Clinical chemistry : principles, techniques, and correlations

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Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Contributors Contents PART 1: Basic Principles and Practice of Clinical Chemistry CHAPTER 1: Basic Principles and Practices CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS UNITS OF MEASURE REAGENTS CLINICAL LABORATORY SUPPLIES BASIC SEPARATION TECHNIQUES LABORATORY MATHEMATICS AND CALCULATIONS SPECIMEN CONSIDERATIONS QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 2: Laboratory Safety and Regulations CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS LABORATORY SAFETY AND REGULATIONS SAFETY AWARENESS FOR CLINICAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL SAFETY EQUIPMENT BIOLOGIC SAFETY CHEMICAL SAFETY RADIATION SAFETY FIRE SAFETY CONTROL OF OTHER HAZARDS DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ACCIDENT DOCUMENTATION AND INVESTIGATION QUESTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTED READING CHAPTER 3: Method Evaluation CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS BASIC CONCEPTS METHOD EVALUATION QUALITY CONTROL REFERENCE INTERVAL STUDIES DIAGNOSTIC EFFICIENCY PRACTICE PROBLEMS QUESTIONS ONLINE RESOURCES REFERENCES CHAPTER 4: Lean Six Sigma Methodology for Quality Improvement in the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS LEAN SIX SIGMA METHODOLOGY ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LEAN SIX SIGMA PROCESS IMPROVEMENT MEASUREMENTS OF SUCCESS USING LEAN AND SIX SIGMA LEAN SIX SIGMA APPLICATIONS IN THE LABORATORY AND THE GREATER HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SIX SIGMA METRICS CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 5: Analytic Techniques CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ELECTROCHEMISTRY ELECTROPHORESIS OSMOMETRY QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 6: Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY APPLICATIONS OF MS IN THE CLINICAL LABORATORY QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 7: Principles of Clinical Chemistry Automation CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS HISTORY OF AUTOMATED ANALYZERS DRIVING FORCES TOWARD MORE AUTOMATION BASIC APPROACHES TO AUTOMATION STEPS IN AUTOMATED ANALYSIS SELECTION OF AUTOMATED ANALYZERS TOTAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION FUTURE TRENDS IN AUTOMATION QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 8: Immunochemical Techniques CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS IMUNOASSAYS QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 9: Molecular Theory and Techniques CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS NUCLEIC ACID–BASED TECHNIQUES QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 10: Point-of-Care Testing CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS INTRODUCTION LABORATORY REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTATION QUALITY MANAGEMENT POC APPLICATIONS INFORMATICS AND POCT QUESTIONS REFERENCES PART 2: Clinical Correlations and Analytic Procedures CHAPTER 11: Amino Acids and Proteins CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS AMINO ACIDS PROTEINS PLASMA PROTEINS OTHER PROTEINS OF IMPORTANCE TOTAL PROTEIN ABNORMALITIES METHODS OF ANALYSIS PROTEINS IN OTHER BODY FLUIDS QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 12: Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS UREA URIC ACID CREATININE/CREATINE AMMONIA QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 13: Enzymes CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS GENERAL PROPERTIES AND DEFINITIONS ENZYME CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE ENZYME KINETICS ENZYMES OF CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 14: Carbohydrates CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES HYPERGLYCEMIA HYPOGLYCEMIA ROLE OF LABORATORY IN DIFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH GLUCOSE METABOLIC ALTERATIONS QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 15: Lipids and Lipoproteins CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS LIPID CHEMISTRY GENERAL LIPOPROTEIN STRUCTURE LIPOPROTEIN PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF LIPID DISORDERS LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN ANALYSES STANDARDIZATION OF LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN ASSAYS QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 16: Electrolytes CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS WATER THE ELECTROLYTES ANION GAP ELECTROLYTES AND RENAL FUNCTION QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 17: Blood Gases, pH, and Buffer Systems CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS DEFINITIONS: ACID, BASE, AND BUFFER ACID–BASE BALANCE ASSESSMENT OF ACID–BASE HOMEOSTASIS OXYGEN AND GAS EXCHANGE MEASUREMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 18: Trace and Toxic Elements CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION ALUMINUM ARSENIC CADMIUM CHROMIUM COPPER IRON LEAD MERCURY MANGANESE MOLYBDENUM SELENIUM ZINC QUESTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES CHAPTER 19: Porphyrins and Hemoglobin CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS PORPHYRINS HEMOGLOBIN MYOGLOBIN QUESTIONS REFERENCES PART 3: Assessment of Organ System Functions CHAPTER 20: Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC–HYPOPHYSEAL UNIT HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC OR HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES PITUITARY TUMORS GROWTH HORMONE PROLACTIN HYPOPITUITARISM POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 21: Adrenal Function CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS THE ADRENAL GLAND: AN OVERVIEW EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY THE ADRENAL CORTEX BY ZONE DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM ADRENAL CORTICAL PHYSIOLOGY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY (ADDISON'S DISEASE) HYPERCORTISOLISM CUSHING'S SYNDROME ADRENAL ANDROGENS THE ADRENAL MEDULLA ADRENAL “INCIDENTALOMA” QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 22: Gonadal Function CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS THE TESTES THE OVARIES QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 23: The Thyroid Gland CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS THE THYROID TESTS FOR THYROID EVALUATION OTHER TOOLS FOR THYROID EVALUATION DISORDERS OF THE THYROID DRUG-INDUCED THYROID DYSFUNCTION NONTHYROIDAL ILLNESS THYROID NODULES QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 24: Calcium Homeostasis and Hormonal Regulation CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS HORMONAL REGULATION OF CALCIUM METABOLISM ORGAN SYSTEM REGULATION OF CALCIUM METABOLISM HYPERCALCEMIA HYPOCALCEMIA METABOLIC BONE DISEASES SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN RENAL FAILURE QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 25: Liver Function CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS ANATOMY BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS LIVER FUNCTION ALTERATIONS DURING DISEASE ASSESSMENT OF LIVER FUNCTION/LIVER FUNCTION TESTS QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 26: Laboratory Markers of Cardiac Damage and Function CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS CARDIAC ISCHEMIA, ANGINA, AND HEART ATTACK S THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS, THE DISEASE PROCESS UNDERLYING MI MARKERS OF CARDIAC DAMAGE CARDIAC INJURY OCCURS IN MANY DISEASE PROCESSES, BEYOND MI THE LABORATORY WORKUP OF PATIENTS SUSPECTED OF HEART FAILURE AND THE USE OF CARDIAC BIOMARKERS IN HEART FAILURE THE USE OF NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES AND TROPONINS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND RISK STRATIFICATION OF HEART FAILURE MARKERS OF CHD RISK MARKERS OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM SUMMARY QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 27: Renal Function CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS RENAL ANATOMY RENAL PHYSIOLOGY ANALYTIC PROCEDURES PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 28: Pancreatic Function and Gastrointestinal Function CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS PHYSIOLOGY OF PANCREATIC FUNCTION DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS TESTS OF PANCREATIC FUNCTION PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF GASTRIC SECRETION CLINICAL ASPECTS OF GASTRIC ANALYSIS TESTS OF GASTRIC FUNCTION INTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY CLINICOPATHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF INTESTINAL FUNCTION TESTS OF INTESTINAL FUNCTION QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING REFERENCES CHAPTER 29: Body Fluid Analysis CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS AMNIOTIC FLUID CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SWEAT SYNOVIAL FLUID SEROUS FLUIDS QUESTIONS REFERENCES PART 4: Specialty Areas of Clinical Chemistry CHAPTER 30: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION ABSORPTION DRUG DISTRIBUTION FREE VERSUS BOUND DRUGS METABOLISM DRUG ELIMINATION PHARMACOKINETICS SAMPLE COLLECTION PHARMACOGENOMICS CARDIOACTIVE DRUGS ANTIBIOTICS ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS ANTINEOPLASTICS QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READINGS REFERENCES CHAPTER 31: Toxicology CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS XENOBIOTICS, POISONS, AND TOXINS ROUTES OF EXPOSURE DOSE–RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS OF TOXIC AGENTS TOXICOLOGY OF SPECIFIC AGENTS TOXICOLOGY OF THERAPEUTIC DRUGS TOXICOLOGY OF DRUGS OF ABUSE QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 32: Circulating Tumor Markers: Basic Concepts and Clinical Applications CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS TYPES OF TUMOR MARKERS APPLICATIONS OF TUMOR MARKER DETECTION LABORATORY CONSIDERATIONS FOR TUMOR MARKER MEASUREMENT FREQUENTLY ORDERED TUMOR MARKERS FUTURE DIRECTIONS QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING REFERENCES CHAPTER 33: Nutrition Assessment CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS NUTRITION CARE PROCESS: OVERVIEW NUTRITION ASSESSMENT BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS: MACRONUTRIENTS BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS: MISCELLANEOUS BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS: MICRONUTRIENTS QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 34: Clinical Chemistry and the Geriatric Patient CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS THE AGING OF AMERICA AGING AND MEDICAL SCIENCE GENERAL PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES WITH AGING EFFECTS OF AGE ON LABORATORY TESTING ESTABLISHING REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR THE ELDERLY PREANALYTICAL VARIABLES UNIQUE TO GERIATRIC PATIENTS DISEASES PREVALENT IN THE ELDERLY AGE-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN DRUG METABOLISM ATYPICAL PRESENTATIONS OF COMMON DISEASES THE IMPACT OF EXERCISE AND NUTRITION ON CHEMISTRY RESULTS IN THE ELDERLY QUESTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 35: Clinical Chemistry and the Pediatric Patient CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter Objectives KEY TERMS DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES FROM NEONATE TO ADULT PHLEBOTOMY AND CHOICE OF INSTRUMENTATION FOR PEDIATRIC SAMPLES POINT-OF-CARE ANALYSIS IN PEDIATRICS REGULATION OF BLOOD GASES AND pH IN NEONATES AND INFANTS REGULATION OF ELECTROLYTES AND WATER: RENAL FUNCTION DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER FUNCTION CALCIUM AND BONE METABOLISM IN PEDIATRICS ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN PEDIATRICS DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMUNE SYSTEM GENETIC DISEASES DRUG METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS QUESTIONS REFERENCES Index