiplexer The 4 × 1 Multiplexer Logic Function Implementation by Using Multiplexer Implementation of Higher Order Multiplexer by Using Lower Order Multiplexers De-multiplexer Memory and Programmable Logic Random Access Memory Read-only Memory Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Key Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 10 Sequential Circuits LEARNING OBJECTIVES Sequential circuits Basic Storage Elements: Latches and flip-flops Flip-flops Latches S-R Latch SR Latch by Using NAND/NOR Gates SR Latch with Control Input Preset and Clear Inputs D Latch (Transparent Latch) JK Latch Race Around Condition Flip-flops Master-slave JK Flip-flop Flip-flop Switching Time Triggering of Flip-flop D Flip-flop T Flip-flop Excitation Table of Flip-flops State Diagrams of Flip-flops Conversion of One Flip-flop to Other Flip-flop Applications of Flip-flops Counters Counter Classification Asynchronous Counters (Ripple Counters) Asynchronous Decode Counter Synchronous Counter Synchronous Series Carry Counters Design of Synchronous Counter Registers Application of Shift Registers Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 11 Sample and Hold, A/Dand D/A Circuits LEARNING OBJECTIVES Sample and hold Circuit Digital to Analog Converter Weighted Resistor DAC R–2R Ladder DAC Analog to Digital Converters Parallel Comparator (Flash) A/ D converter The Counter Type A/D Converter Servo Tracking A/D Converter Successive Approximation Converter Charge Balancing ADC Dual Scope A/D Converter Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 12 Microprocessor 8085 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction OrganizatIon of Microprocessor based system Microprocessor Arithmetic Logic Unit Register Array Control Unit Micro Processor 8085 Registers Accumulator Flags Program Counter (PC) and Stack Pointer (SP) Instructions Classifications Data Transfer (Copy) Operations Arithmetic Instructions Logic and Bit Manipulation Instructions Branch Instructions Machine Control Instructions Operations in Micro-processor 8085 Signals 8085 Machine Cycles and Bus Timings Peripheral-mapped I/O Memory Mapped I/O Additional Instructions Stack Subroutine Conditional Call and Return Instructions Restart (RST) Instructions Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Test Analog and Digital Electronics Answer Keys Unit III Electric Circuits and Fields Chapter 1 Network Elementsand Basic Laws LEARNING OBJECTIVES Basic concepts Basic Quantities Classification of Network Elements Solved Example Energy Sources Independent Sources Dependent Sources Basic Definitions Network Terminology Types of Elements Kirchhoff’s Laws Circuit Elements in Series Series Connected Resistors Series Connected Capacitors Circuit Elements are Connected in Parallel Resistors in Parallel Nodal Analysis Source Transformation Mesh Analysis Equivalent Circuits wrt Passive R, L, Cs Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 2 Network Theorems LEARNING OBJECTIVES Superposition Theorem Steps to Apply Superposition Theorem Solved Examples Norton’s Theorem Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Reciprocity Theorem Millman’s Theorem Tellegen’s Theorem Substitution Theorem Compensation Theorem Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 3 Transient Analysis (AC and DC) LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Classification of Transients DC Transients Singularity Functions Step function Impulse function δ(t) Ramp function Step Response of an RC Circuit Step Response of an RL Circuit Higher–order Circuits Series RLC circuits Parallel RLC Circuit AC Transients Transient Response with Sinusoidal Excitation Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis of RLC Circuits Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 4 Two Port Networks LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction CLassification of Networks Active and Passive Elements Network Configuration T-section p-section L-section Lattice Section Open Circuit or Impedance (Z) Parameters Equivalent Circuit of Z-Parameters Y-Parameters or Short Circuit Admittance Parameters Equivalent Circuit of Y-Parameters Hybrid Parameters G-Parameters or Inverse Hybrid Parameters Transmission or ABCD Parameters Inverse Transmission Parameters Inter Connection of Networks ABCD Parameters in Terms of Z-Parameters and Y-Parameters Terminated Two-port Network Network Functions Network Graphs Twigs and Links Incidence Matrix and Formulation of KCL Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 1 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 5 Resonance LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction series resonance Quality Factor Solved Examples Parallel Resonance Parallel Resonance Coupled Circuits Self Inductance Mutual Inductance Coupling Co-efficient Series Connection of Coupled Coils Magnetically Coupled Inductors in Parallel Transformer Coupling Ideal Transformer Network Functions and Laplace Transform Laplace Transform Network Synthesis Network Function Have Four Canonical Forms Power Relations in AC Circuit Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 6 Filters and Field Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES BasiC Filter Concepts Classification of Filters Basic Filter section Ideal Filters Filter Fundamentals For T Network For π Network Cut-off Frequency Low-pass Filter Circuit Parameters High-pass Filter Circuit Parameters Reactance Curve Band Pass Filter Circuit Parameters Band Elimination Filter Condition for Equal Resonance Frequencies Poly Phase Circuits Advantages of Three Phase System Phase Sequence Inter Connection of Three Phases Wye or Star Connection Current Relation Delta or Mesh Connection Current Relation Solved Examples Star to Delta and Delta to Star Transformation Electrical Fields Co-ordinate System and Vector Calculus Gradient, Divergence and Curl in all the Co-ordinate System Gradient Divergence Curl Coulomb’s Law Electric Field of Continuous Space Distribution of Charges Line Distribution of Charges Surface Distribution of Charges Volume Distribution of Charges Infinite Plane Charge Electric Field Due to Dipole Gauss’s Law Electric Potential Dielectrics Inductance and Capacitance Behavior of Conductors and Dielectrics in Electrostatic Fields Inductance Capacitance Magnetostatics Magnetic Flux (f) Magnetic Flux Density (B) Magnetic Field Intensity or Field Strength (H) Biot Swat’s Law Mutual inductance between infinite current carrying conductor and square current carrying loop separated by a distance Maxwells equations Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Test Electric Circuits and Fields Answers Keys Unit IV Electrical Machines Chapter 1 Transformers LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Single-Phase Transformer Constructional Details Types of Transformers Advantages of Spiral—Core Construction Windings Conservator Bushings Breather E.m.f. Equation Voltage Transformation Ratio (K) Solved Examples Ideal Two-winding Transformer Impedance Transformation Equivalent Circuit Transformer Tests Open-circuit Test S.C. Test Sumpner’s Test Losses and Efficiency Separation of Core Losses Condition for Maximum Efficiency Voltage Regulation of a Transformer Condition for Zero Voltage Regulation Auto-transformer Conversion of Twowinding Transformer into Auto-transformer Parallel Operation of Single-Phase Transformers Three-phase Transformers Three-phase Transformer Connections Three-phase to Two-phase Conversion Parallel Operations of Three-phase Transformers Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 2 Principles of Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Single Excited Magnetic Systems Electrical Energy Input Magnetic Field Energy Stored Doubly Excited Magnetic Systems MMF Produced by Polyphase Machines Solved Examples Armature Windings Single-layer and Double-layer Windings Simplex and Multiplex Windings Closed-winding Terms Simplex Lap Windings Simplex Wave Winding Multiplex Lap and Wave Windings Advantages of Wave Windings Over Lap Windings Open Windings or AC Armature Windings Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 3 DC Machines LEARNING OBJECTIVES Fundamentals of DC Machines Constructional Details Armature Windings Types of Generators EMF Equation of a DC Generator Performance Equations of DC Generators Solved Examples Losses in a DC Generator Copper Losses Magnetic Losses (Iron or Core Losses) Power Stages in Generator Condition for Maximum Efficiency Armature Reaction Demagnetizing Ampere-turns Per Pole Cross-magnetizing Ampere-turns Per Pole Compensating Windings Number of Compensating Windings Commutation Methods of Improving Commutation Equalizing Connections Characteristics of a DC Generator Characteristic Curves Parallel Operation of DC Generators Condition to be Satisfied DC Motors Significance of the Back emf Condition for Maximum Power Condition for Maximum Efficiency Motor Characteristics Characteristics of Shunt Motors Characteristics of Series Motors Characteristic of Compound Motors Speed Control of DC Motors Speed Control of Shunt Motors Speed Control of Series Motors Power Stages in a DC Motor Electric Braking Dynamic (or) Rheostatic Braking Testing of DC Machines Brake Test Swinburne’s Test Regenerative or Hopkinson’s Test (Back-to-Back test) Merits of Hopkinson’s Test Retardation or Running Down Test Field Test for Series Motor Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 4 Induction Motors LEARNING OBJECTIVES Constructional Details Slip-ring Rotor Principle of Operation Slip Solved Examples Rotor Current and Power Factor Relation Between Torque and Rotor Power Factor Power Stages in an IM Torque Developed by an IM Some Important Relations IM Torque Equation Synchronous Watt (TSW) Starting Torque of a SCIM Starting Torque of a Slip-ring Motor Starting Torque of a Slip-ring Motor Starting Arrangement Condition for Maximum Starting Torque Condition for Maximum Torque (or Breakdown Torque) under Running Conditions Rotor Torque and Breakdown Torque (Pull Out Torque) Torque/speed or Torque/Slip Curves Torque–slip (or) Torque–speed Characteristics Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on Torque and Speed Important Relations Torque/Speed Curve Shape of Torque/Speed Curve Induction Generator Equivalent Circuit of the Rotor Equivalent Circuit of an IM Condition for Maximum Power Output Starting of IMS Direct-switching or Line Starting of IMs Starting of SCIMs Starting Torque with Reactor Starting Auto-transformer Starting Star-delta Starting Calculation of Starter Resistance Steps Starting of Wound-rotor Motors Crawling Cogging or Magnetic Locking Double SCIM Speed Control of IM Changing the Applied Voltage Changing the Applied Frequency Changing the Number of Stator Poles Rotor Rheostat Control Cascade or Concatenation or Tandem Connection Injecting an emf in the Rotor Circuit Revolving Field Theory of Single-Phase IM Single-phase Induction Motors Capacitor Split-phase Motors Equivalent Circuit of a Single-phase IM Equivalent Circuit with Core Loss Shaded-pole Single-phase Motor Repulsion Start IM Reluctance Motor Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 5 Synchronous machines LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Armature Windings Damper Windings Disadvantages Distribution or Breadth Factor or Winding Factor or Spread Factor Solved Examples EMF Equation Effect of Harmonics on Pitch and Distribution Factors Flux and mmf Phasors in Synchronous Machines Phasor Diagram of a Cylindrical Rotor Alternator Characteristics of an Alternator Open-circuit Characteristic (OCC) Short-circuit Characteristics (SCCs) Zero Power-factor Characteristic and Potier Triangle Voltage Regulation of an Alternator Synchronous Impedance or EMF Method Ampere-turn or MMF Method Determination of Voltage Regulation, by MMF Method Zero Power Factor or Potier Triangle Method New A.S.A. (American Standard Association) Method Voltage Phasor Diagram for an Alternator Operation of a Salient-pole Synchronous Machine Two-reaction Theory Slip Test Power Developed by a Synchronous Generator Power-factor Control of Alternators Power Angle Characteristics of Synchronous Machine The Power-angle Curves of Synchronous Generator Parallel Operation of Alternators Synchronizing Current and Synchronizing Power Alternators Connected to Infinite Bus-bars Synchronizing Power and Synchronizing Torque Hunting Load Sharing of Alternators Connected in Parallel Short-circuit Ratio (SCR) Synchronous Motors Synchronous Motor Phasor Diagram V- and Inverted V-curves Effect of Increased Load with Constant Excitation Effect of Changing Excitation on Constant Load Power Developed by a Synchronous Motor Condition for Maximum Power Developed Special Motors Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Test Electrical Machines Answer Keys Unit V Power Electronics and Drives Chapter 1 Power Semiconductor Devices LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Power Scale Block Diagram Static Applications Drive Applications Power Devices Typical Power Devices Power Diode Softness Factor or S-factor Solved Examples Power Transistor Emerging New Devices Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Rise Time (Tr) BJT Darlington Pair Voltage and Current Rating Safe Operating Region Forward-biased Safe Operating Area (FBSOA) Thyristor (SCR) Operation Thyristor Turn-ON Methods Switching Characteristics Thyristor Protection Latching Current Holding Current Types of Thyristors Phase-controlled Inverter Grade Light Activated TRIAC GTO’s (Gate-turn-OFF Thyristor) Switching Characteristics MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor) Power MOSFET Steady-State Characteristics Merits and Demerits when Comparedto BJT Ratings IGBTS (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) Symbol and Circuit for an IGBT Insulated Gate-commutated Thyristor (IGCT) Other Members of Thyristor Family Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT) Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS) Silicon-controlled Switch (SCS) Light-Activated Thyristor (LASCR) Static Induction Thyristors (SITHS) The DIAC (Bidirectional Thyristor Diode) Asymmetrical Thyristor (ASCR) Reverse Conducting Thyristor (RCT) Static Induction Transistor (SIT) Thyristor-triggering Circuits Protection of SCR Overcurrent Protection Thermal Protection Series and Parallel Operation of SCRs Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 2 AC to DC Converters (or) Rectifiers LEARNING OBJECTIVES Single-phase Half-wave Rectifiers: With R Load Source Side Control Output Solved Examples Half-wave Rectifier with R.L. Load Half-wave Rectifier with R.L. Load and Free-wheeling Diode Half-wave Rectifier with RLE Load Single-phase Full wave Mid-point Type Rectifiers Rl-load Continuous Conduction Load Single-phase Full-wave Bridge-type Rectifier Continuous Conduction (Highly Inductive) R-Load RMS Output Voltage RL Load (Discontinuous Condition) RL and RLE Continuous Conduction Load Performance Parameter Performance Analysis 1–f Full Converter Single-phase Semi-converter For R-Loads For Continuous Conduction Loads (RL, RLE) Three-phase Uncontrolled Half-pave Rectifier Three-phase Controlled Half-wave Converter Gating Sequence Three-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave Rectifier Performance Parameters Single-phase Full-controlled Full-wave Rectifier Single-phase Dual Converter Gating Sequence Three-phase Dual Converter Gating Sequence Effect of Source Inductance Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 3 DC–DC Converters (or) Choppers LEARNING OBJECTIVES Principle of operation and Control Principle of Chopper Control Strategies Step-up Chopper Working Principle Step-down Chopper Effective Source Resistance (Reff) Solved Examples Types of Chopper Circuits First-quadrant (Type-A) Chopper Second-quadrant (Type-B) Chopper Two-quadrant Type-A (Type-C) Chopper Two-quadrant Type-B (Type-D) Chopper Four-quadrant Type-E Chopper First Quadrant Second Quadrant Third Quadrant Fourth Quadrant Steady-state Analysis of Type-A Chopper Thyristor Chopper Circuits Voltage Commutated Chopper Operating Modes Current Commutated Chopper Operating Modes Peak Commutating Current (Icp) Load-commutated Chopper Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 4 DC–AC Converters (OR) Inverters LEARNING OBJECTIVES basic inverter principles and classifications Single-phase Half-bridge Inverter Gating Sequence Single-phase Full-bridge Inverter Gating Sequence Steady State Analysis of Single-phase Inverter Fourier Analysis of Single-phase Inverter Output Voltage Solved Examples Modified McMurray Half-bridge Inverter Operating Modes Three-phase, Bridge Inverter Three-phase, 180° Mode VSI Three-phase 120° Mode V.S.I. Series Inverter Parallel Inverter Operating Modes Current and Voltage Waveforms Inverter Control Methods and Techniques Voltage Control in Single-phase Inverters External Control of the AC Output Voltage External Control of the DC Input Voltage through Variable DC Link Internal Control of the Inverter Voltage PWM Techniques Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 5 AC Voltage Converters (OR) Controllers and Electric Drives LEARNING OBJECTIVES AC voltage Controllers Types of AC Voltage Controllers AC Voltage Control Techniques Principle of ON–OFF Control Technique (Integral Cycle Control) Solved Examples Single-phase Half-wave AC Voltage Controller Equations Single-phase Full-wave AC Voltage Controller (AC Regulator) or RMS Voltage Controller with Resistive Load Single-phase Full-wave AC Voltage Controller with RL Load Two-stage Sequence Control Multistage Sequence Control of AC Regulators Cyclo Converters (a) Single-phase to Single-phase Cyclo Converter Feeding RL Load (b) Three-phase to Single-phase Cyclo Converter (c) Three-phase to Three-phase Cyclo converter Electric Drives Application of Choppers and Inverters Speed Control of Motors Speed Control of DC Motors Basic Concept of Speed Control Speed Control of AC Motors Single-phase Converter Drives Single-phase Half-wave Converter Drives Single-phase Full Converter Drives Single-phase Dual Converter Drives Three-phase Converter Drives Three-phase, Half-wave Converter Drives Three-phase Semi-converter Drives Three-phase Full Converter Drives Chopper-controlled Drives Power Control (or) Motoring Control Regenerative Braking Control AC Drives Stator Voltage Control Rotor Voltage Control Rotor Voltage Control Frequency Control Slip Power Recovery Scheme Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions TestPower Electronics and Drives Test Power Electronics and Drives Answer Keys Unit VI Electrical and Electronic Measurements Chapter 1 Error Analysis and R, L, C Measurements LEARNING OBJECTIVES Electrical measuring instruments Classification Classification of Secondary Instruments Electrical Principles of Operations Error Analysis Types of Errors Sources of Error Rules Statistical Analysis Solved Examples Basic Terminologies Resista nce Measurement Classification of Resistance Measurement of Low Resistance Measurement of Medium Resistance Measurement of High Resistance Measurement of Inductance Measurement of Self-inductance Measurement of Mutual Inductance Measurement of Capacitance De Sauty’s Bridge Schering Bridge Wien’s Bridge Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 2 Electrical Measuring Instruments LEARNING OBJECTIVES Indicating Instruments Types of Torques Deflecting Torque (Td) Controlling Torque (Tc) Damping Torque Types of Indicating Instruments Moving Coil Instruments Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments Errors in PMMC Instruments Solved Examples Electrodynamometer Type Instruments Moving Iron Instruments Attraction Type Moving Iron Instrument Repulsion Type Moving Iron Instruments Comparison between Attraction and Repulsion Types of Instruments Induction Type Instruments Classification of Instruments Split-phase Type Instruments Shaded-pole Type Instruments Measurement of Electric Voltage and Current Ammeter Voltmeter Multipliers Instrument Transformers Current Transformer (C.T.) Ratio of Current Transformers Potential Transformers Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 3 Measurement of Power and Energy LEARNING OBJECTIVES Measurement of Power Measurement of Power in DC Circuits Measurement of Power in ac Circuits Induction Type Wattmeter Dynamometer Type Wattmeter Deflecting Torque Errors Measurement of Power in Three-phase Circuits Solved Examples Measurement of Energy Driving Torque Braking Torque Formula in Energy Meter Errors and Compensation in Energy Meter Recording Mechanism Important Definitions Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and Electronic Voltmeters LEARNING OBJECTIVES Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Construction, operation and working Horizontal Deflection System Vertical Deflection System Vertical Delay Line CRO Control Panel Applications of CRO Observation of Waveform on CRO Measurement of Voltage and Currents Measurement of Phase Difference Measurement of Frequency Solved Examples Q-meter Practical Q-meter Analog and Digital Voltmeters Analog Electronic Voltmeter Digital Voltmeters Continuous Balance Type DVM Ramp Type DVM Successive Approximation Type DVM Integrating Type DVM Potentiometric Type DVM Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 5 Magnetic Measurements and Transducers LEARNING OBJECTIVES Magnetic Measurements Ballistic Test AC Test Measurement of Magnetic Flux Measurement of Magnetizing Force (H) Solved Examples Measurement of Displacement Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) Measurement of Velocity Moving Coil Velocity Pick Up Moving Magnet Velocity Pickup Measurement of Speed of Rotation Inductive Tachometer DC Tachometer Generator AC Tachometer Generator Measurement of Flow Turbine Flowmeter Magnetic Flowmeter Measurement of Strain Strain Gauge Measurement of Force or Pressure Pressure Sensors Measurement of Temperature Resistance Thermometers Thermocouple Pyrometers Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Test Electrical and Electronic Measurements Answer Keys Unit VII Power Systems Chapter 1 Power System Generation,Transmission and Distribution LEARNING OBJECTIVES Basics of Power System Complex Power Solved Examples Structure of Power Systems Primary Transmission Secondary Transmission Primary Distribution Secondary Distribution Basic Power Generation Concepts Thermal Station Schematic Arrangement of Steam Power Station Types of Boilers Types of Superheaters Types of Air-pre Heaters Types of Condensers Types of Steam Turbines Efficiency of Steam Power Station Hydroelectric Power Station Selection of Site for Hydroelectric Station Components of Hydroelectric Plant Types of Turbines Types of Hydro Power Stations Type of Alternator used for Hydroelectric Power Station Nuclear Power Station Schematic Arrangement of Nuclear Power Station Fission Material Comparison of Various Power Plants Economic Aspects Connected Load Maximum Demand Firm Power Cold Reserve Hot Reserve Spinning Reserve Factors Affecting the Cost of Generation Power System representation Single Line Diagram Impedance and Reactance Diagrams Per Unit System Single Phase Three Phase Reactance Diagram Per Unit Representation Mechanical Design of Transmission Lines Introduction Conductor Materials Diameter of Stranded Conductor Poles Insulators Potential Distribution Over a String of Insulators String Efficiency Methods of Improving String Efficiency Sag Calculation in OH Lines Electrical Design of Overhead Lines Resistance Skin Effect Flux Linkages Flux Linkage Due to Flux Between Two Points External to Conductor Inductance (L) Inductance of Composite Conductor Live Problems on Self-GMD Inductance of Three-phase Lines Unsymmetrical Spacing Double-circuit Three-phase Line Capacitance Capacitance to Neutral Performance of Lines Regulation Classification of Overhead Transmission Lines Short Transmission Line Two-port Network Model Units for A, B, C, D Condition for Maximum Regulation Condition for Zero Regulation Medium Transmission Lines Nominal-T Network Nominal-p Representation Long Transmission Lines Voltage Profiles Constants of Two Networks in Series Underground Cables Classification of Cables Dielectric Stress in Cable Laying and Heating of Cables Corona Critical Disruptive Voltage Corona Loss Factors Affecting Corona Loss Methods of Reducing Corona Loss Advantages and Disadvantages of Corona Skin Effect Proximity Effect Ferranti Effect Methods of Voltage Control Shunt Reactors Shunt Capacitor Tap-changing Transformer Series Capacitors Power Factor Improvement Power Factor Power Triangle Disadvantages of Low Power Factor Economics of Power Factor Improvement Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 2 Fault Analysis LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Transients in transmission line Short Circuit of an Unloaded Synchronous Generator Solved Examples Symmetrical Components Sequence Networks of Synchronous Generator Sequence Diagrams of Transmission Lines Sequence Diagrams for Transformers Unbalanced Fault Analysis Single Line to Ground Fault Line-to-Line Fault Double Line to Ground Fault Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 3 Load Flow Analysis and Protection LEARNING OBJECTIVES Bus admittance matrix Solved Examples Sparsity in Ybus Matrix Bus Impedance Matrix Modification of an Existing Bus Impedance Matrix Load Flow Analysis Formation of Power Flow Equations Types of Buses Gauss–Seidel (G–S) Iterative Technique Newton–Raphson Method Optimal Operation of generators Power System Protection Basic Definitions in Protection Protective Zones Classification of Relays Based on the Time of Operation Based on the Construction Based upon Application Essential Characteristics of Relay Protection of Feeders Neutral Grounding Methods of Neutral Grounding Solid State Relay Circuit Breaker Insertion P6 Types of Circuit Breakers Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 4 Power Systems Stability LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction Steady-state Stability Transient Stability Dynamic Stability Power-angle Relationship The Swing Equation Multi-machine Systems Steady-state Stability Analysis Methods for Improving Steady-state Stability Limit Solved Examples Transient Stability Analysis Assumptions in Transient Stability Analysis Equal Area Criterion Principal Type of Transient Disturbances Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 5 HVDC and Facts Learning Objectives High-voltage Dc Transmission Principle of HVDC system Operation Types of DC Links Facts Basic Types of FACTS Controllers Exercises Practice Problems 1 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Previous Years’ Questions Test Power Systems Answer Keys Unit VIII Control Systems Chapter 1 Introduction to Control Systems LEARNING OBJECTIVES Basic definitions System Controller Disturbance Control System Open loop control system (olcs) Closed Loop Control System (CLCS) Comparison Between Open Loop and Closed Loop System Other Classification of Control Systems Linear and Non-Linear Control Systems Time-variant and Time-invariant Control Systems Continuous Time and Discrete Time Systems Transfer Function Limitations of Transfer Function Solved Examples Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function Sensitivity Analysis Transfer Function Sensitivity with Respect to Parameter Variation Sensitivity of T with Feedback Parameters Effect of Feedback on Disturbance Block Diagram Block Diagram Reduction Techniques Signal-flow Graph Signal-flow Graph Algebra Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 2 Time Response Analysis LEARNING OBJECTIVES Time Response Transient Response Steady-state Response Standard Test Signals Type and Order or of the System Solved Examples Time Response of a First-order System Unit Step Response Time Response for Unit Step Input Unit Ramp Response Unit Impulse Response Time Response of a Second-order System Summary of Second-order System Response Transient Response Specifications of Second-order System Steady-state Error Analysis Steady-state Errors for Different Types of System Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 3 Stability Analysis LEARNING OBJECTIVES Introduction to Stability Stability Stability and Poles Necessary Conditions for Stability Routh–Hurwitz Criterion Routh Array Auxiliary Equation Solved Examples Root Locus Angle and Magnitude Conditions Rules for Construction of Root Locus Break-away Point Asymptotes Centroid Imaginary Axis Cross-over Asymptote Angle of Departure Break-away Point Frequency Response Analysis Frequency-domain Specifications Relation Between Time Domain and Frequency Domain Characteristics Bode Plot Constant Gain: K Poles (zeros) at Origin (jw)±n First-order Factor (1+ jwT)±1 Quadratic Factor Polar Plot Nyquist Criterion Statement of the Nyquist Stability Criterion Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 4 Controllers and Compensators LEARNING OBJECTIVES Compensators and Controllers Series Compensation Feedback Compensation Compensators Lag-Compensator Lead Compensator Lead–Lag Compensator Controllers Proportional Controller Proportional Plus Integral Controller (PI) Proportional Plus Derivative Controller (PD) Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Controller Solved Examples Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 5 State Space Analysis LEARNING OBJECTIVES basic definitions State Space Representation Advantages of State Space Analysis State Space Representation Solved Examples Transfer Function to State Space Model Controllable Canonical Form Observable Canonical Form Diagonal Canonical Form Jordan Canonical Form Eigen Values of an n × n Matrix A Controllability Kalman’s Test for Controllability Observability Kalman’s Test for Observability Solution of State Equations Properties of State Transition Matrix f(t) Transfer Function Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Answer Keys Exercises Practice Problems 1 Practice Problems 2 Previous Years’ Questions Test Control Systems Answer Keys